ईरानी भाषा
eerani bhasha bharat-yooropiy bhashaparivar ki shakha hidan-eerani ki upashakha, eerani, bharatiy upashakha ki bhaanti hi mahatvapoorn hai. prachin kal mean yah prachin pharasi (parasi) ke roop mean ek rajakiy bhasha thi aur avesti ke roop mean dharmik bhasha. madhy eerani ke kal mean do prabhoot janabhashaean vikasit hueean, poorv pradesh mean sogdi aur pashchimi pradesh mean pahalavi. inake atirikt pharasi bahut samay tak eshiya ke b de bhoobhag mean sanskriti ki bhasha rahi.
prachin pharasi eeran ke dakshin-pashchimi kone ki bhasha thi. usaka parichay hamean kilaksharoan mean khude hue hakhmani badashahoan ke abhilekhoan se milata hai. inaki lipi sanbhavat: akkadi lipi se sanbaddh hai. sabase purana lekh ariy-ragn (610-580ee.poo.) ka bataya jata hai, kiantu sabase mahatv ke lekh badashah dara (520-486 ee.poo.) ke hean jo usake samrajy mean sarvatr pae jate haian. inamean bhi bihistoon ka abhilekh sarvaprasiddh hai. prachin pharasi ke atirakt ye lekh any do bhashaoan (elami aur bebiloni) mean bhi pae jate haian.
avesti dharmagranth ki bhasha hai. avesta ahuramazd ke upasak parasi logoan ka dharmagranth hai. isamean bhinn-bhinn kaloan mean rachit upasana aur prarthana ke sookt pae jate haian. rrigved ki bhaanti avesta bhi shrutiparanpara par hi nirbhar thi aur yah pahalavi varnamala mean sasani badashahoan ke samay mean lekhabaddh ki gee. vidvanh isake prachin bhagoan ka kal ee.poo. athavi sadi nirdharit karate haian. yah eeran ke poorvi bhag ki bhasha thi. prachin eerani ka avesti aur prachin pharasi ko chho dakar hamean aur koee lekh nahian milata.
madhy eerani ke do samuday haian : ek pashchimi aur doosara poorvi. pashchimi madhy eerani ko pahalavi kahate haian. is shabd ka sanbandh pahalavikh jati se samajha jata hai. yah sasani samrajy (226 ee.poo.-652 ee.) ki rajabhasha thi aur isamean likhit bahut se dharmik tatha any granth milate haian. inaki lipi aramini se prabhoot tatha prabhavit maloom hoti hai.
madhy eerani ki kee bhashaoan ke abhilekh bhashaoan ke abhilekh aur pustakean abhi 50-60 varsh poorv turfan (poorvi turkistan) mean prapt huee haian. inamean parathi bhasha ullekhaniy hai. madhyakalin pharasi bhi isi samuday ki hai. isamean sasani badashahoan ke abhilekh milate haian. yahi bhasha pazand nam se avesti dharm ki pustakoan ke lie bhi prayog mean aee hai.
madhy eerani ke poorvi samuday mean poorvi turkistan mean prapt hue sahity ki bhashaean haian. inamean bukhara aur samarakand ke kshetr ki prachin bhasha sogdi hai jo eshiya ke madhyavarti vistrit kshetr ki bhasha rahi hogi. yah mangoliya se lekar tibbat ke simapraant tak phaili huee thi. isamean bauddh dharmagranth (bahudha chini bhasha se anoodit), eesaee dharmagranth (siriyaee bhasha se anoodit tatha maulik) aur manichi granth milate haian. sabase purane granthoan ka samay eesavi chauthi shati hoga.
sogdi ke atirikt is samuday ki doosari mahatv ki bhasha khotani hai. ise sak bhi kahate haian. isamean bahut se dharmagranth athavian se 10vian shati ke likhe hue prapt hue haian. inamean bahut se bauddhadharm sanbandhi haian. lipi sabaki brahmi hai aur shabdavali mean prakrit ke bahut se shabd milate haian.
adhunik eerani ki sabase mahatvapoorn bhasha pharasi hai. yah arabi lipi mean likhi jati hai. yah afaganistan se lekar pashchim ke kaphi b de bhoopradesh mean sanskriti ki pratinidhi bhasha hai. isamean athavian shati ee. se lekar prabhoot sahity ka srijan hua hai.
gathan ki drishti se pamiri, kurdi, balochi aur pashto bhi eerani upashakha ke aantargat haian.[1]
vistar ki drishti se hiand-eerani shakha ki tin bhashaoan ne mahatv prapt kiya-sanskrit, pali aur pharasi, aur ye tinoan sabhyata aur sanskriti ki pracharak rahian. eerani upashakha mean pharasi sabase adhik mahatvapoorn bhasha hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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