उत्परिवर्तन

utparivartan jivan ki ikaee koshika hai aur koshikaoan ka samuchchay jivit shariri ya prani kaha jata hai. kalpana kijie, is srishti mean yadi ek hi akar ke jiv hote, ek hi rritu hoti aur rat athava din mean se koee ek hi raha karata to kaisa lagata. ek hi prakar ka bhojan, ek hi prakar ka kary, ek hi prakar ke parivesh ka nivas oob utpann kar deta hai isilie ham usamean kianchith‌ parivartan karate rahate haian. prakriti bhi ekarasata se oobakar parivartan karati rahati hai. jantujagath‌ ki vividhata par ham drishtipat karean to paeange ki, udaharan ke lie, billi jati ke jantuoan mean hi kitana bhed hai : billi, sher, chita, sianh, sabhi isi varg ke jantu haian. isi prakar, kuttoan mean deshi, shikari, buladag, jhabara, adi kee nasl dikhalaee dete haian.

is vividhata ke mool karan ka jnan sabhi ko nahian hota, aur sabase b di bat to yah hai ki kautoohalavash bhi koee is bhed ko janana nahi chahata. hamean yah vaividhy itana sahaj aur samany pratit hota hai ki hamara dhyan is or kabhi nahian jata. kiantu, yadi ham is vaividhy ke karan ki mimaansa karean to sachamuch hamean chakit ho jana p dega. is vaividhy ka mool karan utparivartan hai.

paribhasha - utparivartan ki paribhasha anek prakar se di gee hai, kiantu sabhi ka nishkarsh yahi hai ki yah ek prakar ka anuvanshik parivartan (hereditary change) hai. koshikavijnan (cytology) ke vidyarthi yah janate haian ki koshikaoan ke keandrak mean pitrayasootr ya gunasootr (chromosomes) ek niyat yugmasankhya (no. of pairs) mean pae jate haian. in sootroan par nishchit dooriyoan aur sthanoan (loci) par matar ki phaliyoan ki bhaanti jins (genes) lipate rahate haian. jivarasayanik drishti se jins nyookliik aml (nucleic acids) hote haian. inaki ek ullekhaniy visheshata yah hai ki ye, koshika vibhajan (cell divisions) ke samay, svat: atmapratikrit (self replicated) ho jate haian.

diaksiribonyookliik esid (DNA)ke vatsan - krik madeloan ka adhyayan karane se jnat hota hai ki jab jab di-en-e-ki duhari kuandalini (double helix) pratilipit hoti hai tab tab mool sanrachana ki hoobahoo anukriti (replica) taiyar hoti jati hai. is prakriya mean birale hi aantar p data hai. kiantu bhool to sabhi se hoti hai--prakriti bhi isase achhooti nahian hai. pratilipikaran ke samay, kabhi kabhi, nyookliotaidoan ke sanyojan mean dosh utpann ho jata hai. yah dosh durghatanavash hi hota hai; isi ko utparivartan ki sanjna pradan ki gee hai.

goldasmith ne utparivartan ki paribhasha dete hue batalaya hai ki utparivartan vah sadhan (means) hai, jisake dvara ne anuvanshik taip (hereditary types) utpann hote haian. d aau.janski aur unake sahayogiyoan ke matanusar utparivartan navin kismoan ya nasloan ki utpatti karanevale pathabhrasht bindu (point of departure) hai.

udvikas ke anek pramanoan mean utparivartan ko bhi ek praman mana jata hai. is sanbandh mean halaiand ke vanaspatishastri, hyago divijr (De Vries) ka nam sanmanapoorvak liya jata hai. inhoanne eenothera laimakiena (eenothera lamarckiana) namak ek paudhe par kee prakar ke prayog kie the. is paudhe mean prativarsh kee prakar ke spishiz hote jate the, jinhean unhoanne paanch samoohoan mean vargikrit kiya aur apane prayogoan ke parinamoan ke adhar par nimnalikhit nishkarsh nikale--

1. navin spishiz ki utpatti kramik n hokar tatkalik ek-b-ek hoti hai;

2. aranbh mean ye spishiz apane mata pita ki hi bhaanti sthir hote haian.

3. ek hi samay mean samany taur par ek sath ek jaise bahut se spishiz utpann hote haian.

4. utparivartanoan ki koee nishchit disha nahian hoti, ve kisi bhi roop mean vikasit ho sakate haian.

5. utparivartan bich bich mean kee bar ho sakata hai.

isi prakar ke prayog bidil evan taitam namak do amarikan jiv vaijnanikoan ne nyoorospora (neurospora) namak phaphooandi (mold) par kie the. unhoanne is rog ke bijanu (spores) ko eks athava altravayalet kiranoan dvara abhikarmit (treatment) karake unake badhane ki gati ki jaanch ki. unhoanne paya ki kalchar midiyam mean is prakar ke abhikarmit bijanu badh nahian pa rahe haian, at: unhoanne kuchh eminoesidoan ko mila diya. isake phalasvaroop ve hi paudhe pun: vriddhi ko prapt hone lage. at: unaka mat tha ki vikiran ke karan bijanuoan ki samany utpadan kshamata par aghat pahuanchata hai aur yah dosh agali pidhiyoan mean bhi vartaman rahata hai. isi prakar ke akasmik anuvanshik parivartanoan ko utparivartan kaha jata hai.

sajiv praniyoan ke sabhi prakar ke akar, akriti, rasayanik sanrachana, rog adi gunoan (characters) ka utparivartan ho sakata hai. isi adhar par utparivartanoan ki kee kotiyaan bana li gee haian, jaise jin utparivartan, gunasootr utparivartan adi. utparivartan ko tatkalik athava akasmik anuvanshik parivartan kaha gaya hai. yah parivartan doshayukt hi ho, yah koee avashyak nahian hai. sabhi utparivartan dooshit ya hanikarak nahian hote. inase labh bhi hota hai aur is prakritik dosh ka labh uthaya bhi jata raha hai. is par ham yathasthan pun: vichar kareange.

utparivartan ki ghatanaean viral athava yada kada hoti haian. drosophila (drosophila) namak kadali makkhi (fruit fly) ke adhyayanoan dvara jnat hua hai ki is prakar ka utparivartan kee lakh samany spishiz mean se kisi ek mean bahut hi nagany roop mean parilakshit hota hai. altenavarg ne res ke gho doan ki adhunik tivr gati ka karan kramik aropit utparivartan batalaya hai. yah ya aisa parivartan sada labhaprad hi ho (alten varg ke matanusar), aisa nahian kah sakate. bahut se udaharanoan mean, is utparivartan ke karan gho doan ki gati mean nyoonata bhi a sakati hai. at: nishkarsh yahi nikalata hai ki utparivartan 'manamana parivartan' (random change)hota hai. yahaan darvin ka 'prakritik varan ka siddhaant' (theory of natural selection) athava 'yogyatam ka jivan' (survival of the fittest) lagoo hota hai, jisake anusar is akasmik parivartan ko sah sakanevale jiv jivit rah pate haian, anyatha nirbaloan ki mrityu ho jati hai. maiandel ne matar ki phaliyoan par jo prayog kie the, unake parinamoan ka karan yahi utparivartan batalaya jata hai.

utparivartan kab hoga, yah koee nishchit roop se nahian kah sakata. koshikavibhajan ke uparaant vardhan (development) ki kisi bhi avastha ya charan (stage) mean utparivartan ki ghatana ghat sakati hai. yadi utparivartan kisi ek hi bijanu (gamete) ya yugmak mean hota hai to bhavi santati mean se keval ek mean yah parilakshit hoga. utparivartit pidhi mean se adhi santati mean utparivartan ke lakshan vartaman hoange aur shesh adha inase aprabhavit rahega. utparivartan ke lakshanoan se yukt santatiyoan ki bhavi pidhiyoan mean bhi ve hi lakshan dikhalaee dete raheange. kay koshikaoan (somatic or body cells) mean utparivartan ho jane par use pahachan pana dushkar kary hota hai. kee bar to aisa bhi hota hai ki vah sarvatha adrishy ho jata hai aur usapar kisi bhi drishti bhi nahian ja pati. kiantu janan koshikaoan (germ or reproduction cells) mean hue utparivartan janaankikiy (genetically) drishti se mahatvapoorn hote haian.

utparivartan ke karan - utparivartan kyoan hote haian, isaka santoshajanak utar jiv vaijnanikoan ke pas upalabdh nahian hai. haan, in logoan ne kuchh aisi vidhiyaan nikali haian, jinake dvara kritrim ya aropit dhang se utparivartan kie ja sakate haian. aropit utparivartan sarvada bahari karanoan se hi ho sakata hai, jinhean ham niche di gee kotiyoan mean vargikrit kar sakate haian:--

1. tapakram-jananakoshikaoan mean sahanabiandu tak tapakram mean vriddhi kar di jae to utparivartan ki gati badh jaegi.

2. rasayan-sarasoan ke tel ka dhuaan, pharmaildihaid peraksaid, naitras aml adi ka prayog karane par utparivartan dar mean vriddhi ho sakati hai.

3. vikiran-eksakiran, gama, bita, altravayalet kiranoan adi ke prayog se bhi utparivartan dar mean vriddhi ho jati hai. svargiy prophesar ech.je.mular ne is karak par anek adbhut anusandhan kie haian.

utparivartan ke prakar - hamane oopar padha hai ki jin vinimay ke samay kuchh durghatanaean ho sakati haian. in durghatanaoan ko ham tin samoohoan mean vibhajit kar sakate haian:--(k) nyookliotaid ka atirikt sanyog, (kh) nyookliotaid ka viyog (deletion) tatha (g) nyookliotaid ka sthanaantaran. inamean se pratham do prakar ke parivartan ganbhir mane ge haian, jinase koshika ki mrityu tak ho sakati hai. tisare prakar ka parivartan itana ganbhir nahian hota. anuvanshiki vaijnanikoan ne utparivartan ke nimnalikhit bhed batalae haian:--

1. jin ya biandu utparivartan

2. aropit utparivartan

jin ya biandu utparivartan - utparivartan ki paribhasha karate hue batalaya gaya hai ki utparivartan kisi spishiz ke anuvanshik padarth mean utpann gatishil rasayanik parivartan ka nam hai. ye parivartan gunasootroan ki sanrachana tatha sankhya mean utpann hote haian. at: is drishti se kisi jin ki anavik sanrachana (molecular structure) parivartan ko 'jin utparivartan' kaheange. kiantu, jab is prakar ke parivartan gunasootr ke kisi binduvishesh ya khandavishesh (segment) mean dikhalaee deange to unhean 'biandu utparivartan' kaheange. vastut: in donoan prakar ke parivartanoan mean koee vishesh bhed nahian hota, at: in donoan padoan (terms) ka paryay, roopoan mean ullekh kiya gaya hai. utparivartan tatkalik (spontaneous) hote haian, at: inhean 'tatkalik utparivartan' bhi kahate haian. biandu utparitarvan ati sookshm hote haian aur unaka prabhav sanpoorn jiv parivartan par nahian p data. at: utparivartan shabd ka prayog sadharanataya biandu utparivartan ke lie hi kiya jata hai.

kisi manushy ki janan koshika mean jin utparivartan hone par yah usake yugmanaj (zygote) mean sthanaantarit ho jata hai aur is prakar in kobikaoan dvara utpann nee pidhi tak pahuanch jata hai. asankhy bar koshika-vibhajanoan ke phalasvaroop utparivartan jin bhi apani pratilipiyaan utpann karate karate kisi lakshan ya gun vishesh ke lie prabhavi (dominant) ban jata hai.

prabhavi utparitarvanoan ko unaki vahak koshikaoan mean sthit gunasootroan ya jinoan mean saralatapoorvak dhooandha ja sakata hai. kiantu aise utparivartan supt (recessive) utparivartanoan ki tulana mean kam hi drishtigochar hote haian. parantu jahaan tak manushy mean hue utparivartanoan ka prashn hai, aise utparivartan adhikatar prabhavi ho batalae ge haian. liangasahalagn utparivartan (sex-linked mutation) vishamayugmi (heterogamous) naroan mean hi adhikatar dikhalaee dete haian kyoanki inamean liangasahalagn prabhavi jin pae jate haian. at: nar janakoan ke prasupt utparivartan dvitiy pidhi ki nar santanoan mean hi dikhalaee dete haian. manushy ke adhikaansh liangasahalagn utparivartan prasupt mane ge haian.

aliangasootri aprabhavi utparivartan - (autosomal recessive mutation) ubhayayaliangashrayi padapoan (monoecious plans) mean bahudha drishtigochar hote haian. aprabhavi utparivartan yadi jananakoshikaoan mean utpann hote haian to bhavi santatiyaan avashy hi vishamayugmaji (heterozygous) hoangi. aliangasootri aprabhavi utparivartan ek bar jab utpann ho jate haian, to kee pidhiyoan tak dikhalaee hi nahian dete. kiantu yahi utparivartan yadi liangasahalagn hote haian, to agali pidhi mean hi prabhavi ho jate haian.

pranaghatak utparivartanoan (lethal mutations) ko adhikatar aprabhavi ya prasupt mana jata hai. pranaghatak utparivartan yadi jananakoshika (germ cell) mean hi jate haian, to bhavi santati vishamayugmi hogi. yadi aise utparivartan aanda denevale jantuoan mean ho jaean to vishamayugmaji janakoan ke lagabhag 1.4 aandoan se bachche hi nahian utpann hoange. lagabhag itani hi santatiyaan bhraunik parivardhan (embryonic) ki vividh dashaoan mean, janm ke samay athava janm lene ke tatkal bad mar jaeangi. ghatak utparivartani aliangasootroan mean am taur par dikhalaee dete haian aur ye kisi ye gunasootr mean ho sakate haian. samayugmaji (homoygous) murgi ke bhrun ke gunasootroan mean yadi ghatak jin hoan to aisi santati ka kankal kuroop ya tedha medha hoga aur vah janm ke poorv hi mar gee hogi. kiantu vishamayugmi bhrunoan se bachche utpann hote haian aur jivit bhi rahate haian, bhale hi unake asthipanjar tedhe medhe hoan. aise bachchoan ki kripar phaulha (creeper fowl) kahate haian, kyoanki murgi ke in bachchoan ke pair aur kamar thiangane hote haian.

pratilom utparivartan - viral udaharanoan mean pratilomit utparivartan bhi ho jate haian. kabhi kabhi utparivartit jin anek pidhiyoan tak vartaman rah jata aur ek hi kul ke sahasroan sadasyoan mean phaila hota hai. kiantu, jab sahasa kisi sadasy ki jananakoshika mean koee jin samany aprabhavi yugmavikalpi (allele) ko utparivartit kar deta hai to aisi sthiti mean ek aur utparivartan ho jata hai. is prakar ke punarutparivartan ko pratilom utparivartan ki sanjna pradan ki gee hai. isase yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki utparivartan ki rogi dasha pun: samany ki or parivartit ho sakati hai. baiktiriya mean kuchh utparivartit dashaean aisi bhi hoti haian jinamean ve vitamin banane ki kshamata kho baithate hai. kiantu kuchh kal bad ve pun: vitamin utpann karane lagate haian. unake samany avastha mean pun: laut ane ko poorvakari utparivartan kahate haian.

kayik utparivartan sadharanataya sharir ke ootakoan mean hi drishtigochar hote haian. kayik utparivartanoan ka prabhav dirghakalik nahian hota. bhraunik avastha ki prathamik dashaoan mean honevale utparivartanoan ke karan sharir mean chakatte ban jate haian. vaijnanikoan ka mat hai ki kainsar bhi ek prakar ka kayik utparivartan hi hai. drosophila makkhi ki aankhe samanyataya lal hoti haian, kiantu shvet dhabbe ya ek aankh mean poori tarah ki saphedi bhi dikhalaee p d sakati hai. aisi makkhiyoan ko mojek kaha jata hai. is prakar ke utparivartanoan ke anek udaharan die ja sakate haian.

aropit utparivartan-vaijnanikoan ne prayogoan dvara pata lagaya hai ki utparivartanoan par parivesh ka prabhav tin prakar se p data hai, tapakram dvara, katipay rasayanoan dvara aur kiranan dvara.

tapakram - utparivartan par tapakram ka kya prabhav p data hai, isapar adhikatar prayog kadali makkhi, drosophila, ko hi lekar kie ge haian. ek aise hi prayog mean jab liangasahalagn aprabhavi ghatak jinoan ka adhyayan kiya gaya to pata chala ki 14° sean.gre. par 0.087 pratishat, 22° sean.gre. par 0.188 pratishat aur 28° sean.gre. par 0.325pratishat ghatak jin utpann hue. isase ek bat yah spasht hoti hai ki tapakram mean yadi 10° ki bhi vriddhi ho jati hai to utparivartan ki dar mean dooni athava tiguni vriddhi ho jati hai. is prasang mean ek manoranjak bat yah bhi dhyan dene yogy hai ki tapakram mean vriddhi dvara hi nahian, apitu atishay nyoonata dvara bhi utparivartan prabhav p d sakata hai. drosofila milenogaistar ke tin dinoan ke dianbhoan (larvae) ko -6° tap (shitaghat) par rakhane par dekha gaya ki 25se 40 minat ke bhitar inake eks tatha dvitiy gunasootroan mean ghatak utparivartan ki dar tinaguni ho gee. astu, yah vichitr bat hai ki shit tatha tap mean atishay vriddhi ka lagabhag ek saman hi prabhav p data hai. aisa kyoan hota hai, is par abhi adhik prakash nahian p da hai.

utparivartan par rasayanik prabhav ke phaloan ka adhyayan anek prakar se kiya gaya hai. rasayanik abhikarmo dvara utparivartan dar mean vriddhi ka prayas anek vidhiyoan dvara kiya gaya hai. is prasang mean ovarabaish aur rabasan (Auerbach and Robson) dvara abhi hal mean hi (1949 mean) kie ge prayogoan dvara jnat hua hai ki sarasoan ka dhuaan atyadhik prabhavakari utparivartak madhyam hai. vayask drosophila mean uchit matra mean die ge dhuean ke prabhav ko dekhane par jnat hua ki isase utparivartan dar mean 10 pratishat se bhi adhik ki vriddhi ho jati hai. sarasoan ke dhuean ke atirikt anek paraksaidean (peroxides), pharmelin, parmenganet, yoorithen, kaiphin adi bhi utparivartan dar mean vriddhi karane vale pramanit hue haian. sarasoan tatha paraksaidoan ke atirikt doosare rasayanoan ke prabhav apekshakrit kam hi dekhe ge. doosari kami inamean yah bhi paee gee ki inaka prabhav sootrovibhajan (mitosis) ke vishesh charanoan mean ya parivartan ki vishesh dishaoan mean hi drishtigochar hota hai. isi prakar kuchh rasayan keval nar ko har prabhavit kar pate haian, mada ko nahian. isaka karan yah batalaya gaya hai ki jab tak koee rasayan koshika ke keandrak avaran ki bhedakar bhitar tak nahian pahuanch jata, tab tak usaka prabhav sandigdh hi hoga; doosare, bahari rasayan ki koshikadravy hi yadi nishprabhavit kar dega, to usaka prabhav to hoga hi nahian.

kiranan (Irradiation)-dvara utparivartan ki sanbhavana par ech. je. mular ne sanh‌ 1927 mean kuchh prayog kie the. unhoanne drosophila par eks-kiranoan ka prakshepan karake anek prakar ke utparivartan utpann karane mean saphalata prapt ki. tab se ab tak makka, jau, kapas, chuhiya adi par bhi kiranan ke prabhavoan ka adhyayan karane ko jis vidhi ko nikala, us si.el.bi (C.L.B.) vidhi kahate haian. is vidhi dvara drosophila ke eks-gunasootroan mean ne ghatak (lethal) jonoan ki khoj ki jati hai.

si.el.bi. ka tatpary hai : si = cross-over suppressor. el = recessive lethal tatha bo = bar eyes . mada drasafila ke ek eks-gunasootr mean uparyukt tin visheshataean (ek vinimayaj nirodhak jin, ek aprabhavi ghatak jin aur bar netroan ka prabhavi jin) chhaantakar alag kar li jati haian aur doosare eks-gunasootr ko samany hi rakha jata hai. nar makkhiyoan mean eks-kiranean aropit kar unhean si.el.bi. makkhiyoan se maithunarat kiya jata hai. inase utpann bar mada bachchoan mean si.el.bi. gunasootr rahate haian, jo mata se prapt hote haian. pita se unhean abhikarmit eks-gunasootr milate haian. in bar madaoan ka kisi bhi nar se sanyog karane par jo santanean utpann hoti haian, unamean adhe putroan (dvitiy pidhi) mean si.el.bi. gun sootr hote haian; yadi ye eks-sootr ghatak hue to ye bhi sabhi putr mar jate haian. kiantu sabhi madasantatiyaan jivit rahati haian, kyoanki unamean samany eks-sootr rahata hai. is prakar, is vidhi dvara spasht aur aspasht donoan prakar ke utparivartanoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.

eks - kiran ka prabhav usaki matra par nirbhar karata hai. mular ne matra mean vriddhi karake utparivartan dar mean vriddhi ka prabhav dekha tha. age chalakar unake shishy olivar ne aur bhi prayog kie aur anek prakar ke tathy upasthit kie. eks-kiranoan ka prabhav itana adhik isalie p data hai ki ve gunasootroan ko bhang kar deti haian, jinase bhaanti bhaanti ke prabhav drishtigochar hote haian. inake atanrgath‌ sthanaantaran pratiloman (inversion), dilishan (delition) dvigunan adi samavisht haian. sach poochhie to kiranan, chahe vah kisi bhi prakar ka ho, tabhi utparivartan karata hai, jab usamean ayan utpann karane ki kshamata ho. udaharan ke lie, rediyam mean tin prakar ke vikiran (alpha, bita, gama) utpann hote haian. lainsan ne gama vikiran par kee saphal prayog kie haian.

altravayalet prakash-altenavarg ne altravayalet prakashakiranoan ke utparivartit prabhavoan ke drosofila par prayog kie haian. unhoanne vayask makkhiyoan ke sthan par unake aandoan par kiranan kiya. in kiranoan ka prabhav uchchatar jantuoan aur manushyoan par n p dakar keval bahut komal jantuoan aur janan koshikaoan par hi p d sakata hai. inaki shakti bahut mand tatha nyoon hoti hai. jab tak inhean vishesh rasayanoan se sanlagn nahian kiya jata, tab tak inaki karyakshamata hin hi rahati hai. in kiranoan ka prabhav eks-kiranoan ki hi bh aauti hota hai aur ye bhi jin utparivartan tatha gunasootriy vipathan (aberrations) donoan utpann karate haian. ayanakarak vikiran ke phalasvaroop gunasootroan mean yadi ekal bhang (single break) hota hai, to ootakoan ka sookshm adhyayan avashyak hoga. kiantu, jab dohara bhang hota hai, aur vah bhi ek hi gunasootr mean, jab unase hinata (deficiency) aur pratiloman (inversion) utpann hoga. yahi dohara bhang yadi asamajat (non-homologous) gunasootroan mean hota hai to sthanaantaran utpann hoga.

utparivartanoan ka mahatv-oopar hamane utparivartanoan ke karanoan aur unake prabhavoan ka adhyayan kiya hai. ham inake mahatv par bhi tho da vichar kareange. utparivartanoan ke mahatv ke nimnalikhit paksh ho sakate haian-

1. udvikasiy mahatv - aranbh mean hi hamane dekha hai ki srishti ke jivajagath‌ mean vividhata drishtigochar hoti hai. udvikas siddhaant (evolution theory) ki manyata hai ki yah sara drishyajagath‌ anu se hi mahanh‌ hua hai. arthath‌ pratyek mahanh‌ ki ikaee koee n koee anu hai. yahi anu ek se do, do se char, ath, solah aur anant tatha akathy aur akalpaniy gunanoan ke daur se gujarata gujarata daityakar roop dharan kar leta hai. jivajagath‌ ki vividhata ke sanbandh mean koee vyavasthit vyakhya upalabdh nahian hai, tathapi is sanbandh mean ab tak jo kuchh kaha suna gaya hai, usaka saraansh is prakar hai-

jivotpatti ki adim avasthaoan mean prithvi ka vatavaran anishchit aur bhaugolik parivesh aj jaisa nahian tha. bhautik aur rasayanik drishti se tatkalin dharati vishesh prakar ke sankraman kal se hokar gujar rahi thi. vayumandaliy prabhavoan se jiv jantuoan ki akriti, akar, varn, adi poornaroopen prabhavit the. prakriti jivoan ko sanrakshan pradan karane ki sthiti mean nahian thi. keval ve hi jiv jivit rah pate the, jo sabal the. vayumandaliy prabhav shaktishali hone ke karan komal jivoan ke gunasootroan mean parivartan ho jana samany bat rahi hogi. isase ne ne prakar ke jiv jantuoan ka vikas tezise hua hoga. yahi karan hai ki jis tezise ve phaile usi gati se samapt hote ge. unaka chihn, unako satta ka praman, jivashmoan (fossils) mean simatakar rah ge.

gunasootroan mean parivartan ke phalasvaroop jantukuloan mean hi nahian, spishiz tak mean vividhata a gee. yah vividhata aj tak vartaman hai aur ab isamean parivartan ki sanbhavana (kam se kam, prakritik roop se) kam hi hai. karan yah hai ki aj ka prakritik paryavaran paryapt dooshit ho gaya hai aur bhaanti bhaanti ke takaniki tatha vaijnaniki avishkaroan dvara manushy prakriti ko apani cheri banata ja raha hai. yahi karan hai ki ab utparivartan ke lie kritrim sadhanoan ka prayog karana p data hai.

2. samajik mahatv-kritrim sadhanoan dvara utparivartan karakar jiv, chikitsa aur krishi vaijnanik naslasudhar, rogamarjan, utpadanavriddhi aur manavakalyan ki anek yojanaoan ko kriyanvit kar rahe haian. krishi kshetr mean pashuoan tatha anajoan ka naslasudhar aur utpadanavriddhi utparivartan ka ek mahatvapoorn paksh pramanit huee hai. anuvanshiki ki ek navin shakha sujanan vijnan (eugenics) ko vaijnanik tezise vikasit karane mean lage hue haian.

sujanan vijnan ke do paksh haian: (1) sakaratmak tatha (2) nakaratmak. sakaratmak sujanan vijnan ka lakshy achchhi aur manachahi santati utpann karana hai. isake lie aise nirdosh mata pita (janak) ka chayan karana hoga, jaisa ham chahate haian. inake sanyog se jo santatiyaan utpann hoangi unaki sookshm evan ganbhiratapoorvak jaanch kar unhian ka pun: sanyog karaya jaega. samajik saanskritik maryadaoan ki us samay kya sthiti hogi, yah to samay ki batalaega.

nakaratmak sujanan vijnan - isi yojana ka doosara paksh hai. isake atanrgat aise anuvanshik rogoan se grast manushyoan ka chunav kiya jaega, jo samajik drishti se avaanchhaniy samajhe jaeange. unake doshoan ko jin utparivartan ki kritrim vidhiyoan dvara nasht karane ka prayas kiya jaega. abhi tak vaijnanik in yojanaoan ke saiddhaantik paksh par hi dhyan dene mean lage haian, inaka vyavaharik prayog abhi bhavishy ke garbh mean haian. doosari aur audyogik aur takaniki avishkaroan ke prasar ke karan vatavaran nam evan jaladooshit hota chala ja raha hai. anu bamoan ke parikshanoan, anavashyak yuddhoan mean ghatak bamoan ke prayogoan ke karan vikiran prabhav dhire dhire phailate ja rahe haian. yadi in par niyantran nahian rakha gaya to vah din door nahian jab jiv is dharati se lupt ho jaeange aur prithvi bhi chandrama ki bh aauti nirjan ho jaegi. chikitsa ke kshetr mean eks-kiranoan tatha any kiranoan aur prakashoan ke prayog ke bhi ghatak evan mand prabhavoan ki or logoan ka dhyan jane laga hai. chikitsakoan ke man mean yah ashanka ghar karati ja rahi hai ki tatkalik labh karanevali chikitsavidhiyaan kahian bhayanak aur ghatak n ho jaean.

janasankhya anuvanshiki ke nam se vijnan ki ek nee shakha tezise vikasit ho rahi hai. isake aantargat manavakalyan ki anek samasyaoan par ganbhiratapoorvak vichar kiya ja raha hai. aj ka vishv bahut simit evan sankuchit hota ja raha hai. ek mahadvip se doosare mahadvip tak pahooanchane mean ab kuchh ghantoan ka hi samay lagata hai. atanrarashtriy avagaman, parvraijan, yuddh, sharanarthi jivan adi ke karan manushy atyadhik ghulate milate ja rahe haian. is ghalamel ke parinamoan ka adhyayan karana is nee shakha ka mukhy lakshy hai. utparivartan ke lie sankaran (cross-breeding) ki ek aisi vidhi aj vaijnanikoan ko sulabh hai, jisaka prayog ve dh dalle se karate ja rahe haian. isaka parinam age kya hoga, yah to abhi bhavishy ke garbh mean hai.

manushy ke kalyan ke lie janasankhya anuvanshiki kya kuchh kar paegi, yah abhi se kuchh nahian kaha ja sakata. vishv ki janasankhya jis drut gati se badhati ja rahi hai aur bhojan tatha avas ki samasyaean jitani ganbhir banati ja rahi hai, unase ashanka utpann hoti hai ki kahian dainosoroan, u danadaityoan (flving demons) adi ki bhaanti manushy bhi ek n ek din prithvi se lupt (extinct) ho jae. utparivartan, jin vinimay, sankaran, aur aangoan ke pratiropan, kritrim garbhadhan, kritrim urvarak dvara annotpadanavriddhi shuddh aur asali ghi, doogh, tel adi ke sthan par vanaspati, dugdhachoorn aur kapas, oon, resham, pat adi ke vastroan ke sthan par nailan, terilon poliestar, kaanch, plastik adi ka prayog jis drut gati se ho raha hai usase bhaanti-bhaanti ashankaoan ka uthana svabhavik hi hoga. jo bhi ho, manav ka bhavishy aandhakar mean hai aur usaka vinash yadi shighr nahian to nikat bhavishy mean hi asann hai.

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