उष्ट्रगण

ushtragan (tailopoda) pagur karanevale khuravale pashu haian. inake pairoan mean uangaliyaan keval do hoti haian aur pair ke niche gaddi hoti hai. inake siang nahian hote, gardan labi aur pooanchh chhoti hoti hai.

ushtr mukhyat: do prakar ke hote haian. ek prakar mean merudand ke oopar ek athava do koob d hote haian. ye eshiya tatha aphrika mean vas karate haian. doosare prakar mean koob d nahian hota. ye dakshin amarika mean pae jate haian.

koob davale ushtr marusthal ke nivasi hote haian. inamean ek koob davale ushtr pradhanat: arab desh mean aur poorab ki or irak, eeran tatha baloochistan hote hue bharat mean rajasthan tak milate haian tatha aphrika mean sahara marusthal aur usake uttar ke praantoan mean phaile hue haian. ye kahian bhi jangali nahian hote. inake sharir par chhote aur bhoore rang ke bal hote haian. pooanchh ke kinare bal adhik lanbe hote haian. inake kan chhote hote haian aur griva tin phut lanbi hoti hai. kandha bhoomi se sat phut ooancha hota hai. aangreji bhasha mean inako 'dr aaumidari' kahate haian.

do koob davale ushtr visheshat: madhy eshiya ke marusthal mean vas karate haian. ye pashchim mean kalasagar se poorab ki or sare chin mean aur himalay parvatashreni ke uttar se saibiriya ki sima tak vistrit haian. kuchh yoorop mean spen desh ki paha di aanchaloan mean pae jate haian. ye shitapradhan desh ke nivasi haian aur paha diyoan tatha chattanoan par rahate haian. is karan inake pair ki gaddi adhik kathor hoti hai. inake bal bhoore rang ke tatha b de-b de hote haian. aangreji bhasha mean inako 'baiktriyan kaimel' kahate haian. ye bhi jangali nahian hote, par chin ke pashchimi praantoan mean kuchh aise jangali ushtr pae jate haian. bhootatvavidoan ka siddhaant hai ki in jangali ushtroan ke sharir ki gathan yoorop ki ek prachin tatha lupt ushtr jati se bahut milati-julati hai.

eshiyaee ushtroan ke karnachhidr lanbe baloan se dhake rahate haian aur palakoan ke bal bhi lanbe hote haian. muhan lanba hota hai aur donoan oshth kuchh latake rahate haian. vakshasthal ke niche ubh da hua kathor charm hota hai jisapar sharir ka bhar rakhakar ushtr bhootal par baithata hai. aisa hi kathor charm charoan pairoan ke ghutanoan par bhi hota hai. inake pratyek pair ke niche keval ek gaddi hoti hai.

marunivasi hone ke karan eshiyaee ushtroan mean kuchh visheshataean hoti haian, jinake karan ve aise sthan mean vas karane yogy hote haian. inake amashay ke do vishesh koshthoan mean chhoti chhoti thailiyaan bani hoti haian jinaka muhan maansapeshiyoan dvara ichchhanusar prasarit ya sankuchit kiya ja sakata hai. ushtr in thailiyoan mean pray: do gailan atirikt jal bhar hota hai aur char-paanch dinoan tak usi par jivan dharan karane mean samarth hota hai. palakoan ke b de bal u dati huee baloo ko aankhoan mean jane se rokate haian. kan ke b de bal bhi isi prakar upayogi hote haian. nasika ka chhidr bahut patala aur ardhachandrakar hota hai. aandhi ke samay ushtr bhoomi par baith jata hai, mastak nicha karake bhoomi par phaila deta hai tatha nasika ke chhidroan ko band kar leta hai. inaki dhranashakti prabal hoti hai. bahut door se hi inako jalashay ka pata lag jata hai. mastak ki ooanchaee ke karan inaki drishti bahut door tak pahuanchati hai, aur bhoomi ke tap ka prabhav mastak par kam p data hai. sahasroan varsh se marusthal mean rahane ke karan inake sharir ka vidhan itana bhinn ho gaya hai ki bangal jaise adhik jalasikt sthan ki jalavayu ko ye sahan nahian kar sakate. vahaan shighr hi inaki mrityu ho jati hai.

marunivasi manushy ushtroan ki in visheshataoan se poora labh uthate haian. vahaan koee bhi parivahanasadhan sulabh nahian hota, keval ushtr hi manushy ki sahayata kar pata hai. ushtroan ki shakti aur sahanashilata sarahaniy hai. ye 15-20 man ka bhar saralatapoorvak vahan karate haian. drishtaant se jnat hai ki ek ushtr ek yatri tatha chhah man se adhik bhar lekar tayunisiya se 600 mil door tripoli tak keval char din mean pahuancha. sat-ath dinoan tak ye 135-150 mil prati din ki gati se chalate haian. isi karan aangrejoan ne inhean 'marusthal ke jahaj' ka nam diya hai. aitihasik yug se adhunik yug tak marupradeshoan mean vanijy tatha vyavasay ushtroan ke hi dvara hota hai. in pradeshoan mean bail ki bhaanti ushtr hal mean jote jate aur kuean se jal khianchate haian. inake mal ko sukhakar eedhann ke roop mean vyavahrit kiya jata hai. isake atirikt ushtr manushy ke bhojan ke bhi sadhan haian. inaka doodh manushy sevan karate haian aur inake maans ka bhi ruchipoorvak ahar karate haian. inake bal se chitrakaroan ki toolika, kanbal tatha ooni kap de banate haian. asthiyoan se anek prakar ki avashyak vastuean banati haian. baiktriya ka do koob davala ooant

ushtr poornat: shakahari pashu hai. marusthal mean upaje pe d paudhoan ka hi ye bhojan karate haian. sharir b da hote hue bhi ushtr bahut alpabhoji hote haian. inake merudand ke oopar ka koob d keval ek prakar ki sanchit charbi hai. bhojan n milane par yah charbi rakt dvara shoshit hoti rahati hai or us kal mean koob d dhila aur sankuchit ho jata hai.

yadyapi adim kal se ushtr manushy ke adhin hai, tathapi inaki manasik vrittiyoan ka koee vikas nahian hua. ye n to apane malik ya rakhavale se koee premabhav rakhate haian aur n buddhi ka hi koee parichay dete haian. chalate samay ek hi disha mean chalate raheange. yadi khady padarth se akrisht hokar disha badal di to usi disha mean chalate raheange. nivasasthan se koee sanbandh nahian hota. inaki prakriti ugr hoti hai.

eshiyaee ushtr do prakar ke hone par bhi apas mean santanotpadan karate haian. aisi santan mean koob d ek hi hota hai, par bal lanbe hote haian. mata pita ki apeksha aisi santan adhik parishrami hoti hai.

ushtroan ki ayu 40-50 varsh hoti hai. sadharanat: do varsh mean inako ek bachcha paida hota hai aur sare jivan mean ek ushtr ko pray: 12 bachche hote haian. garbh 11 mahine ka hota hai. ek din ka bachcha ghoomane phirane lagata hai. ek saptah matr mean bachcha tin phut uancha ho jata hai. tin varsh ki avastha hone par manushy unhean shiksha dene lagate haian. 16-17 varsh mean ye poorn vriddhi prapt karate haian.

koob davihin ushtr akar mean chhote hote haian. ye ooanchaee mean tin phut aur lanbaee mean char phut ke hote haian. inaki gardan pray: do phut lanbi hoti hai. inake pratyek pair ke niche do prithakh‌ prithakh‌ gaddiyaan hoti haian. inake kan kuchh lanbe aur nokile hote haian. inake amashay mean jalakosh nahian hota. pooanchh adhik se adhik chhah ianch lanbi hoti hai.

amariki ushtr bhi do prakar ke hote haian. ek prakar ke ushtr dakshini amarika ke paitagoniya aur tiyera-dil-phiugoan praantoan ke paha di aanchaloan mean vas karate haian. inake bal halke lal rang ke hote haian. ye jangali pashu haian, par manushy ne inhean pak dakar palatoo bana liya hai. inako aangreji bhasha mean 'guanako' kahate haian. palatoo guanako ke bhi do bhed haian. ek prakar ke guanako b de hote haian, jinako vahaan ke deshavasi lama kahate haian. ye manushy ki savari ke lie tatha bharavahak roop mean prayukt hote haian. inake bal shvet rang ke hote haian aur inaki prakriti namr hoti hai. shatru dvara akraant hone par lama khady padarth ugalakar shatru ke muanh par pheankata hai.

doosare prakar ke guanako kuchh chhote hote haian. inake bal ghane, lanbe aur shvet rang ke hote haian. vahaan ke deshavasi inako 'alapaka' kahate haian. ye keval oon ke lie pale jate haian.

lama aur alapaka apas mean santanotpadan karate haian, par aisi santanoan mean utpadan shakti nahian hoti.

doosare prakar ke amariki ushtr ke lie 'vikuniya' nam prachalit hai. ye guanako ki apeksha chhote hote haian. ye dakshini amarika ke pashchimi tat par eekvedar, chili, peroo tatha boliviya praantoan ki aandij parvatashreni ke uchch shikhar par vas karate haian. shikari log inaka shikar karate haian. ye poornat: jangali pashu haian. inake bal halke badami rang ke hote haian.

eshiyaee ushtroan ki bhaanti amariki ushtr bhi shakahari hote haian. inaka bhi doodh aur maans manushy khate haian. cham de se joota ityadi banata hai aur baloan se ooni kap de.

bhoovaijnanikoan ne pata lagaya hai ki pray: do karo d varsh poorv ushtr vansh ka janm uttari amarika mean hua. us samay inaka akar paanch uangaliyoan se yukt kharagosh ke barabar tha. kramanusar vikas dvara lagabhag ek lakh varsh poorv ye adhunik akar ke do uangalivale pashu bane. is bich inake akar mean bahut parivartan hua. in vibhinn vanshajoan ke kankal amarika ki chattanoan mean mile haian. adhunik akar ke ushtroan ke kankal yoorop tatha eshiya mean pae ge haian.

ek lakh varsh poorv ushtroan ki janmabhoomi amarika ke bhookhand mean bhari parivartan hua. vahaan ki jalavayu mean bahut aantar ho gaya. is karan ushtragan apani janmbhoomi ko tyagakar uttar aur dakshin disha me phail ge. inaki ek shakha uttar pashchim praantoan se hoti huee eshiya, yoorop tatha aphrika pahuanchi aur doosari shakha panama ke sthal-damaroo-madhy hoti huee dakshin amarika pahuanchi.

adhunik yug mean lama ko yoorop tatha astreliya mean palane ka prayatn kiya gaya, par saphalata nahian mili. isi prakar eshiyaee ushtroan ko amarika mean palane ka prayas kiya gaya, par amarika nivasiyoan ne is yojana ko protsahan nahian diya. vastut: amarika jais pradesh mean ushtroan ki koee avashyakata nahian haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh