उत्तरी अमेरिका महाद्वीप

thumb|uttari amerika mahadvip, ka manachitr uttari amerika mahadvip, sanyukt rajy amarika ka uttari mahadvip hai, jo prithvi ke uttari golardh mean sthit hai. yah poorn roop se pashchimi golardh mean ata hai. uttari amerika mahadvip uttar mean arkatik mahasagar, poorv mean uttari andh mahasagar, dakshin poorv mean kairibiyaee sagar, aur pashchim mean uttari prashant mahasagar se ghira hua hai.

uttari amerika mahadvip ka kul bhoo bhag 2,47,09,000 varg kilomitar hai. yah prithvi ki kul satah ka 4.8% ya kul bhoo bhag ka 16.5% hai. kshetraphal ki drishti se yah eshiya aur afrika ke bad vishv ka tisara sabase b da aur janasankhya ki drishti se yah eshiya, afrika, aur yoorop ke bad chautha sabase b da mahadvip hai.

is mahadvip ko, poorv se pashchim, char pramukh prakritik vibhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai :-

atalaantik tatiy pradesh

yah tat uttar mean arkatik sagar se praranbh hokar dakshin mean phlorida tak poorvi parvatiy pradesh ke poorv, atalaantik mahasagar ke kinare phaila hua hai. isaka lanba tatha sankara tatiy maidan nyooyark ke dakshin mean phlorida tak apekshakrit adhik chau da hai par uttar ki or sankirn hota gaya hai. sanrachana tatha bhootatv ke adhar par isake do vibhag haian, poorvi aur pashchimi, jo prapat rekha dvara prithakh‌ hote haian. poorvi bhag ki uanchaee 65-100 mitar tak hai par pashchimi bhag lagabhag 300 mitar ooancha hai. poorvi parvatiy pradesh se nikalakar aandh mahasagar mean giranevali nadiyoan mean-saskehana, potomaik, dilaver, jems adi sabamean prapat haian. in prapatoan mean se unako, jo apani nadi par samudr se nikatatam haian, ek kalpit rekha se milaya ja sakata hai jise prapatarekha kahate haian. in nadiyoan mean prapatarekha tak samudrik jahaj ate haian, at: yahaan filadelphiya, baltimor, vashiangatan, richamaand adi nagar evan bandaragah vikasit ho ge haian. poorvi bhag nadiyoan dvara laee gee naram mitti se bana hai, at: isaki shilaean tritiyak (tarshiyari) yugin haian. pashchimi bhag prachin yug mean poorvi parvatiy pradesh ka hi aansh tha, jo kalaantarik avaranakshay (denyudeshan) hone ke karan visham maidan mean parinat ho gaya hai. isaki chattanean karbanaprad yugin athava isase bhi purani haian. kahian-kahian, visheshataya maisachoosets ke uttar mean, tatarekha vikat evan atyant sankari hai jisake pas anek nimajjit ghatiyaan kha diyoan ke roop mean tatha paha diyaan bhoonasikaoan (promatoriz) evan dvipoan ke roop mean sthit haian.

poorvi parvatiy pradesh

atalaantik ke tatiy maidan tatha madhyavarti brihath‌ maidan ke madhy mean uttari amarika ka prachin bhoobhag sthit hai. ise seant lareans nadi ki ghati do bhagoan mean vibhajit karati hai-uttari tatha dakshini. is ghati se lekar uttar tatha uttar-poorv mean hadasan ki kha di tatha uttar sagar tak phaila hua atyant visham sanrachana ka kshetr hai jise lareanshiya ka pathar kahate haian. yah bhag uttari amarika ka prachinatam bhoobhag hai jisake dakshin tatha pashchim mean kalaantar mean kee sthalakhand paraspar ju d ge. is prakar adhunik mahadvip ka nirman hua. any siddhaantoan ke anusar vartaman lareanshiya pathar us brihattar sthalakhand ka ek aansh matr hai jo purakalp (pailiozoik era) mean dakshin mean teksas rajy tatha pashchim mean r aauki parvatoan tak phaila hua tha aur jisake madhyakalpayugin (mesozoik) mahasagar mean nimajjit hone se mahasagariy nikshep hua. pratinootanakalik (plaistosin) himayug ka sootrapatr bhi isi sthalakhand se hua. aisa hote hue bhi, vicharadhin bhag amarika ke any bhag ki apeksha kalaantarik avaranakshay se bacha raha. himayugin apaksharan ke tatha nikshep ke karan yahaan ki bhoomi oob d khab d, mitti vihin tath anupajaoo hai. kuchh achchhi mitti vale bhagoan evan khanij sthanoan par abadi hai.

seant lareans nadi ke dakshin vala bhag aipalaichiyan parvatiy pradesh kahalata hai jo prachinatam aipalaichia namak sthalakhand ka bhag hai. yah uttar poorv mean nyoofauandalaiand se lekar dakshin pashchim mean ailabaima tatha ek shakha dvara arakaizais tak phaila hua hai. is bhag ko apekshakrit shaant p de lareanshiyan kshetr ki apeksha to d-pho d, utthan patan, atinikshep evan ati avaranakshay ke kee yug dekhane p de. kaibriyanapoorv yug mean ooanche parvatoan ka nirman hua jo lagatar avaranakshay ke karan madhyakalp (mesozoik era) mean avashisht matr rah ge. tritiyak kalp (tarshiyari era) mean pun: inaka utthan hua aur pathar ke ooanche bhag parvat ban ge. in parvatiy bhagoan ki ooanchaee kahian bhi 2,100 mitar se adhik nahian hai aur n to ye kramabaddh parvatashreni ke roop mean haian. inake bich mean nadiyoan ne gahari tatha chau di ghatiyaan bana li haian. isaka uttari bhag, jo nyoo ianglaiand rajy mean p data hai, apekshakrit samudr se adhik nikat, kata chhanta aur bih d hai. dakshin mean aileghani pathar hai jisaka nirman samataliy shilaoan, balua pattharoan, sheloan evan choona pattharoan se hua hai. tatsanbandhi kanbaralaiand ka pathar usake dakshin mean hai aur ailabaima tak phaila hua hai. missauri ka ojark ka pathar tatha arakaianzais ka aanchita parvat inhian ke bhag haian jo ek doosare se sanbandhit haian. dakshin poorv mean parvatapadiy pathar hai jo samudratat tak chala gaya hai.

madhyasthit brihat maidan

poorvi evan pashchimi parvatiy bhagoan (2 tatha 4) ke madhy, uttar mean uttari mahasagar tatha dakshin mean maiksiko ki kha di ke tat tak 32,37,500 varg ki.mi. mean phaila hua yah samatal maidan hai, jisamean anek nadiyoan ki chau di ghatiyaan sthit haian. lagabhag sanpoorn maidan samataliy shilaoan se sanrachit hai aur apekshakrit sadiyoan ki vikriti evan vikhandan adi bhootatvik halachaloan se bacha raha hai jisake karan kee pravahapranaliyoan ne apane vishal maidan nirmit kie haian. poorvi maidani bhag purakalpayugin shilaoan se nirmit hai, parantu pashchimi bhag madhyakalp tatha tritiyak kalp mean nirmit hue haian. poorv evan pashchimi parvatiy bhagoan ke tritiyak kalpayugin utthan ke sath inamean bhi utthan hua, parantu kuchh bhagoan ko chho dakar adhikaansh samatal maidani bhag haian. poorvi maidan gandamridiy nikshep ke karan adhik samatal ho gaya hai. madhy pashchimi bhagoan mean giripad nikshep hua hai. uttar poorv mean himayugin apaksharan tatha nikshep ka atyadhik prabhav p da hai, jisase adhik jhilean adi ban gee haian.

pashchimi parvatiy kshetr

madhyavarti maidan ke pashchim r aauki parvatoan se lekar pashchim mean prashaant mahasagariy tat tak uttar se dakshin anek parvat pranaliyoan tatha patharoan ka atyant visham kshetr hai, jise uttari amarika ka kardilera bhoo-bhag kahate haian. yadyapi in vibhinn pranaliyoan mean utpatti, sanrachana evan ayu mean parasparik aantar hai, tathapi poorvi parvatiy pradesh ki apeksha ye ne haian aur navakalpayug mean bhanjit hue haian. at: ye adhik uanche aur visham haian. inake vibhinn bhagoan mean jvalamukhi parvat tatha unake udgar tatv bhi prapy haian. orijova aur popakatapetl (maiksiko), mauant sain phraiansisko (erizona), shasta (kailiforniya) reniyar (vashiangatan), raianjel (alaska) adi mukhy jvalamukhi parvat haian. kolanbiya pathar bharatiy lava pathar ki bhaanti jvalamukhi se nikali huee lavachattanoan se nirmit haian. isake atirikt is bhag mean vishal aantarparvatiy evan giripad (pidamauant) pathar tatha nadiyoan ki atyant gahari ghatiyaan (kainiyan) vartaman haian.

• poorv se pashchim, vicharadhin bhoo-bhag ke paanch bhaugolik vibhag haian-

1. poorv mean r aauki parvat pranali ka kshetr ausat roop mean 1,900 ki.mi. se adhik lanba tatha 300 ki.mi. se adhik chau da hai. isaki uttari tatha dashkshini pranaliyoan ke bich gret divaid ya vayomiang besin hai, jisake dvara avagaman ki suvidha prapt hoti hai. in parvatoan mean kee samaantar shreniyaan haian jinake madhy nadiyoan ki ghatiyaan sthit haian.
2. r aauki kshetr ke pashchim mean visham dharataliy aantarparvatiy tatha giripad patharoan ka vishal kshetr hai, jinamean uttar se dakshin alaska pathar, kolanbiya pathar, gret besin, koloraido pathar tatha maiksiko pathar haian. koloraido tatha usaki sahayak nadiyoan ne lagabhag 2,000 mitar tak gahari ghatiyaan (kainiyan) bana li haian.
3. in patharoan ke pashchim (alaska pathar ke dakshin tatha dakshin poorv) pun: parvatiy shreniyaan haian jo uttar tatha uttar-pashchim mean sthit alaska se dakshin mean sthit meksiko tak chali gee haian. uttar mean tatha uttar pashchim mean inaka nam alaska parvatashreni, pashchimi kanada mean kasked, pashchimi sanyukt rajy mean siyara nevada, tatha dakshin aur maiksikoan mean siyara madari hai. alaska parvatashreniyoan mean uttari amarika ke sarvochch 11 shikhar vartaman haian jinamean mauant maikinale (6,100 mitar sarvochch hai.
4. in parvatashreniyoan ke pashchim,tatha samudratatiy parvatoan ke madhy, kee sankari upajaoo ghatiyaan haian, jinamean paget sauand tatha kailiforniya ki ghatiyaan kramash: 240 tatha 800 ki.mi. lanbi haian. in ghatiyoan ke pashchim (kostal reanjez) phaili huee haian.
5. inake pashchim prashaant mahasagar ka atyant sankara tatiy kshetr sthit hai jahaan, visheshakar, british kolanbiya ke pas, chhote-chhote dvip tatha kha diyaan aur phiyordh‌s haian. jin sthanoan par maidan kuchh adhik chau da hai, vahaan mallahoan adi ke avas milate haian.

maiksiko mean madhyavarti pathar ke poorv aur pashchim, siyara madari ki poorvi tatha pashchimi shreniyaan phaili haian jo tehuaantepek mean jakar bharat ko nilagiri shreniyoan ki tarah ek baddh ho jati haian. phalat: pathar dakshin mean sankara tatha uttar mean chau da ho gaya hai. poorvi kshetr samudr se door hai; at: tatiy maidan chau da hai par pashchimi tat parvatoan ke samudr se sate hone ke karan sankara hai. pathar ki dhal meksiko ki kha di ki or hai.

jalapranali

bhootal ki sanrachana tatha vikas ki aantarvishamata ke karan kee pravahapranaliyaan vikasit huee haian. sansar ki sabase lanbi nadi misisipi-missauri (6,640 ki.mi.) ka vikas kee bhoobhagoan ke vikas ke sath sanbaddh hai. poorvi parvatiy bhagoan se nikalanevali isaki sahayak nadi ohayo (2,080 ki.mi.) adhyakalpayugin hai jab ki pashchimi sahayak nadiyaan missauri (4,320 ki.mi.), arakaizas tatha red nadi tritiyakayugin haian. dakshini tatiy bhagoan ke vikasit hone par misisipi ki lanbaee lagabhag dooni ho gee. uttar mean pratinootan himayugin nikshep ke karan kee nadiyaan misisipi mean atmasath‌ ho geean aur ab ve shirsh nadiyoan ke roop mean hi vartaman haian. misisipi maiksiko ki kha di mean atyant vishal delta banati hai. ukt kha di giranevali doosari prasiddh nadi r aauyo graande hai jo r aauki se nikalati hai aur apane nichale pravah mean maiksiko ki simarekha banati hai. k aaurdilera ki vibhinn shreniyoan se nikalakar prashaant mahasagar mean giranevali nadiyoan mean yookan, kolanbiya evan koloraido pramukh haian. yookan pashchimottar kainada tatha alaska mean pravahit hokar beriang jaladamaroomadhy ke dakshin n aaurtan sauand mean girati hai. kolanbiya nadi, kanada ke british kolanbiya ke r aauki parvat se nikalakar 5,69,800 varg ki.mi. ke besin se bahati huee, prashaant mahasagar mean girati hai. snek tatha spoken isaki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan haian. koloraido nadi r aauki se nikalakar uttari amarika ke sabase adhik sookhe rajyoan oota, erizona, dakshini kailiforniya evan maiksiko ke kuchh bhagoan se bahati huee kailiforniya ki kha di mean girati hai. isaka khadd (kainiyan) kahian-kahian 2,000 mitar tak gahara hai. uttari sagar mean giranevali sarvapramukh nadi maikeanji (3,680 ki.mi.) hai jo anek jhiloan se hokar ati hai. isaka muhana kee mahinoan tak barph se dhaka rahata hai. nelsan, albani, phort jarj adi kee chhoti nadiyaan uttar mean hadasan ki kha di mean girati haian. seant lareans nadi b di jhiloan se pravahit hoti huee uttar poorv mean seant lareans ki kha di mean girati hai. isake muhane par bhi mahinoan tak barph jami rahati hai. poorvi parvatiy pradesh se nikalakar poorv mean aandh mahasagar mean giranevali nadiyaan-saskehana, potomak, dilavar, jems adi-atyant chhoti haian. uparyukt samudragami jalapranaliyoan ke atirikt uttari amarika mean ek vishal aantarmukhi jalapranali hai jo shushk gret besin mean milati hai. isake atirikt uttari amarika mean anek jhilean haian, jinamean supiriyan (82,414 varg ki.mi.), hyooran (59,570 varg. ki.mi.), mishigan (58,000 varg ki.mi.), eero (25,770 varg ki.mi.), aur oantairiyo (19,528 varg ki.mi.) adi paanch brihat jhiloan ke atirikt, salt lek, vinipeg, gret slev, gret beyar adi jhilean pramukh haian. seant lareans nadi tatha paanch b di jhilean deshabhyantar jalapathoan ke lie suprasiddh haian.

jalavayu

uttari amarika ki jalavayu par char batoan ka vishesh prabhav p data hai:-

1. akshaanshiy sthiti,
2. parvatoan ka uttar dakshin phailav,
3. niyatavahi havaean aur samudr ki dharaean tatha
4. uttari prashaant evan uttari aitalaantik ki hava ke kam dabav ke keandr.

uchch akshaanshoan mean sthit hone ke karan kainada ka do tihaee bhag varsh ke adhikaansh mahinoan mean barph se dhaka rahata hai. parvatoan ke uttar dakshin phaile rahane ke karan uttari dakshini havaean madhy bhag mean berok bahati haian jisase mahadvip ka adhikaansh bhag ja de mean adhik thanda ho jata hai, parantu grishm mean isaka prabhav achchha hota hai, kyoanki maiksiko ki kha di se chalanevali havaean kanada ke uttari bhag tak pahuanch jati haian. par poorv pashchim akar varsha karanevali havaoan ya samudrik dharaoan ka prabhav in tatiy parvatoan ke karan aantarprat mean nahian p dane pata. ja de mean sanpoorn kanada, alaska, nyoofauandalaiand tatha madhyavarti maidan mean ardhottari bhag ka tap 32° pha. se kam rahata hai. maiksiko kha di ke tatiy bhagoan tatha maiksiko mean 48°-64° pha. ka tap rahata hai. at: ja de mean mahadvip ka koee bhag adhik garam nahian rahata. grishm rritu mean keval uttarasagariy tat tatha usake nikatavarti bhagoan ko chho dakar sanpoorn mahadvip mean 32° pha. se adhik tap rahata hai. at: mahadvip ke adhikaansh mean janavari julaee ke madhyamik tapoan ka aantar 40° pha. se adhik tatha uttar mean 70° pha. se bhi adhik p d jata hai. 40° u.a. ke uttaravale pashchimi tat ke bhagoan mean garam jaladharaoan ka prabhav p data hai, lekin samakaksh poorvi tat ka jal laibrador ki thandi jaladhara ke karan jam jata hai. dakshin mean pashchimi tatoan par kailiphorniya ki thandi dhara chalati hai aur samakaksh poorvi tatoan par meksiko ki garam dharaean.

isi prakar parvatiy sthiti, chakravatiy path, samudr sane nikatata, havaoan ki disha adi ka prabhav varsha par p data hai. 40° u.aan.se uttari bhagoan mean pashchimi tat par vashyukt pashchimi havaoan ke karan prachur varsho ho jati hai par samakaksh poorvi tat varshavihin rahata hai. 30°-40° u.a. mean pashchimi tat par ja de mean pachhuvaan havaoan dvara varsha hoti hai, panratu garmi me yah bhag uttar poorvi vyaparik havaoan mean p dane ke karan shushk rah jata hai. 300 u.a. ke dakshin ka pashchim tatiy bhag sal bhar in havaoan ke prabhav mean rahane ke karan marusthal hai, par ye hi havaean samakaksh poorvi kshetroan-phlaurida aur meksiko-mean prachur varsha karati haian. meksiko ki kha di se havaean misisipi ki ghati mean grishmakal mean pravesh karati haian. unake kha di ke nikatavarti sthanoan mean adhik varsha hoti hai aur bhitari sthanoan mean varsha ki matra doori ke anusar kam hone lagati hai. uttari amarika mean adhik varshavale (100 se 200 sean. varshik) kshetr dakshin-poorvi meksiko, sanyukt, suyankt rajy ke aitalaantik tatiy rajy, maiksiko ki kha di ke tatavarti poorvi rajy, british kolanbiya, yookan ke pashchimatatiy bhag tatha alaska ke dakshini tat haian. 50 se 100 sean. tak varsha maiksiko ke any shesh bhag, teksas, misisipi ghati ke rajyoan tatha vinipeg jhil se poorv sthit kanada ke rajyoan mean hoti hai. 50 sean. se kam varsha ke kshetr ke aantargat r aauki parvat ki poorvi dhal par sthit pathari paidan, pashchimi parvatiy pradesh ke madhyavarti pathar, gret besin, kailiforniya ka registani bhag, kanada ke saskechavan, alabarti, mekeanji, poorvi british kolanbiya, yookan pathar ke pashchimi tatha uttari praant aur alaska ka uttari bhag sanmilit haian.

vanaspati, jivajantu-mahadvip mean tuandra se lekar ushn katibandh tak sabhi prakar ki jalavayu milane ke karan sabhi prakar ki vanaspatiyaan milati haian. uttari sagar ke tatiy bhagoan mean tuandra vanaspati tatha dakkhin mean bhojapatr, chinar evan namra (vilo) adi ugate haian. isake dakshin mean lagabhag 4,800 ki.mi. lanba aur lagabhag 100 ki.mi. chau da bhag konadhari vanoan (saroan, devadaru, popalar ityadi ke vrikshoan) se achchhadit hai. poorvi parvatiy kshetr ke uttari bhagoan mean konadhari tatha dakshin mean patajh davale vriksh (ok, chestanat, elm, mepul adi) haian. pashchimi parvatiy pradesh ke uttari bhagoan mean saro, devadaru adi tatha dakshini bhagoan mean dagalas far, red sidar (rakt devadaru) adi mukhy haian. maiksiko kshetr mean ushn katibandhiy (mahogani adi ke) van milate haian. parvatiy bhagoan mean parvatiy vanaspatiyaan prapy haian. in parvatiy bhagoan ko chho dakar adhikaansh shushk pathari bhagoan mean maru tatha ardhamaru vanaspatiyaan (seanhu d, nagaphani ityadi) milati haian. madhyavarti maidan ke poorvi bhagoan mean lanbi ghasean tatha pashchimi bhagoan mean chhoti ghasean pramukh vanaspati haian. krishi tatha charagahoan ki vriddhi ke sath manushy ke vinashakari karyo dvara prakritik vanaspati ka atyadhik hhras hua hai.

uttari amarika ke pashupakshi yooreshiya ke pashu pakshiyoan se adhik milate julate haian. chhachhooandar, shalyak (armadilo), sahi, preari, kutta, r aauki parvatiy bakari adi pashu tatha baltimor kaanchan (oriol), kaubard, ralabhash (phlaee kaichar), kailiforniya bater (kvel) adi pakshi uttari amarika ki visheshataean haian. kuchh pakshi dakshin amariki pakshiyoan se bhi milate julate haian.

janasankhya

uttari amarika ki kul janansakhya 1970 ki janaganana tatha anumanoan ke anusar 26,98,92,549 hai jisamean sanyukt rajy mean 20,02,55,151 (arthath‌ bis karo d se adhik), kainada mean 2,13,24,000 (do karo d se adhik) aur maiksiko mean 4,83,13,438 (lagabhag paanch karo d) log rahate haian. at: prati varg ki.mi. sanyukt rajy mean 21, kanada mean 2 (2.3) tatha maiksiko mean 25 hai. vishv ke pariprekshy mean uttari amarika astreliya ki tarah alp abad hai n keval rashtriy star par balki pradeshik evan kshetriy staroan par to isase bhi adhik vishamata paee jati hai. alaska mean 5 varg. ki.mi. se bhi adhik kshetr mean keval ek manushy rahata hai. vastut: alaska mean 15 lakh varg ki.mi. kshetr mean tin lakh se bhi kam log rahate haian jab ki keval 17 varg ki.mi. se bhi kam kshetraphalavale havaee dvip mean lagabhag sadhe sat lakh log rahate haian. sanyukt rajy ke satat mahadvipiy bhag ko 1000 p.de. par vibhajit karake janasankhya ke vitaran ko dekhane par spasht hai ki usase pashchim sthit rajyoan mean prati varg ki.mi. ghanatv atayant kam hai aur yah unake parvatiy, kam upajaoo, maru ya himachchhadit athava kam tap man hone ke karan khetiba di mean kam pragati ke karan hai, doosari or isake poorv rashtr ke dhuri rajy haian jo khetiba di tatha khanijoan aur udyogadhandhoan tatha vyapar ki drishti se n keval desh mean balki vishv mean samunnat haian. uttarapoorvi audyogik kshetr, jisamean bostan se lekar varshitan rajadhani nagar tak ke kshetr bhi sammilit haian, atyant saghan abad aur arthik-audyogik-vyaparik dhuri haian. kul janasankhya ki drishti se pashchim mean prashaant-mahasagar-tatiy rajy kailiforniya (1,97,15,490), poorv mean atalaantik-mahasagar-tatiy nyooyark (1,79,79,712) evan peansilavaniya (1,16,69,575) aur dakshin mean meksiko kha di tatiy teksas (1,09,89,123), tatha madhy mean b de jhilatatiy ilinay (1,09,77,908) aur ohayo (1,05,42,30) ityadi chhah rajy haian jinamean ek karo d se adhik janasankhya rahati hai aur ye sabhi khetiba di evan udyogadhandhoan tatha vyapar ki drishti se mahatvapoorn haian. 50 lakh se adhik abadivale rajyoan mean mishigan (87,78,187), nyoojarsi (70,84,992), florida (66,71,162), maisachusets (56,30,224) aur iandiyana (51,43,422) ke paanch rajy haian. at: uparyukt das rajyoan mean sanyukt rajy ki 55 pratishat se adhik abadi basi hai. kainada ki bhi 90 pratishat janasankhya dakshini bhag (atalaantik tat), seant lareans ki ghati, b di jhiloan ke bhoobhag tatha preari pradeshoan mean sthit hai. ye hi bhag khetiba di, udyogadhandhoan, vyapar, yatayat ke sadhanoan tatha any prakritik saanskritik sansadhanoan ki drishti se pramukh haian. vastut: otairiyo (76,11,000) evan kvebek (60,05,000) do hi praantoan mean, jahaan kainada ka kul chauthaee kshetraphal haian, 60 pratishat se adhik abadi paee jati haian jabaki doosari or yookan kshetr ke 5 lakh se adhik varg ki.mi. kshetr mean keval 16,000 log rahate haian aur uttar pashchim kshetr mean 33 lakh varg ki.mi. mean keval 33,000 log rahate haian. vastut: kainada ki 75 pratishat janata nagaroan mean rahati hai jo adhikaanshat : sanyukt rajy ki sima se 150 ki.mi. ke aandar sthit haian. sanyukt rajy evan kainada ke donoan satat ghane abad kshetroan ke mil jane se uttari amarika ka madhy-uttar-poorvi bhag sansar ke char sarvadhik ghane abad b de pradeshoan mean se ek hai. maiksiko poornataya pathari ooancha pradesh hai aur yahaan janasankhya vitaran mean apekshakrit kam vishamata paee jati hai. adhikatar abadi yahaan kark rekha ke dakshin sthit sankare bhag tatha anavak namak pathar par paee jati hai. krishi, udyog evan yatayat ke vikas aur pradeshik santulan evan suraksha adi ke chalate ab sarvatr vishamata kam hoti jane ki pravritti dikh rahi hai.

avrajan

uttari amarika mean astreliya ki tarah hi janasankhya ki vriddhi mean sansar ke any bhagoan ki apeksha bahar se vyaktiyoan ke ane ka mahatvapoorn hath raha hai. 1941-50 ke dashak mean bhi akele sanyukt rajy mean das lakh se adhik (10,35,000) avrajak, jinamean 7,22,000 mahadvipiy yoorop se, 1,32,000 briten se tatha shesh vishv ke any bhagoan se ae.

nagar

janasankhya tatha audyogik vyaparik vriddhi ke sath sath mahadvip mean nagarikaran badh raha hai. das lakh ya usase adhik janasankhyavale (dasalakshiy) mahanagar ab mahadvip mean 31 ho ge haian jinamean 29 sanyukt rajy mean, ek kainada mean aur ek maiksiko mean haian. sanyukt rajy mean janasankhyanusar nyooyark (11,529 h.), l aaus aianjels (7,032 h., kailiforniya), shikago (6,979 h. ili.), filadelfiya (4,818 h.peansi.nyoojarsi), ditrayat (4,200 h. mishigan), sain phraiansisko (3,110 h. kailiforniya), varshigatan (2,861 h. distrikt kolanbiya), bostan (2,754 h. maichachusets), pitsabarg (2,401h.,peansi.), klovalaiand (2,064 h., klivalaiand), seant luee (2,363 h., missauri), baltimir (2,071 h., merilaiand), miniyapolis (1,814 h.,menisota), milavauki (1,404 h.), hyoostan (1,485 h., teksas), bafaili (1,349 h., nyooyark) evan dalas (teksas), sinasinati (ohayo-keantaki), kaiansas siti, sietal, aitalaanta mayami, nyooarliyans, san diego, denabar, iandiyanapolis, san jos, san barnadino ribarasaid evan seant pitarsabarg haian. inake atirikt tis nagaroan ki janasankhya paanch lakh se 9,99,999 tak hai. ye sabhi b de nagar nigamit kshetr hai jinamean pramukh nagar par ashrit nagaroan ki janasankhya bhi sanmilit rahati hai. vaiyaktik yatayat aur sandeshavahan ke sadhanoan mean vriddhi hone se pramukh nagaroan aur ashrit nagaroan mean karyatmak sanbaddhata tezise badh rahi hai. inamean se adhikaansh nagar udyogapradhan, vyaparik tatha sevakeandr haian. sanyukt rajy ke dasalakshiy nagaroan mean se pahale adhikaansh uttarapoorvi audyogik kshetr mean sthit the lekin ab unaki sankhya keval 40 pratishat rah gee hai. at : any pradeshoan--pashchim tatiy kshetr (kailiforniya, vashiangatan), dakshin tatiy kshetr (teksas-looiziyana-florida), tatha shesh adhikaansh madhy evan madhyapashchimi krishi kshetr mean vikasit haian. at: ab suyakt rajy mean bhi kshetriy pradeshik vikas ke santulan ki or, visheshat: suraksha ki drishti se, dhyan diya ja raha hai. vashiantan (distrikt kolanbiya) sanyukt rajy ki rajadhani hai jahaan sabhi pramukh sanghiy (phedaral) karyalay tatha videshi dootavas adi sthit haian. mahaganaroan mean se poorvi tat par uttar se dakshin bostan, nyooyark, ki ladelfiya (delaveyar nadi) tatha baltimor atalaantik mahasagaratatiy bandaragah haian. pashchimi (prashaant mahasagariy tat) par sain.phraisisko tatha l aaus aianjels evan dakshini tat (meksiko ki kha di) par hyastan adi b de bandaragah evan audyogik vyaparik nagar haian. aantarik brihath‌ audyogik tatha sangrahak, vitarak nagaroan mean shikagoan (mishigan jhil par sthit), pitsabarg, seant luee, ditrayat, klivalaiand, bafailo, kaiansas siti adi pramukh keandr haian. hyoostan aantariksh yan chho dane aur aantariksh shodhakary (spes risarch) keandr ho gaya hai. kainada mean maantriyal (kvebek praant, 12,22,255) brihattam nagar hai aur seant lareans nadi par sthit bandaragah evan pramukh vyaparik evan audyogik keandr haian. isake atirikt vahaan taanranto (6,64,584), vaiankavar (4,10,375), edamaantan (3,76,925) b de nagar haian. meksiko mean meksiko siti (70,05,855) uttari amarika ka tisara brihattam nagar hai.

nivasi tatha bhashaean

sanyukt rajy mean 1970 ke janagananusar kul janasankhya mean se 1,77,612 h. (87%) shvetavarn, 22,672 h. (11%) habshi, 523 h. (1960 mean) redaya amariki iandiyan evan 2,880 h. any prajati aur varno ke log the. 1900 ee mean kul 76,014 h. janasankhya mean lagabhag 88% shvetavarn, 10.2% habshi evan shesh iandiyan eanv any log the. lagabhag 55 lakh yahoodi haian lekin arthik, vyaparik roop mean unaka mahatv apekshakrit kaphi adhik hai. kainada ki janasankhya mean 40% se adhik log british mool tatha 30% ke lagabhag phreanch mool ke haian. idhar kainada mean vishv ke vibhinn bhagoan se anevale ahvrajakoan ke lie adhik udar niti apanaee gee hai. kvebek ke briten dvara vijit hone ke bavajood vahaan ke nivasiyoan ne phreanch bhasha, rahan sahan aur sanskriti ko akshunn rakha hai. jarman, yookren, itali adi ki bhi sankhya adhik hai. kul milakar vahaan 98% log shvetavarn ke haian. kainada ke purane adivasiyoan (red iandiyan tatha eskimoan) ki sankhya vahaan kul abadi ka keval 1.2% (kul 2,37,000 red iandiyan) hai. red iandiyanoan mean se 74% vahaan lagabhag 60 lakh ek d bhoomi par phaile sanrakshit kshetroan (rijarveshan) mean rahate haian. eskimoan log uttarapashchimi kshetr, uttari kvebek tatha laibredor mean rahate haian. maiksiko ki prajatiy sanrachana sanyukt rajy aur kainada se bilkul bhinn hai-vahaan kul janasankhya mean 70% mestijo arthath‌ red iandiyan tatha shvet jatiyoan ke varnasankar vanshaj haian aur 28% red iandiyan haian. bhasha ki drishti se bhi sanyukt rajy aur kainada aianglo-amariki arthath‌ aangreji bhashabhashi haian aur keval kainada ke kvebek praant mean tatha kuchh kuchh nyoobranzavik, oantairiyo aur menitoba mean phreanch bhasha evan sanskriti (lagabhag 2% logoan mean ) paee jati hai, jab ki meksiko laitin amariki desh hai aur vahaan speni bhasha ka bolabala hai, yadyapi kuchh log vibhinn iandiyan bhashaean bolate haian.

krishi

uttari amarika ki krishi jalavayu, mitti, dharatal aur bajar, ne avishkaroan adi tatha yatayat ke sadhanoan dvara prabhavit huee hai. is mahadvip mean krishikshetr vibhinn prakritik evan manaviy suvidhaoan ke karan usi prakar bhoo-bhag-vishesh mean keandrit hai jis prakar audyogik kshetr. yahaan ki kheti vyaparik dhag par b de paimane par hoti hai; at: adhikadhik labh uthane evan pratidvandvitapoorn bajaroan mean suvidha prapt karane ke lie jahaan vishesh prakar ki kheti un vishesh kshetroan mean hoti hai jahaan sabhi suvidhaean sarvadhik upalabdh haian. udaharanat: kainada ke preariz aur sanyukt rajy ke misisipi maidan ke uttar-pashchimi bhag mean gehooan, madhyavarti bhag mean makka tatha dakshini bhagoan mean kapas adi phasaloan ke lie shreshthatam jalavayu evan dharatal tatha mitti paee jati hai, bajar bhi samip hai, mashinoan se kary ho sakata hai, at: ye kshetr in phasaloan ke lie sansaraprasiddh haian. yadyapi in kshetroan mean any phasaloan ki bhi kheti hoti hai, tathapi sanbandhit kshetr ki mukhy phasal ke nam par hi unhean sanbodhit kiya jata hai.

is mahadvip ne sansar ko tin mukhy phasalean pradan ki hai-makka, tanbakoo aur aloo. pratham upaniveshiyoan ko jangal katane, mitti ko upajaoo banane, pani ki suvidha prapt karane, ki doan tatha any prakritik apattiyoan ka samana karane mean b di kathinaee jhelani p di thi. majadooroan ki kami ke karan krishi ke ne ne aujaroan ka avishkar hua. phalat: aj jahaan lagabhag 10% log hi krishi mean lage haian. sanyukt rajy mean to yah pratishat 5 se bhi kam ho gaya hai jabaki kul niryat ka 20% se adhik us desh mean krishi-dhandhoan se prapt hota hai. mahadvip ke madhyavarti b de maidan ke uttari bhag mean gleshiyar dvara bichhaee huee naram evan upajaoo mitti, dakshini bhag mean nadiyoan dvara laee huee jalodh mitti tatha preariz ke ghas ke maidan ki kali mitti atyant upajaoo haian. isake atirikt yahaan khad ka adhikadhik prayog hota hai. khetoan ke chak bahut b de b de (kainada mean lagabhag 100 he se 400-500 he. tak aur sanyukt rajy mean 80 he. se 250 he. tak) haian, at : mashinean asani se prayukt hoti haian. deshi tatha videshi bajar nishchitapray evan b de haian, pratyut adhik dam dekar bhi vah phasal kharidati hai. phalat: krishak ko hani ko ashanka nahian rahati. utpadan aur bajar ke tadatmy tatha santulan ko drishti mean rakhate hue sanyukt rajy mean sarakar kee darjan phasaloan ke boe ge kshetraphal ko bhi niyantrit karati hai lekin niyantran dvara pradatt kshetraphal par jitani bhi phasal krishak uga le, use pahale se hi nishchit dar par sarakar poora ka poora kharidane ko badhy rahati hai. krishak pray: isilie adhunikatam sansadhanoan evan takanikoan ka upayog karake apane khetoan mean adhik se adhik utpadan badhane ko utsuk rahata hai. use mausam ki anishchitata (badh, sookha, tiddi, rog, vyadhi adi) ke viruddh phasaloan ke bimean ka surakshatmak kavach bhi prapt hai. isalie is mahadvip mean gehooan, makka, jee, kapas, maans aur doodh ki bani vastuoan ka utpadan sansar mean sarvadhik hota hai pani ki asuvidhavale pashchimi kshetroan mean sianchaee tatha any karyo ke lie vishal bahumukhi yojanaean karyanvit ki gee haian, jisase kailiforniya jaisa marusadrish bhoobhag sanyukt rajy ka udyan ho gaya hai. kailiforniya ke in sianchit kshetroan, mishigan jhil ke pas ke kshetr evan dakshini tatiy bhag mean sanyukt rajy ke mukhy phal ugae jate haian.

khanij sadhan

yah mahadvip khanij sanpatti mean bahut samriddh hai. shakti ke pramukh khanij-koyala evan khanij tel tatha prakritik gais-ki n keval matra vishal hai, koti bhi uchch hai; sath hi audyogik vikas ke lie inaka vitaran bhi atyant suvidhapoorn hai. vishv mean 1968 mean koyala tulyaankoan mean kul 614 karo d mitrik tan oorja ka utpadan hua tha jisamean 205 karo d tan akele uttari amarika mean hua tha. vastut: 1968 mean vishv mean kul koyala tatha lignait utpadan (227 k. mitrik tan) mean uttari amarika ne 51, khanij tel (254 k. mitrik tan) mean 69, prakritik gais (119 k. mitrik tan) mean se 5 k.mi. tan (sabhi koyala tulyaankoan mean) utpadan kiya. utpadan ki tulana mean oorja ka sarvadhik prayog uttari amarika mean hi hota hai. 1968 mean vishv ka ausat prati oorja upabhog 1,733 kilo. tha kiantu uttari amarika mean usaki matra 10,155 kilo. (yoorop, eshiya mean keval 170 kilo.) thi. vastut: audyogik, yatayat evan ghareloo upayogoan mean oorja ki adhik khapat hai. at: vishv oorja ka kul 33% se adhik utpadan (1968) karane par bhi uttari amarika mean sthit vishv ki kul 8% janata ko (?) oorja ke lie any deshoan par ashrit rahana p d raha hai. 1968 mean vishv ke kul vidyuth‌ utpadan (4,192 arab kilovat prati ghanta) mean se 1,653 arab kilovat prati ghanta ka utpadan uttari amarika mean hua. itane par bhi utpadan ko aur adhik badhana avashyak hota ja raha hai. chin ke bad koyale ka bhaandar yahian sarvadhik hai. yah sansar ke 80% se bhi adhik aianthrasait koyale ka utpadan karata hai. yahaan bitoominas evan lignait koyale ke bhi vishal bhaandar pae jate haian. kainada ke vibhinn kshetroan-nova skoshiya, nyoo, branzavik evan pashchimi r aauki kshetroan mean, aur sanyukt rajy ke poorvi parvatiy pradesh mean (jahaan adhikaansh udyog dhandhe vikasit haian) adhikaansh koyala milata hai. shesh koyala maidani dakshini tatiy bhag, pashchimi parvatiy pradesh, alaska tatha maiksiko mean milata hai. sansar ka 30% tel bhaandar yahaan hai. tel kainada ke oantairiyo praant, meksiko ke poorvi tat tatha sanyukt rajy mean dakshini aur madhyavarti bhag evan kailiforniya tatha alaska mean prapy hai. prakritik gais mean bhi sanyukt rajy tatha kainada dhani haian. in khanij shaktiyoan ke atirikt uttari amarika jalavidyuth‌ shakti mean bhi samriddhishali hai aur sansar ke kul vikasit jalavidyuth‌ ka 40 pratishat isi mahadvip mean haian. yooreniyam ka bhi yahaan samuchit bhaandar hai.

inake atirikt uttari amarika sansar ke loha, chaandi, nikel, gandhak, f aausfet, aisbestas, taanba, sisa evan jasta ka sabase b da utpadak evan upabhokta hai. kainada ke kee kshetroan ke atirikt b di jhiloan ke pradesh mean, jahaan jhiloan dvara sarvadhik sasta yatayat sadhan prapy hai, lauh-bhaandar haian jahaan se mahadvip ka 80% loha nikalata hai. kainediyan shild mean sansar ka 33% sona, 85% nikel evan 50% kobalt ke atirikt pichableand (jisase sansar ka 40% rediyam milata hai), chaandi, plaitinam, taanba, tatha any kee dhatuean nikalati haian. mahadvip mean sona kainada ke oantairiyo evan kvebek praant aur suyankt rajy ke kailiforniya, koloraido, nevada evan alaska kshetroan mean milata hai; taanba maikeanji ki ghati, kvabek praant, sanyukt rajy ke pashchimi rajyoan evan supiriyar jhil ke dakshin mean milata hai; sisa, jasta evan chaandi sanyukt rajy ke pashchimi tatha madhyadakshini rajyoan aur meksiko mean upalabdh hai. sansar ka 75% gandhak keval looiziana evan teksas mean nikala jata hai. ailyuminiyam (sanyukt rajy mean sansar ka keval 3%), maianganiz tatha m aaulibdenam ko chho dakar any dhatu tatha khanij, jaise hira evan any maniyaan, plaitinam, aiantimani, para adi ki is mahadvip mean keval simit poorti ho pati hai aur kuchh ko poornataya ayat karana p data hai. prapy khanij sadhanoan ka mahadvip ne sarvadhik vikas evan upayog kiya hai.

udyog dhandhe tatha audyogik kshetr

uttari amarika krishi, jangal katane evan lak di paida karane, machhali marane, khanij khodane ke atirikt udyog dhandhoan ke lie bhi suprasiddh hai. upaniveshiyoan ne yahaan poorvi tat par akar chhote chhote vyavasay karana aranbh kiya aur shanai: shanai: seant lareans ki ghati, b di jhiloan, ke pradesh, evan madhyavarti b de maidanoan mean vyavasayoan ki unnati huee. sanyukt rajy evan kainada ke audyogik kshetr ek doosare se mile hue haian. inamean b di jhiloan, reloan, s dakoan evan samudroan dvara saste yatayat ka sadhan, pas hi mean prapy loha evan koyala, ghani abadi, krishi sanbandhi evan vanaspatik kachche maloan ki suvidha, b de sthaniy bajar tatha b de bandaragahoan dvara ju da hua aantararashtriy bajar, sthayi sarakari suraksha, pralayankar mahayuddhoan se suraksha shramik evan adhikadhik pooanji ki suvidha aur udyogoan ke poorvaranbhan ke sanveg adi ke karan sansar ke b de se b de utpadak tatha audyogik kshetr vikasit ho ge haian. kainada ke (1) samudrapraantiy kshetr, (2) kvebek-oantairiyoan-maantriyal kshetr, sanyukt rajy ke (3) eeriklivalaiand-bafailo kshetr, (4) pitsabarg-yangstaun kshetr, (5) nyoo ianglaiand stets kshetr tatha nyooyark-pensilaveniya ke vibhinn audyogik kshetr jo vishesh udyogoan mean sanlagn haian, (6) madhyavarti atalaantik tatiy kshetr, (7) dakshin ka varjiniya-ailabaima kshetr, (8) mishigan kshetr (shikagogairi) tatha (9) sinasinati-iandiyanapolis kshetr uttar amarika ke pramukh audyogik kshetr haian. inamean lohe evan ispat, dhatu evan mashin, ianjiniyariang, motar tatha saikil, jahaj, sooti, ooni tatha any kap de, khady padarth, kagaj, pharnichar adi ke tatha vibhinn any saiank doan udyog vikasit haian. ye audyogik kshetr vishesh udyogoan ke lie labdhapratishth haian; udaharanat: ditrayat motarakaroan ke lie, pitsabarg ispat ke lie, nyoo ianglaiand rajy vishesh prakar ke kap doan ke lie, dakshini ailabaima kshetr loha, ispat evan mote tatha madhyam shreni ke kap doan ke lie tatha seant lareans nadi ki ghati kagaj ke vyavasay ke lie. inake atirikt ooanche maidani kshetroan mean se denavar audyogik kshetr, pashchimi tat par l aaus aianjilh‌s kshetr, evan sainaphraisisko-sietal-portalaiand kshetr mean udyog vikasit ho rahe haian aur ye pashchim ki maangoan ki poorti kar rahe haian. denavar mean lohe, ispat evan any dhatuoan ke kary, pashchimatatiy kshetroan mean pharnichar, kagaj, machhali ke vyavasay tatha l aaus aianjils mean vayuyan taiyar karane, philm banane evan phaloan sanbandhi vyavasay panap rahe haian. kainada ke vaiankavar kshetr mean bhi isi prakar ke udyog vikasit ho rahe haian. meksiko mean taianpiko evan verakrooz nagaroan ke nikat sooti kap doan evan dureango, toren aur moantare mean lohe evan ispat ke udyog vikasit haian.

yatayat ke sadhan

uttari amarika mean yatayat ke adhunik sadhan bahut suvikasit aur samriddh haian. mahadvip ke yatayat evan usake sadhan tin pramukh batoan dvara prabhavit hue haian. pratham, is mahadvip mean yooropiy janasankhya atalaantik mahasagar ke tat par dhire-dhire badhati gee aur jaise jaise sthanabhav hua, mahadvip ke bhitar pashchim ki or vikasit hoti gee. dvitiy, logoan ko prakritik a dachanoan ka samana karana p da, parantu poorvi parvatiy pradesh mean kuchh nadiyoan ki ghatiyaan aisi thian jinamean hokar mahadvip ke bhitari bhagoan mean pravesh karana saral tha. at: atalaantik samudratat se seant lareans nadi ki ghati, hadasan-mohak nadi ki ghati saskavehana evan potomaik nadiyoan ki ghatiyaan-tatha maiksiko ki kha di ki disha se misisipi-misauri ki ghatiyoan se hokar janasankhya ka pravesh praranbh hua vartaman tat se aranbh honevali relean tatha pakki s dakean desh ke bhitari bhagoan mean inhian margo se hokar jati haian aur pun: pashchimi parvatiy pradesh ke niche darroan ko par karati huee atalaantik tat tatha prashaant mahasagariy tat ko ek doosare se milati haian. tritiy, jahaan jahaan janasankhya ka ghanatv adhik hai, vahaan vahaan avagaman ke sadhan adhik vikasit haian. kainada ke uttari kshetr, alaska ke chhote-chhote ekaki nagar evan pashchimi sanyukt rajy mean basi bastiyaan adhunik vayuyan sevaoan se labh uthati haian. krishi, khanij evan audyogik unnativale kshetroan mean reloan, s dakoan tatha havaee jahajoan ke margoan ka ghana jal bichha hua hai. kainada ka dakshin poorvi ghana basa kshetr tatha sanyukt rajy ka udyogapradhan uttar poorvi kshetr sansar ke sarvadhik vikasit kshetr haian jahaan yatayat ke sadhan sarvadhik vikasit haian.

uttari amarika mean n keval samudri margoan dvara, pratyut seant lareans tatha paanch b di jhiloan evan misisipi-misauri dvara yatayat hota hai. b di jhilean naharoan dvara jo d di gee haian jinamean hajaroan jahaj chala karate haian. sansar ki 29% relean, 35% samudri jahaj, 48% havaee jahaj tatha 70% motarean keval sanyukt rajy (amarika) mean haian. painama nahar (1907) ne amarika ke sanbandh sudoor poorv evan dakshini amarika se badha die haian.

kainada ka traians kaantineantal relave, kainediyan paisiphik relave, kainediyan naishanal relave tatha sanyukt rajy ki uttari paisiphik relave, yooniyan paisiphik relave, seantral paisiphik relave tatha dakshini paisiphik relave sansar ki sarvadhik lanbi reloan mean se haian jo ek chhor se doosare chhor ko milati haian. isi prakar s dakoan ka bhi jal sa bichha hua hai. uttari amarika ka koee bhi kshetr, jahaan manushy ke lie kuchh bhi arthik sadhan prapy haian, havaee margoan se achhoota nahian haian. alaska tatha kainada ke uttari bhag mean, jo bahut hi thandhe haian, vayuyan ki anivary sevaean haian. aj rajanitik paristhitivash dhruv pradeshoan mean bhi havaee marg sthapit ho ge haian.

vyapar

poorvokt sadhanoan ke vikasit hone ke karan mahadvip mean b de b de sangrahan tatha vitaran keandr sthapit ho ge haian jo samudratat par sthit bandaragahoan dvara suvidhapoorvak ayat niryat karate haian. poorvi tat par bostan, nyooyark, filadelfiya evan baltimor, maiksiko ki kha di ke tat par nyoo auraliyans evan gailavestan, pashchimi tat par l aaus aianjils, sain, phraiansisko, vaiankavar adi b di jhiloan par phort viliyam, port arthar, shikago, kvilalaiand, eeri, bafailoan tatha b di jhiloan evan seant lareans ki naharean ju d jane se kvebek, otairiyo adi b de bandaragah ban ge haian.

uttari amarika apane apar khanij tatha krishi sanbandhi evan audyogik sadhanoan ke vikasit hone ke karan vyapar mean bahut badha badha chadha hai. yah mahadvip ushn, shitoshn tatha shit, tinoan katibandhoan mean phaila hua hai. yahaan vibhinn prakar ki mitti aur jalavayu upalabdh haian. at: yahaan anek prakar ki upajean hoti haian. inake atirikt yahaan ke log sthaniy, deshi tatha videshi bajaroan ke lie vyaparik phasalean ugate haian. vibhinn krishi evan vanaspatik kshetroan mean log vastu vishesh ke utpadan mean vishesh yogyata prapt kar lete haian--jaise, preariz maidan mean gehooan mean, makka kshetr mean makka mean, gavyashala kshetr (deyari belt) mean doodh ke bane saman mean, kapas kshetr mean kapas mean tatha kainada ke uttari konadhari banoan mean lak di tatha usase bane samanoan mean. apani keval ek prakar ki vastuoan ko bikri karane ke karan unhean apani avashyakata ko hajaroan vastuean kharidani p dati haian. at: vyapar ki matra is mahadvip mean sarvadhik hai. is mahadvip ke logoan ne n keval vanaspatik evan krishiy sadhanoan ka, pratyut samudrik (machhali adi), khanij tatha audyogik sabhi sadhanoan ka, adhikadhik vikas kiya hai. phalat: yahaan ka nivasi sansar ka sabase b da vikreta, sabase b da upabhokta evan sabase dhani kharidar hai.

sanyukt rajy ke nivasiyoan ki jivanastar sansar mean uchchatam hai; yahaan ka aantardeshiy vyapar is desh ke aantararashtriy vyapar se das guna aur samagr sansar ke aantararashtriy vyapar se tin guna b da hai. 1890 ee. tak yah desh adhikaanshat: kachche mal videshoan ko bhejata tha, parantu ab dinanudin pakke mal ka niryat badhata ja raha hai. is desh ne do mahayuddhoan mean apani mahaddhipiy shaanti ka labh uthakar bahut se bajaroan par apana adhikar jama liya hai. 1900 ee. mean videshi vyapar 2,00,00,00,000 dalar ka hua aur 1950 mean yah vyapar badhakar 10,27,50,00,000 dalar ka hua. niryat ki vastuoan mean mahatv ke kramanusar mashianne, kapas, sooti, kap de, gehooan, ata, motar kar adi, loha, ispat, ispat ke saman, petreliyam tatha usase sanbandhit any saman, tanbakoo, maans adi haian. ayat mean k aauphi, oon tatha ooni kap de, dhatuean, kagaj, rabar, chini, chay, petroliyam, oornajin (far), phal, khanij, kachcha loha, ratn adi pramukh haian. kainada isaka mukhy srot hai.

kam abadi rahate hue bhi kainada sansar ke deshoan mean prasiddh vyaparik desh hai. niryat mean vanaspatik vastuoan-kee prakar ke kagaj, lak di ki lugdi adi-mean pratham tatha krishiy upaj-gehooan tatha ate-mean isaka dvitiy sthan hai. ailyuminiyam, nikel, machhali tatha tatsanbandhi vastuoan, oornajin (far), taanba evan any dhatuoan tatha kuchh pakke mal, motarakar, bijali ke saman adi ka niryat hota hai. ayat vastuoan mean pakke maloan, mashinoan, adi ka pramukh sthan hai tatha petroliyam, koyala, kachcha loha, ispat, sooti kap de, pey vastuean (k aauphi,chay), chini, rabar adi ka bhi ayat hota hai. sanyukt rajy tatha briten desh isake sabase b de vikreta evan kharidar haian.

maiksiko chhota sa ushn katibandhiy aur apekshakrit avikasit desh hai; at: yahaan vyapar bhi adhik nahian hai. isake niryat mean kachche mal-chaandi, taanba, mitti ka tel adi-haian tatha ayat mean khadyann evan dakshin amarika ke deshoan se uttari amarika ka vyapar badh raha hai.

uttari amarika mean sanyukt rajy tatha kainada apekshakrit ne base bhoobhag haian, parantu meanksiko ki sabhyata misr desh ki tarah prachin hai. lagabhag 3,000 varsh pahale meksiko ghati mean uchch sabhyata ke log rahate the. jo patthar, haddi, mitti adi ki nirmit vastuoan ka prayog karate the. usake bad ki 'may' sabhyata atyant uchch mani jati hai. may jati ke logoan ko krishi tatha sianchaee ke atirikt jyotish, ganit, shilp, sthapaty adi kalaoan ka bhi prachur jnan tha. tadanantar madhyakalin nahua, t aaultek, aijtek adi logoan ki sabhyata vahaan prachalit thi. 1925 ee mean meksiko ke pholsam nagar ke pas puratatvik 'pholsam kanpleks' ki upalabdhi se prachinatam manav ka pata chalata hai. dakshin pashchimi sanyukt rajy mean sat staroanvali pyooblo sanskriti ke avashesh bhi upalabdh haian.

khojoan se pata chalata hai ki alaska-saiberiya ke madhy sthit beriang jaladamaroomadhy ke dvara saiberiya se manav ka amarika mean agaman hua. barphila tatha bih d marg hone par bhi sarvadhik sugam rasta yahi tha. beriang jaladamaroomadhy ke donoan or ke nivasi sharirarachana, rang, roop, bhasha tatha riti rivajoan mean bhi paryapt milate julate haian. amarika ke iandiyan jati ke log eshiya ki mangol jatiyoan se , visheshakar uttar-poorvi saiberiya ke nivasiyoan se, sarvatha milate julate haian. chauan da, chehara, ubhari huee gal ko haddiyaan tatha bhoora rang unaki visheshata hai. eskimo log bhi inhian ki ek upajati haian. lanba sir, chau da chehara, patali nak, tatha mangol aankhean, inaki visheshataean hai. iandiyan log jaise jaise dakshin ki or badhate ge, unaka rang kala tatha lanbaee kam hoti gee.

yadyapi 8vian evan 12vian sadiyoan ke bich yoorop ke kuchh nivasi uttari amarika mean pahuanch ge the, tathapi aupaniveshik kal 1492 ee. ke bad hi praranbh hua. meksiko, dakshin pashchimi sanyukt rajy tatha madhy amarika mean spenavaloan ne seant lareans ki ghati tatha misisipi ke muhane par phreanch logoan ne aur madhyavarti atalaantik tatoan par aangrejoan ne adhikar jamaya. italiyan, jarman, dach adi yooropiyanoan ne bhi apani apani bastiyaan sthapit kian. mahadvip mean inake pravesh ke sath-sath adhik mare jane ke karan red iandiyanoan ka hhras hota gaya. yooropiyanoan ne isi aupaniveshik kal mean das ke roop mean habshiyoan ko lakar basaya. eshiya nivasi sabase bad mean is mahadvip mean pahuanche haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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