उत्तर वैदिक काल

[[chitr:Isa-Upanishad.gif|thumb|250px|hastalikhit granth, eeshavasyopanishad]] uttar vaidik kal (1000-600 ee.poo.) bharatiy itihas mean us kal ko, jisamean samaved, yajurved evan atharvaved tatha brahman granthoan, aranyakoan evan upanishad ki rachana huee, ko uttar vaidik kal kaha jata hai. chitrit dhoosar mridbhand is kal ki vishishtata thi, kyoanki yahaan ke nivasi mitti ke chitrit aur bhoore rang ke katoroan tatha thaliyoan ka prayog karate the. ve lohe ke hathiyaroan ka bhi prayog karate the. 1000 ee.poo. mean pakistan ke gaandhar mean lohe ke upakaran prapt hue haian. vahaan qabr mean mritakoan ke sath lohe ke upakaran prapt hue haian. 800 ee.poo. ke as-pas isaka upayog ganga - yamuna doab mean hone laga tha. uttari doab mean chitrit dhoosar mridbhand ke 700 sthal mile haian jisamean char ki khudaee huee hai-

1. ataranjikhe da
2. jakhe da
3. hastinapur
4. noh.

abhi tak utkhanan mean keval ataranjikhe da se hi lauh upakaran ke sakshy mile haian. uttar vaidik granthoan mean lohe ke lie lauh ayas evan krishna shabd ka prayog hua hai. ataranjikhe da mean pahali bar krishi se sambandhit lauh upakaran prapt hue haian.

uttar vaidikakalin sabhyata

[[chitr:Kashi-Map.jpg|thumb|300px|kashi mahajanapad]] uttar vaidik kal mean aryo ne yamuna, ganga evan sadanira (gandak) nadiyoan ke maidanoan ko jitakar apane adhikar mean kar liya. dakshin mean aryo ka phailav vidarbh tak hua. uttar vaidikakalin sabhyata ka mukhy kendr 'madhy pradesh' tha, jisaka prasar sarasvati se lekar ganga doab tak tha. yahi par kuru evan paanchal jaise vishal rajy the. yahian se ary sanskriti ki poorvi or prasthan kar koshal, kashi evan videh tak phaili. gotr vyavastha ka prachalan bhi uttar vaidik kal se hi prarambh hua mana jata hai. manav evan aang pradesh ary sabhyata ke kshetr ke bahar the. magadh mean nivas karane vale logoan ko atharvaved mean 'vraty' kaha gaya hai. ye prakrit bhasha bolate the. uttar vaidik kal mean puru aur bharat kabila milakar 'kuru' tatha 'turvash' aur 'krivi' kabila milakar 'panchal' (paanchal) kahalaye. arambh mean kuruoan ki rajadhani asanadivant mean thi jisame antargat kurukshetr (sarasvati aur drishadvati ke bich bhoomi) sammilit tha. shighr hi kuruoan ne dilli evan uttari doab par adhikar kar liya. ab unaki rajadhani hastinapur ho gayi. balihav pratipiy, raja parikshit, janamejay adi isi rajavansh ke pramukh raja the. parikshit ka nam atharvaved mean milata hai. janamejay ke bare mean mana jata hai ki usane sarpasatr evan do ashvamedh yajn karaya tha. kuru vansh ka antim shasak nichakshu tha. vah hastinapur se rajadhani kaushambi le aya, kyoanki hastinapur badh mean nasht ho gaya tha. panchal kshetr ke aantargat adhunik bareli, badayooan, evan farrukhabad ata hai. inaki rajadhani kampily thi. panchaloan ke ek mahattvapoorn shasak pravahan jaivali the, jo viddhanoan ke sanrakshak the. panchal darshanik rajaoan ke lie bhi jana jata tha. aruni shvetaketu panchal kshetr ke hi the. uttaravaidik kalin sabhyata ka kendr madhy desh tha. yah sarasvati se ganga ke doab tak phaila hua tha. ganga yamuna doab se sarayoo nadi tak hua. isake bad aryo ka vistar varuna-asi nadi tak hua aur kashi rajy ki sthapana huee. shatapath brahman mean yah ullekh milata hai ki videdhamadhav ne apane guru rahugan ki sahayata se agni ke dvara is kshetr ka saphaya kiya tha. ajatashatru ek darshanik raja mana jata tha. vah banaras se sambaddh tha. sindhu nadi ke donoan tatoan par gaandhar janapad tha. gaandhar aur vyas nadi ke bich kaikey desh sthit tha. chhandogy-upanishad ke anusar usane dava kiya ki mere rajy mean chor, madvasevi, kriyahin, vyabhichari aur avidyan nahian hai.

madr desh panjab mean siyalakot aur usake as-pas sthit tha. matsy rajy ke antargat rajasthan ke jayapur, alavar, bharatapur the. aryoan mean vindhyachal tak apana vistar kiya. ganga-yamuna doab evan usake as-pas ka kshetr brahmarshi desh kahalata tha. himachal aur vindhyachal ka bich ka kshetr madhy desh kahalata tha. upanishad kal mean videh ne panchal ka sthan grahan kar liya. videh ke raja janak prasiddh darshanik the. dakshin mean aryo ka phailav vidarbh tak hua. magadh aur aang pradesh ary kshetr se bahar the.

kul aur qabile

uttar vaidik kal mean chhote kabile ek doosare mean vilin hokar b de kshetragat janapadoan ko janm de rahe the. udaharan ke lie 'puru' evan 'bharat' milakar kuru aur 'turvash' tatha 'krivi' milakar paanchal kahalae. is prakar uttar vaidik kal mean kuru, paanchal, kashi ka videh pramukh rajy the. in 'kuru' aur 'panchaloan' ka adhipaty dilli par evan doab ke madhy evan oopari bhagoan par phaila tha. uttar vaidik kal mean aryo ka vistar adhik kshetr par isalie ho gaya kyoanki ab ve lohe ke hathiyar evan ashvachalit rath ka upayog jan ge the. uttar vaidik kal mean panchal sarvadhik vikasit rajy tha. shatapath brahman mean inhe vaidik sabhyata ka sarvashreshth pratinidhi kaha gaya hai.

'atharvaved' mean kuru rajy ki samriddhi ka chitran hai. parikshit aur janamejay yahaan ke pramukh raja the. parikshit ko mrityu lok ka devata kaha gaya hai. atharvaved ke 'chhandogyopanishad' mean kaha gaya hai ki kuru janapad mean kabhi-kabhi bhi ole nahian p de aur n hi tiddiyoan ke upadrav ke karan akal p da. kuru kul ka itihas mahabharat yu़ddh ke nam se vikhyat hai.

• uttar vaidik kal mean trikakud, kainj tatha mainam (himalay kshetr mean sthit) parvatoan ka ullekh bhi milata hai.

rajanitik sangathan

uttar vaidik kal mean 'rajatantr' hi shasan tantr ka adhar tha, par kahian-kahian par ganarajyoan ke udaharan bhi mile hai. sarvapratham aitarey brahman mean hi raja ki utpatti ka siddhant milata hai. is kal mean raja ka adhikar rrigved kal ki apeksha kuchh badha. ab use b di-b di upadhiyaan milane lagian jaise- adhiraj, rajadhiraj, samrat, ekarath. aitarey brahman ke anusar praty (poorv) ka shasak samrat ki upadhi dharan karate the, pashchim ke svarat, uttar ke virath, dakshin ke bhoj tatha madhy desh ke raja hote the. pradesh ka sanket karane vala shabd 'rashtr' sarvapratham uttar vaidik kal mean hi prayog kiya gaya. is kal ke upalabdh sakshyoan ke adhar par aisa anuman lagaya jata hai ki shayad raja ka chunav pahale janata (vish) dvara evan kalantar mean janata ke pratinidhiyoan dvara hota tha, par antatah raja ka pad vanshanugat ho gaya.

shatapath brahman ke anusar

shatapath brahman mean raja ke nirvachan ki charcha hai aur aise raja vishapati kahalate the. atyachari shasak ko janata padachyut bhi kar deti thi. udaharan ke lie srijanyoan ne dusht rritu se paushayan ko bahar nikal diya tha. tandy brahman praja ke dvara raja ke vinash ke lie ek vishesh yajn kie jane ka bhi ullekh hai. vairajy ka arth us rajy se hai jahaan raja nahian hota tha. shatapath brahman mean us rajy ke lie rashtri shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hai jo nirankushata poorvak janata ki sampatti ka upabhog karata tha. atharvaved me raja ko vishamatta (janata ka bhakshak) kaha gaya. atharvaved mean kaha gaya hai ki samudr paryant prithvi ka shasak ekarat hota hai. [[chitr:Agni-Deva.jpg|thumb|left|agnidev]] aitarey brahman tatha shatapath brahman mean aise rajaoan ki soochi milati hai. atharvaved ke ek parichchhed mean kaha gaya hai ki raja rashtr (kshetr) ka svami hota hai aur raja ko varun, brihaspati, indr tatha agni devata dridhata pradan karate haian. raja ke rajyabhishek ke samay 'rajasooy yajn' ka anushthan kiya jata tha. jisamean raja dvara rajy ke 'ratniyoan' ko havi pradan ki jati thi. yahaan havi se matalab hai ki rajy pratyek ratni ke ghar jakar unaka samarthan evan sahayog prapt karata tha. rajasooy yajn ke anushthan se yah samajha jata tha ki raja ko divy shakti mil gayi hai. rajasooy yajn ka varnan shatapath brahman mean milata hai. yah do din tak chalata tha. rajasooy yajn mean varun devata parthiv sharir mean prakat hote the. raja ki shakti mean abhivridvay ke lie ashvamedh aur vajapey yajnoan ka bhi vidhan kiya gaya. ashvamedh yajn se samajha jata tha. raja dvara is yajn mean chho da gaya gho da jin-jin kshetroan se berok gujarega, un sare kshetroan par raja ka ek chhatr adhipaty ho jayega.

shatapath brahman mean bharatoan ke do rajaoan bharat daushayanti aur shatanik satrajit dvara ashvamedh yajn karane ka ullekh haian. vajapey (rathadau d) yajn mean raja ka rath any sabhi bandhuoan ke rathoan se age nikal jata tha. in sabhi anushthanoan se praja ke chitt par raja badhati shakti aur mahima gahari chhap p dati thi. gopath brahman ke anusar raja ko rajasooy yajn, samrat ko vajapey, svarat ko ashvamedh, virat ko purushamegh aur sarvarat ko sarvamegh karana chahie. kintu apastambh shrot sootr ke anusar ashvamedh yajn keval sarvabhaum hi kar sakata hai. vajapey yajn shakti prapt karane vala ek som yajn tha jo sal mean 17 din tak chalata tha. rajasooy yajn karane purohitadhyaksh ko dakshina ke roop mean 240,000 gayean di jati thi.

shatapath brahman mean 13 ratniyoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai-

1. brahman (purohit)
2. rajany
3. bavata (priyarani)
4. parivritti (raja ki upekshit pratham patni)
5. senani (sena ka nayak)
6. soot (sarathi)
7. gramani (gram pradhan)
8. kshatri (koshadhikari)
9. sangahitt (sarathi ya koshadhyaksh)
10. bhagadudh (kar sangrahakarta)
11. akshavap (pase ka adhikshak athava pasa pheankane vala)
12. govikartan (akhetak)
13. palagal (sandeshavahak)

aitarey brahman mean varnit shasan pranali

kshetr	shasan	upadhi
poorv	samrajy	samrat
pashchim	svarajy	svarat
uttar	vairajy	virat
dakshin	bhojy	bhoj
madhy pradesh	rajy	raja

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