आलोचना (साहित्य)

alochana shabd 'luch' dhatu se bana hai. 'luch' ka arth hota hai- 'dekhana'. isilie kisi vastu ya kritiki samyakh vyakhya, usaka moolyaankan adi karana hi 'alochana' hai- "a samantath lochanamh avalokanamh iti alochanamh. samiksha aur samalochana shabdoan ka bhi yahi arth hai. aangrezi ke 'kritisijm' shabd ke samanarthi roop mean 'alochana' ka vyavahar hota hai. bharat ki prachin bhasha sanskrit mean prachalit 'tika-vyakhya' aur kavy-siddhaant adi ke niroopan ke lie bhi alochana shabd ka prayog kar liya jata hai, kintu achary ramachandr shukl ka spasht mat hai ki "adhunik alochana, sanskrit ke kavy-siddhaant niroopan se svatantr chiz hai.

alochana ka kary

alochak kisi kavi ya lekhak ki kriti ko dekhata hai ya parakhata hai. alochana kavi ya lekhak aur pathak ke bich ki shrriankhala hai. rajashekhar ne kavikarm ko prakash mean lana hi bhavayitri pratibha athava alochak ki pratibha kaha hai. alochana ka kary hai kisi sahityik rachana ki achchhi tarah pariksha karake usake roop, gun aur arthavyavastha ka nirdharan karana.

"yadi ham sahity ko jivan ki vyakhya manean to alochana ko us vyakhya ki vyakhya manana p dega."

yani ki 'alochana ka karttavy sahityik kriti ki vishleshanaparak vyakhya hai. sahityakar jivan aur anubhav ke jin tatvoan ke sanshleshan se sahity ki rachana karata hai, alochana unhian tatvoan ka vishleshan karati hai. sahity mean jahaan ragatatv pradhan hai, vahaan alochana mean buddhi tatv. alochana aitihasik, samajik, rajanitik paristhitiyoan aur shaktiyoan ka bhi akalan karati hai aur sahity par unake p dane vale prabhavoan ki vivechana karati hai. vyaktigat ruchi ke adhar par kisi kriti ki ninda ya prashansa karana alochana ka dharm nahian hai. kriti ki vyakhya aur vishleshan ke lie alochana mean paddhati aur pranali ka mahattv hota hai. alochana karate samay alochak apane vyaktigat rag-dvesh, ruchi-aruchi se tabhi bach sakata hai, jab vah paddhati ka anusaran kare. vah tabhi vastunishth hokar sahity ke prati nyay kar sakata hai. is drishti se hindi mean achary ramachandr shukl ko sarvashreshth alochak mana jata hai.

prakar

adhikaanshat: alochana karate samay jin manyataoan aur paddhatiyoan ko svikar kiya jata hai, unake anusar alochana ke prakar vikasit ho jate haian. isake nimnalikhit char prakar svikar kiye ge haian-

1. saiddhaantik
2. nirnayatmak
3. prabhavabhivyanjak
4. vyakhyatmak

saiddhaantik alochana

is alochana mean sahity ke siddhaantoan par vichar hota hai. isamean prachin shastriy kavy ke aangoan, jaise- ras, alankar adi aur sahity ki adhunik manyataoan tatha niyamoan ki mukhy roop se vivechana ki jati hai. saiddhaantik alochana mean vichar ka bindu yah hai ki sahity ka manadand shastriy hai ya aitihasik. manadand ka shastriy roop, sthir aur aparivartanashil hota hai. kintu manadandoan ko aitihasik shreni manane par unaka svaroop parivartanashil aur vikasatmak hota hai. in donoan prakar ki saiddhaantik alochanaean upalabdh haian, kintu ab usi saiddhaantik alochana ka mahattv adhik hai, jo sahity ke tatvoan aur niyamoan ki aitihasik prakriya mean pragatishil hoti hai.

nirnayatmak alochana

is prakar ki alochana mean nishchit siddhaantoan ke adhar par jab sahity ke gun-dosh, shreshth-nikrisht ka nirnay kar diya jata hai, tab use nirnayatmak alochana kahate haian. ise ek prakar ki naitik alochana bhi mana jata hai. isaka mukhy svabhav nyayadhish ki tarah sahityik kritiyoan par nirnay dena hai. aisi alochana pray: hi siddhaant ka yaantrik dhang se upayog karati hai. isalie nirnayatmak alochana ka mahattv kam ho jata hai. yadyapi mooly ya shreshth sahity aur nikrisht sahity ka bodh paida karana alochana ke pradhan dharmoan mean se ek hai, lekin vah siddhaantoan ke yaantrik upayog se sanbhav nahian hai.

prabhavabhivyanjak alochana

is alochana mean kavy ka jo prabhav alochak ke man par p data hai, use vah sajile pad-vinyas mean vyakt kar deta hai. isamean vaiyaktik ruchi hi mukhy hai. achary ramachandr shukl ke anusar-

"prabhavabhivyanjak samalochana koee thik-thikane ki vastu nahian hai, n jnan ke kshetr mean usaka mooly hai n bhav ke kshetr mean."

vyakhyatmak

vyakhyatmak alochana mean kisi sahityik kriti mean nihit anubhav ki vastavikata aur usake kala-vivek ko samajhane ka prayatn kiya jata hai. vyakhyatmak alochana mean kavita aur sahity tatha usake siddhaantoan ko aantim aur poorn nahian man liya jata hai. vah manati hai ki jivan aur jnan ke vikasaman sandarbh mean sahity aur usake manadand bhi vikasit hote rahate haian. isalie vyakhyatmak alochana sahity par vichar aur vishleshan karate samay itihas, samajashastr, manovijnan adi ka upayog avashyak roop se karati hai. is prakar ki alochana mean jab kriti ki vyakhya karate samay usaki aitihasik prishthabhoomi par adhik bal ho to use aitihasik alochana kaha jata hai. isi prakar jab manovijnan ke tatvoan par bal dekar kriti ki vastavikata ki vyakhya hoti hai to use manovaijnanik alochana kahate haian.

pragativadi alochana

sahity ki vyakhya-sarahana jab aitihasik aur dvandvatmak bhautikavad ke adhar par hoti hai, jisamean samaj ki vargiy sthitiyoan aur sangharshoan se manushy ke anubhav ka nirman hota hai, tab use 'pragativadi alochana' kaha jata hai. vartaman kal mean roopavadi aur sanrachanavadi alochana ka bhi chalan ho gaya hai. is koti ki alochana mean sahity ka roopapaksh aur rachana-vinyas hi mukhy hota hai. yah alochana sahity mean 'bhav vastu', jise aangrezi mean kanteant kaha jata hai, ko gaun manati hai.

alochala ka uddeshy

1. lekhak apani rachana ke madhyam se kya kahana chahata hai.
2. lekhak apane kathy ko sanpreshit karane mean saphal ho saka hai ya nahian, yadi saphal hua hai to kis sima tak saphal hua hai. isake sath-sath yah bhi mahattvapoorn hai ki rachanakar apani rachana ke madhyam se jo kuchh bhi abhivyakt karana chahata hai, ya kar paya hai, usaki prasangikata kya hai? vah abhivyakt karane yogy bhi hai ya nahian? alochana ke usi uddeshy ko dhyan mean rakh kar d aau. shyamasundar das ne likha tha- "yadi ham sahity ko jivan ki vyakhya manean, to alochana ko us vyakhya ki vyakhya manana p dega." d aau. nagendr ke shabdoan mean, "...ham yah dekhane ka prayas karate haian ki jo mooly rachanakar ne rachana mean moortiman kiye hai unaka manav jagath ke sath kya sanbandh hai, athava lok.chetana ke sandarbh mean kisi bhi bhaanti ki chetana ka kya mooly hai."

bahudha alochana ko rachanakar vyaktigat alochana man kar du:khi, nirash ya naraj ho jata hai. kuchh alochak bhi apani alochana ke madhyam se kisi rachanakar ko uthane aur kisi ko girane ke lie prayatn karate haian. kiantu is sandarbh mean yah bat mahattvapoorn hai ki svasth alochana vyaktigat rag-dvesh se rahit hoti hai. svasth alochana sada rachana se sanbandh rakhati hai. rachanakar aur alochak ke vyaktigat sanbandhoan se vah prabhavit nahian honi chahie. "alochana svasth man se sahity ya kala ka adhyayan karana aur usake sauandary ko parakhana sikhati hai. yahi usaka param kartavy hai."

achchhe alochak ke gun

ek achchhe alochak mean in gunoan ka hona avashyak hai- nishpakshata, sahas, sahanubhootipoorn drishtikon, itihas aur vartaman ka samyak jnan, deshi-videshi sahity aur kalaoan ka jnan, sanvedanashilata, adhyayanashilata aur mananashilata. in gunoan ke abhav mean korhi alochak kisi rachana ke oopari gun-dosh to rekhaankit kar sakata hai, usake aandar tak paith pane ki kshamata usake pas nahian hoti. aisi pallavagrahi alochanaean n to pathakoan ko korhi disha de pati haian aur n hi rachana ke sath nyay kar pati haian." ...nisht rachana utani hanikarak nahian hoti jitani ek nisht alochana."

alochana tatha kavyashastr mean aantar

alochana aur kavyashastr ke antar ko samajhane ke lie kavyashastr ke arth ko samajhana bhi avashyak hai.

kavyashastr

arth-kavy ya sahity ka moolyaankan karane vala ya sahity sauandary ki parakh karane vala shastra (vidha) kavyashastr kahalata hai." hindi sahity kosh mean bhi kavyashastr ka yahi arth diya gaya hai. kavy ke anushilan ke lie jis shastra ka jnan avashyak hai, vahi kavyashastr hai. kavyashastri rajashekhar ka mat hai- jaise dipak ke prakash ke bina padarthoan ka jnan pratyaksh nahian ho sakata usi prakar shastr-jnan ke bina kavy-jnan asanbhav hai. age usaki vyakhya karate hue likha hai-"shabd aur arth ke sahabhav ko batane vali vidha (shastr) sahity vidha hai. is prakar kavyashastr ke aantargat kavy-sahity ke un manadandoan par vichar kiya jata hai jinake adhar par kisi rachana ki pariksha ki ja sake. bharatiy kavyashastr mean anek drishtikonoan se in mapadandoan par vichar kiya jata raha hai. jaise- kavy ki atma kya hai- ras, alankar, dhvani, vakroti ka auchity? kavy ke hetu kya haian? kavy ke lakshan kaun se haian? kis prakar ki kavita kaun se chhandoan mean baandhane yogy hai? kavy ka roop kya hai? bad mean nayak-nayika bhed bhi is shastr se ju d gaye. pashchim mean bhi anek vicharakoan ne in prashnoan par vichar kiya. arastoo, pleto, kroche, maithyoo arnald, arhi.e. richardas adi anek nam is sandarbh mean ginaye ja sakate haian. in sabhi kavyashastriyoan ke nishkarsh apane samay ke sahity aur paristhitiyoan ke pariprekshy mean the.
alochana mukhy roop se do prakar ki hoti hai- saiddhaantik alochana aur vyavaharik alochana. saiddhaantik alochana ek prakar se kavyashastr ka hi doosara nam hai. lekin yah alochana ka keval ek paksh hai. keval siddhaant. vivechan alochana nahian hai, aur n hi bane-banaye siddhaantoan ke adhar par sada sahity-samiksha ki ja sakati hai. samay aur paristhitiyoan ke anusar ye siddhaant aur unake bandhan badalate aur tootate rahate haian. bharatamuni ne apane naty shastr mean bahut se drishyoan aur prasangoan ka nishedh kiya tha, parantu aj ke natakoan mean ve nishiddh prasang maujood haian. kisi samay dhirodattata nayak ka anivary gun tha, kiantu aj yah aprasangik hai. nayi kavita, nayi kahani, akavita-akahani ke nayak khandit, toote-parajit aur kshubdh haian. adhunik sahity mean am adami aur usaki samasyaoan par rachanakar ki drishti keandrit hai, rajaoan, rajakumaroan ke prem-prasangoan aur yuddhoan par nahian. chhand aur alankar shastr mean parangat hona kisi samay kaviyoan ki pratibha ki kasauti tha, parantu aj ki kavita, chhandoan-alankaroan ke kathor anushasan se mukt hai. bharatiy paranpara mean pray: sabhi rachanaoan ka aant, sukhamay hota tha, kiantu pashchim ke prabhav se du:khant rachanaoan ko bhi mahattv milane laga. madhyakal tak ke sahity ki pariksha kisi sima tak kavyashastriy manakoan ke adhar par ki ja sakati hai, lekin adhunik kal ke sahity ke lie unhian manakoan ko poornat: adhar nahian banaya ja sakata. doosare jo siddhaant ya manak kavita ke lie banaye gaye haian, ve sahity ki any vidhaoan- katha sahity, yatra-vritraaant, sansmaran, riportaj adi-ke lie bhi upayukt ho yah avashyak nahian hai. vyavaharik alochana mean kabhi siddhaantoan ka sahara liya jata hai, kabhi rachanakar ke jivan or usaki paristhitiyoan ka, kabhi itihas aur samajashastr ka aur kabhi us rachana ke samagr prabhav ka.

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poornata

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