एशिया महाद्वीप

eshiya mahadvip ka manachitr
Map Of Asia Continent|thumb|250px eshiyaee mahadvip ya jamboodvip bhoomadhy sagar, aandh sagar, arkatik mahasagar, prashaant mahasagar, aur hind mahasagar se ghira hua hai. kakeshas parvat aur yooral parvat prakritik roop se eshiya ko yoorop se alag karate haian. eshiya akar aur janasankhya donoan hi drishti se vishv ka sabase b da mahadvip hai, jo uttari golarddh mean sthit hai. pashchim mean isaki simaean yoorop se milati haian. eshiya aur yoorop ko milakar kabhi-kabhi yooreshiya bhi kaha jata hai. kuchh sabase prachin manav sabhyataoan ka janm isi mahadvip par hua tha jaise sumer, bharatiy sabhyata, chini sabhyata ityadi. chin aur bharat vishv ke do sarvadhik janasankhya vale desh bhi haian.

ek lanbi pashchim mean sthit bhoo-sima yoorop ko eshiya se prithakh karati hai. tah sima uttar-dakshin disha mean niche ki or roos mean yooral parvat tak jati hai, yooral nadi ke kinare-kinare kaispiyan sagar tak, aur phir kakeshas parvatoan se hote hue aandh sagar tak hai. roos ka lagabhag tin chauthaee bhoobhag eshiya mean hai, aur shesh yoorop mean. char any eshiyaee deshoan ke kuchh bhoobhag bhi yoorop ki sima mean ate haian.

sabase b da mahadvip

eshiya vishv ka sabase b da mahadvip hai. vishv ke kul bhoobhag ka lagabhag 3/10vaan bhag ya 30% eshiya mean hai, aur is mahadvip ki janasankhya any sabhi mahadvipoan ki sanyukt janasankhya se adhik hai, lagabhag 3/5vaan bhag ya 60%. uttar mean barfile arkatik se lekar dakshin mean ooshn bhoomadhy rekha tak yah mahadvip lagabhag 10,000 kimi kshetr mean phaila hua hai aur apane mean kuchh vishal, khali registanoan, vishv ke sabase ooanche parvatoan aur kuchh sabase lanbi nadiyoan ko samete hue hai. eshiya sansar ka brihattam mahadvip, prachin duniya ke uttar-poorv bhoobhag par vistrit hai; isake uttar-pashchim mean yoorop aur dakshin-pashchim mean aphrika mahadvip sthit haian.

eshiya ke namakaran ke sanbandh mean vibhinn mat haian. yoorop aur eshiya donoan shabdoan ki udgamabhoomi sanbhavat: ianjiyan sagariy pradesh hai jahaan 'asu' (sooryodayakal) aur 'erch' (sooryastakal) shabdoan ka prayog kalakram se kramash: tarki aur eshiya tatha gris aur yoorop ke bhoobhagoan ke lie praranbh hua. sanbhavat: eshiya ke lie prayukt honevala 'asu' shabd sanskrit tatsam 'oosha' (sooryodayakal) ka sthaniy tadbhav prayog matr hai. prastut prayog pratham sthaniy bhookhand matr ke lie hi praranbh hua kiantu kalaantar mean samagr adhunik eshiya ke bhoobhag ke lie prayukt hone laga.

eshiya mahadvip uttar mean lagabhag madhy dhruvapradesh se lekar dakshin mean 13roo (dakshini arab), 6roo (shrilanka) aur 10roo (hiandeshiya) d.a. rekhaoan tak kul 1,72,56,000 varg mil kshetr par phaila hai. mahadvip ki poorvi aur pashchimi simaean kramash: 26roo poo.de. (baba aantarip) aur 170roo p.de. rekha (eest aantarip) tak phaili huee haian. at: eshiya hi ekamatr aisa mahadvip hai jisaki poorvi aur pashchimi simaean kramash: pashchimi aur poorvi deshaantar rekhaoan ko sparsh karati haian. eshiya aur yoorop mahadvipoan ki simarekha bhaugolik drishti se spasht nirdharit nahian hai. roos poorvi yoorop se lekar saiberiya hote hue eshiya ke sudoor uttar-poorv tak vistrit hai aur rajanitik manachitr par eshiya-yoorop ke madhy koee spasht simarekha aankit nahian hai. samanyat: yah sima yooral parvat ke pashchimi aanchal se hoti huee dakshin mean yooral nadi se kaispiyan sagar aur kaispiyan se kakeshas parvat ki shikharapankti dvara kalasagar (blaik si) se sanbaddh mani jati hai. kuchh log is sima ko kakeshas parvat ke dakshini aanchal se gujarati huee manate haian.

at: is aspasht simarekha ke karan eshiya mahadvip ke kshetraphal ka sarvatha shuddh mapan nahian ho saka hai. phir bhi eshiya mahadvip ke kshetraphal ka sarvatha shuddh mapan nahian ho saka hai. phir bhi eshiya mahadvip apane brihath‌ akar evan kshetraphal ke karan sansar mean mahatvapoorn hai.yah kul 164roo deshaantar rekhaoan aur 85roo akshaansh rekhaoan par phaila hua hai aur sansar ka bhookhand isake aandar a jata hai. sansar ka koee bhi any mahadvip dhruv pradesh se lekar bhoomadhyarekhiy pradesh tak vistrit sabhi katibandhoan ko samahit nahian karata. mahadvip ke madhy mean sthit balkash jhil aur juangeriya pradesh samudr se lagabhag 2,000 mil door haian.

eshiya vishamataoan ka mahadvip hai. yahaan sansar ka sarvochch parvatashikhar evarest hai jisaki samudratal se ooanchaee 29,141 phut hai aur yahian sansar ka sabase nicha kshetr mritasagar (ded si) bhi hai, jo samudratal se 1,290 phut nicha hai. philipain dvipasamooh ke pas sthit miandanav gart sansar ka sabase gahara sagaragart hai. sansar ka sabase garam tatha sabase thanda sthan bhi yahian hai. jaikobabad (siandh) ka adhikatam tapakram 126roo pha. tatha barakhoyaansk (sahaberiya) ka nyoonatam tapakram -90roo pha. hai. itana thanda hone ke karan barakhoyaansk ko sansar ka shitadhruv bhi kahate haian. sabase adhik aur sabase kam tapaantar bhi yahian par pae jate haian. siangapur ka varshik tapaantar 1roo pha. tatha barakhoyaansk ka 119roo pha. hai. sabase adhik varsha ke sthan cherapooanji ki (khasi ki paha diyoan mean) ausat varshik varsha 458faf hai. 1876 ee. mean yahaan keval 24 ghante mean 41faf varsha huee thi. sabase kam varshavala sthan adan hai, jahaan keval 1.8faf varshik varsha hoti hai. at: sansar mean sabase ardr tatha sabase shushk jalavayu ke kshetr bhi eshiya hi mean milate haian. any mahadvipoan ki apeksha eshiya ki ausat ooanchaee jyada hai, parantu sath hi yahaan maidan bhi any mahadvipoan ke maidanoan ke apeksha adhik samatal haian. ganga ke maidan mean varanasi se samudratat (delta pradesh) tak ki dhal 5faf pratimil hai.

eshiya ki janasankhya lagabhag 2,10,90,00,000 hai, jo sanpoorn vishv ki janasankhya (3,70,00,00,000) ki 57 pratishat hai. yahaan janasankhya ke adhik ghanatvavale bhagoan ke sath-sath kam ghanatvavale vistrit pradesh tatha nirjan marusthal bhi haian. eshiya ko adimanav ka janmasthan hone ka bhi saubhagy prapt hai. yahian vishv ke sabhi b de dharmoan ka pradurbhav hua hai. hiandoo, bauddh, eesaee tatha islam dharm yahian janm lekar phoole-phale haian. eshiya mean 68 manavajatiy varg milate haian. itane kisi bhi doosare mahadvip mean nahian haian. yahaan par sab tarah ke log haian. ek or to manushy jangaloan mean vicharate haian, nange rahate tatha shikar kar aur jangali kand-mool-phal khakar nirvah karate haian, doosari or adhunik sabhy manav haian, jo adhunikatam sadhanoan ka prayog karate haian. yahaan par pooanjivad tatha samyavad evan rajatantr tatha ganatantr sabhi phool phal rahe haian.

eshiya ki khoj-eshiya vishal mahadvip hai. isake vibhinn bhag parvatoan, marusthaloan tatha vanoan adi ke karan ek doosare se alag haian. isi karan praranbh mean bahut se pradeshoan ke bare mean logoan ka jnan kam tha. madhyayug ke pashchath‌ dhire-dhire margoan ka vikas hone par yoorop ke logoan ne eshiyaee deshoan se sanpark sthapit kiya. isase poorv eshiya nivasiyoan ne yoorop ki khoj ki thi. finishiya (pashchimi eshiya) ke navik bhoomadhyasagariy margoan se uttari aphrika tatha briten pahuanche. dakshin-pashchim eshiyaee pradesh eshiya tatha yoorop ke bich setu ke saman haian. eesa ki doosari shatabdi mean chin ke han vanshayi rajaoan ne chini samrajy ka vistar kaispiyan sagar ke samipasth sthanoan tak kiya. udhar rom ka samrajy turki tak badha. tatpashchath‌ yoonani senaean sikandar mahanh‌ ke netritv mean siriya, eeran aur aphaganistan hoti huee 327 ee.poo. mean bharat a pahuanchian. sikandar ko vipasa (vyas) nadi ke tat se lautana p da. uchch sabhyata tatha eshiya ke nikat basane ke karan yoonaniyoan ne eshiya ki khoj sarvapratham ki. yadyapi unaka samrajy chirasthayi n raha, phir bhi unhoanne eshiya par kaphi prabhav dala aur svayan bhi yathesht prabhavit hue. madhyayug mean poorv-pashchim ke sanpark kam the. tatpashchath‌ venis prajatantr ne kustuantuniya par abhiyan kiya. yoorop tatha eshiyaee desh chin ke bich sanbhavat: sarvapratham resham ka vyapar aranbh hua. venis ke do vyapari nikolo tatha mefiyopolo 1251 ee. mean kustuantuniya hote hue chin ge. 1254 ee. mean roobruk nivasi viliyam kubala khaan ke darabar mean pahuancha. 1271 ee. mean phir donoan mefiyo ke putr markopolo ko sath lekar, room sagar ke eshiyaee tat par pahuanchakar sthalamarg se urmuj, kashagar, kyunalun hote hue mee, 1275 ee. mean pikiang pahuanche. markopolo ne chin darabar mean naukari kar li. 1295 ee. mean vah venis lauta. in yatraoan se yoorop tatha eshiyaee deshoan ke bich sanpark badha aur resham, masala, chay ityadi ka vyapar hone laga. phir shaktishali turkoan ki barbarata ke karan yoorop tatha eshiya ke sthalamargoan dvara honevala vyapar 200 varshoan tak band raha. yoorop ke logoan ne doosare marg dhooandhane praranbh kie. vasko di gama namak ek purtagali navik samudri marg se 1498 ee. mean kalikat pahuancha. isake bad vyapari tatha eesaee dharmapracharak eshiyaee deshoan mean adhik sankhya mean ane lage. dhire-dhire vyapar ke uddeshy se ae hue yooropiy logoan ne eshiya ke anek bhagoan par n keval vyaparik keandr sthapit kie, apitu dhire-dhire apana adhipaty bhi jama liya. aangrejoan ne bharat, lanka, brahma, malay, haangakaang adi sthanoan mean, phraans ne hiandachin tatha syam mean aur halaiand ne java, sumatra adi poorvi dvipasamoohoan par adhikar jama liya. uttar mean roos ne apana adhikar sudridh kiya tatha prabhavakshetr badhaya. sanh‌ 1868 ee. mean svez nahar khulane par yoorop tatha eshiya ke sanbandhoan mean ek nee k di ju di aur logoan ne vasko di gama ke uttamashaantaripavale marg ko tyag diya. traans saiberiyan relave ne bhi yoorop tatha eshiya ke sanbandh dridh kie. sthanabhav ke karan yahaan par eshiya ke sabhi samanveshakoan ki yatraoan ka varnan karana sanbhav nahian hai. 16vian tatha 17vian shatabdiyoan ke pramukh samanveshak railf fich, tamas ro, laval tatha tevarniyar the. svidanavasi nooradenashald ne 1878 ee. se 1880 tak uttarapoorvi marg dvara yoorop se beriang jaladamaroomadhy tak yatra ki. tatpashchath‌ svenahedin, sar phhऱaansis yangahasabaiand, arel stain, prians kropatakin, elsavarth hantigatan tatha svami pranavanand ne madhy eshiya mean gahan shodh kary kiya. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke pashchath‌ yooropiy samrajyavad ke pair eshiya se ukh d ge tatha ab usaka aant ho gaya hai.

dharatal-eshiya ki prakritik banavat apane dhang ki anokhi hai. isake aantaral mean parvatoan ka visham jal bichha hua hai. in himamandit parvat panktiyoan ki sankulata ke karan mahadvip ki bhavyata atulaniy ho jati hai. 24,000 phut se adhik ooanche sansar mean kul 94 parvatashikharoan mean se 92 keval himalay aur karakoram shreniyoan mean tatha shesh do altaeepar shreniyoan mean sthit haian. sansar ki sarvadhik vistrit nichi bhoomi mahadvip ke uttar-pashchimi bhag mean phaili hai, jahaan kaispiyan ki nichi bhoomi sansar ka sabase b da, samudratal se bhi nicha, shushk pradesh hai. at: n keval brihath‌ akar ke karan pratyut visham prakritik sanrachana ke vichar se bhi yah mahadvip sarvadhik mahatvapoorn hai.

mahadvip ki vishal parvatapanktiyaan dakshin-pashchim mean lalasagar se praranbh hokar sudoor uttar-poorv mean jaladamaroomadhy tak phaili huee haian. ek or jahaan arab ke dakshini samudratat par 10,000 phut ooanche parvat haian vahaan doosari or eshiya mainar aur siriya ke madhy sthit taras shreniyaan 13,000 phut se bhi adhik ooanchi haian jinamean akeli ararat ki choti (16,873 phut) sthit hai. pas hi kakeshas shreniyoan se abaddh elaburj parvat 18,000 phut se bhi ooanche haian. kaispiyan ke dakshin-poorv eeran ki elaburj shreniyoan mean sthit demaveand shikhar isase bhi adhik ooancha hai. dakshini prachin bhoobhag mean ek or jahaan bharat ke dakshini pathar mean parvatoan, ghatiyoan aur chhote-chhote lagabhag samataliy kshetroan ki visham sankulata hai, vahaan malay prayadvip mean uttar se dakshin siangapur tak parvatapanktiyaan paee jati haian. isi prakar eshiya ke dakshin, madhy erv poorv se hote hue sudoor saiberiya tak parvatoan ka atyant visham jal bichha hua hai. n keval mahadvip bhag hi, pratyut adhikaansh dvipasamooh-japan, pharamosa, hiandeshiya, shrilanka adi-bhi parvatasuankul haian. at: mahadvip ke pratyek bhag mean parvatashreniyaan bikhari p di haian.

mahadvip ki mukhy parvatashreniyaan 12,000 phut se bhi adhik ooanche vishal pamir ke pathar (duniya ki chhat) se ashtabahu ki bhujaoan ke saman chaturdikh‌ phaili huee haian. ye shreniyaan pray: samaantar roop se poorv-pashchim disha mean prashaant mahasagar se lekar bhoomadhyasagar aur kalasagar tak bichhi huee haian. ek or to hai pamir se pashchim mean nikalanevali uttari shreniyaan, kramash: hiandukush, elaburj, kakeshas aur pauantik, tatha dakshini shreniyaan, suleman, kirathar, khurdistan, skarp, taras adi aur dasoori or haian poorab mean nikalanevali altaee, thiyaanshan adi apekshakrit prachinatar uttari parvatashreniyaan, jo chin mean jakar lagabhag 700 mil chau di ho gee haian. kyunalun parvat ki aganit shreniyoan mean hi prasiddh ooancha amne machin shikhar sthit hai jisaki rahasyamayata bhoogolavettaoan ke lie sarvadhik akarshan ka vishay hai. lekin inake dakshin mean bharat ki uttari sima par himakirit ki bhaanti phaila hua sansar ka vishal parvat himalay (him-alay) hai, jisaki mahatta atulaniy hai. isamean sthit kanchanajangha, makalu, dhaulagiri, nangaparvat adi 26,000 phut se adhik ooanchi chotiyoan ko bhi mat karanevala sansar ka sarvochch parvatashikhar (ooanchaee 29,141 phut) ya chamo luangama (sansar ki devi maan) prithvi ke bhavy mastak ke sadrish shobhayaman hai. himalay ke uttar-pashchim mean himalay ki lagabhag samakaksh ooanchaeevale karakoram parvat haian jinamean sansar ka dvitiy sarvadhik parvatashikhar ke-2 sthit hai. pas hi isake samakaksh ooanchaeevale shikhar, chau di choti (br aaud pik) aur gasharabruy, bhi apana sir akash mean uthae haian. uttar mean kyunalun tatha dakshin-dakshin-pashchim mean himalay-karakoram ki shreniyoan se ghira tibbat (ausat ooanchaee 12,000 phut) ka vishal bhoobhag bhi bahut ooanche haian. arab evan eeran ke ooanche vishal pathar tatha poorv mean mangoliya ka 3,000 se 5,000 phut ooancha pathar aise hi kshetr haian. aphaganistan mean paha doan, uchch bhoomiyoan evan unake bich-bich sthit ghatiyoan ka adbhut sammilan hai.

n keval ati ooanche, pratyut samudratal se bhi nimn sthalakhandoan ka bhi eshiya mean adhik vistar hai. mangoliya mean samudr se saik doan phut nichaeevale sthalakhand milate haian. kaispiyan tat ki dhansi nimn bhoomi bhi vikhyat hai. kiantu sarvadhik dhansa bhookhand brihath‌ aphrikiy bhoomibhang (gret aphhऱkan ripht) hai jo izarayal tatha jardan ke madhy se gujarata hai aur jahaan mritasagar ka namak se bhara hua tal pas ke bhoomadhyasagar se 1,292 phut niche sthit hai.

in uchch evan nimn bhoomi ke khandoan ke bich eshiya mean vishal samatal maidan avasthit haian. inamean turkistan ka maidani bhag, uttari dhruvasagar ke tat ka brihath‌ maidan tatha chin ke suvikhyat poorvi maidan evan bharat ki nadiyoan ke vishal maidan prasiddh haian.

eshiya mean jahaan ek or sarvasanpann maidani bhag haian vahaan doosari or vishal marubhoomiyaan bhi haian. adhikaanshat eeran, arab tatha turkistan prakritya marubhoomi haian. gobi athava shamo ka 1,000 mil lanba evan 600 mil chau da marukhand mangoliya ke adhikaansh bhag mean phaila hua hai. pakistan mean bhi asianchit kshetroan mean anurvar marusthal pae jate haian.

jalapravah pranali-sansar ki barah sarvadhik b di nadiyoan mean se sat nadiyaan eshiya mahadvip mean pravahit hoti haian. mahadvip ke adhikaansh bhag mean sadharan jalapravah pranali vikasit hai par madhy ke lagabhag 50 lakh varg mil kshetr mean aantarpravah pranali hai. adhikatar nadiyaan eshiya ke parvatiy evan pathari bhag se nikalakar mukhyat: hiand mahasagar, prashaant mahasagar aur uttari dhruvasagar mean jal chho dati haian. hiand mahasagar mean giranevali nadiyoan mean mukhy haian dazala, pharat, siandh, satalaj, ravi, vyas, chinav, jhelam, narmada, tapti, ganga, brahmaputr, mahanadi, iravadi, salavin, sitaang, godavari, krishnaa aur kaveri. minay, mikaang, lalanadi, sikyaang, yaangasikyaang, hvaangaho aur amoor nadiyaan prashaant mahasagar mean jal chho dati haian. uttari dhruvasagar mean ob, yanisi, lina, iandigirika aur koliya girati haian, sar dariya aur amoo dariya aral sagar mean. ili nadi balkash mean aur tarim laupanar jhil mean jalapravah karati haian. inake atirikt manasarovaradi kuchh chhoti-b di jhilean bhi haian.

sanrachana aur khanij sanpath-eshiya ka dharatal yahaan ki bhaumik sanrachana evan itihas dvara nirdisht hota hai. mahadvip mean kee vibhinn vishal saanrachanik bhookhand haian : jaise dakshin mean arab evan bharat mean prayadvipiy pathari bhag haian jinake niche ati prachin kaibriyan-poorv yugin mo dadar parvat p de haian. ye kshetr sthan-sthan par ne nikshepoan dvara sarvatha dhak se ge haian. uttari yooreshiya mean bhi aise hi do bhookhand milate haian : pratham to fenoskaidiyan pathar (shild) hai jo baltik sagar ko ghere hue hai aur dvitiy aangara laiand jo baikal jhil ke uttar aur poorv mean avasthit hai. kuchh aise hi prachin bhookhand chin mean bhi milate haian . in sabhi prachin bhookhandoan ka nirman prachin parivartit chattanoan dvara hua hai.

in prachin bhookhandoan ke bich-bich mean mo dadar parvatoan ki shreniyaan poorv-pashchim disha mean bikhari haian. purakalpiy (pailiyozoik) aur madhyakalpiy (mesozoik) yugoan ke adhikaansh kal mean in parvatoan ke sthan par tethis namak b da sagar phaila hua tha jo aj ke roomasagar se adhik lanba evan chau da tha. is samudr mean mitti, baloo adi ki paratoan ka jamav hua aur madhyakalp yug ke aantim kal mean, visheshakar nootanakalp (kenozoik) yug mean, paratoan ka nirman hua. himalay parvat inhian parvatoan mean se ek hai tatha prithvi ka navinatam mo dadar parvat hai. aisi hi parvatashreniyaan turki se japan tak bikhari p di haian.

eshiya ki sanrachana ka poora adhyayan abhi thik se nahian ho paya hai tathapi bahumat ke anusar eshiya ko char saanrachanik vibhagoan mean baanta gaya hai : pratham, ati prachin uttari khand; dvitiy, ati prachin dakshini bhookhand; tritiy alpain parvatashreniyaan aur chaturth avashisht bhag.

is mahadvip mean tin, abhrak, aiantimani tatha aangstan doosare mahadvipoan se adhik milate haian. maianganiz, taanba, chaandi aur sona bhi prachur matra mean milate haian. mitti ke tel ka bhandar yahaan sarvadhik hai. any khanijoan mean loha evan koyala ullekhaniy haian.

jalavayu-eshiya ke bhoopuanj ki vishalata ka mukhy prabhav usaki jalavayu par sarvadhik p data hai. isake sagaraprabhavit tatiy pradesh aur sthalaprabhavit deshabhyantar pradesh jalavayu mean ek doosare se bahut bhinn haian. varsha tatha tapakram ki vishamata charam sima tak pahuanch jati hai.uttari amarika ke saman akshaanshoanvale pradeshoan ki apeksha yahaan adhik shit p dati hai. malay ke vishuvath‌rekhiy jalavayu se lekar, dhruvapradeshiy himani jalavayu tak ke sab prakar ki jalavayu vale pradesh eshiya mean milate haian. itane brihath‌ akar tatha mahanh‌ dharataliy aantaroan ke karan jalavayu mean is prakar ka vaibhiny svabhavik hi hai. varsha ki vishamata bhi ullekhaniy hai. yahaan varsh mean ek ianch ya usase kam se lekar 450 ianch tak varsha hoti hai. atyadhik varsha vahaan hoti hai jahaan pravahaman havaoan ko raste mean paha d aur parvat a jate haian, jaise bharat tatha dakshin-poorv eshiya mean. shushkatam pradesh parvatoan ke prishthadesh mean milate haian, jaise pashchimi chin mean eeran se mangoliya tak ka pathari pradesh jo eshiya mean do vishal bhinn jalavayu pradeshoan ko prithak karata hai. uttar tatha pashchim mean sthaliyata dvara kuchh prabhavit shitoshn pachhuvaan vayu apana prabhav dalati hai. dakshini tatha poorvi bhag mean manasooni jalavayu milati hai. yahaan shit rritu mean shushk vayu sthal se sagar ki or bahati hai tatha grishm mean sagar se sthal ki or ati hai aur vrishti hoti hai. manasooni pradesh siandh ghati se madhy amoor nadi tatha dakshini kamachataka tak aur aandar ki or tibbat tatha mangoliya ke kinare tak phaila hua hai. isake dakshin mean ek chhote bhag par vishuvath‌rekhiy jalavayu milati hai. madhy tatha pashchimi eshiya shushk hai. eshiya ke shitoshn marusthal 50roo u.a. par dhruvapradeshiy nadiyoan ke udgam ke nikat se lekar pashchim ki or kaispiyan sagar ke uttari bhag phaile haian. shitapradesh ke aantargat eshiya mean tuandra, taiga tatha ghas ke uttari maidan ate haian. bharatavarsh ka thar tatha arab adi ushn marusthal pradesh ke aantargat haian. saiberiya ki shitakal ki k di thand prasiddh hai. lina delta ka ausat tapaman varsh bhar 1roo pha. rahata hai. barkhoyaansk vishv ka shitalatam sthan hai. janavari mean yahaan ka ausat tapaman -59roo pha. rahata hai yah -94roo pha. tak bhi pahuanch chuka hai. kahate haian, yahaan jis bhi disha se vayu aegi vah yahaan ki vayu se garam hoti. isake viparit dakshin-pashchim eshiya atyant ushn pradesh haian. madhy arab mean varshik vashpikaran 160 ianch hai. din mean baloo atyant garam ho jane ke karan yatriyoan ke karavaan ratri mean taroan ke sahare chalate haian. isi karan yahaan ke logoan mean jyotish se yathesht prem hai. bharat ki bhishan garmi ke samane changez khaan ke yoddha yahaan ruk n sake. yahi ekamatr shutr tha jisaka samana ve nahian kar sake.

yahaan ki manasooni jalavayu mukhy roop se ullekhaniy hai jisamean chhah mahine uttar-poorvi tatha chhah mahine dakshin-pashchimi evan dakshin-poorvi vayu chalati hai. manasoon jalavayu bharat mean poornataya vikasit hai, kuchh kam chin mean, aur anyatr namamatr hai. jis varsh manasoon se paryapt pani nahi barasata us varsh bharatiy krishi ki hani hoti hai. dakshini chin tatha japan ke tatiy manasooni pradeshoan mean taiphoon (bhayankar aandhi) chalate haian.

sanpoorn saiberiya ki varshik varsha 20faf se adhik nahian hai. uttar mean yah 10faf se bhi kam hai tatha turkistan ke adhikatar bhag mean 4faf se bhi kam hai. dakshin tatha poorab mean adhik varsha ki patti dakshini chin, brahmadesh, hiandachin, bharat ke kuchh bhag evan malay mean phaili haian. malay mean keval ek ghante ki varsha shushk nadi naloan ko begavanaroop de deti hai. barkhoyaansk ka varshik tapaantar 100roo se bhi adhik hai parantu malay ke kuchh bhagoan mean yah aantar vigat ek shatabdi mean kabhi bhi 10roo se adhik nahian hua. mausami tapaantar vishuvath‌rekhiy pradesh se uttar-poorvi aantarik pradesh ki or uttarottar badhata jata hai.

prakritik vanaspati-prakritik vanaspati prakritik vatavaran ka pratyaksh roop hai. eshiya mahadvip ka uttari thanda bhag sadharanataya tuandra tatha konadhari vrikshoan ke jangaloan ya taiga se achchhadit hai tatha bhoomadhyarekhiy evan ushn katibandhiy manasooni jangal bhoomadhyarekha ke pas ke sthanoan mean phaile haian. mahadvip ke aantarik bhagoan mean marudeshiy evan parvatiy vanaspatiyaan milati haian. vibhinn bhoobhagoan ki vanaspatiyoan mean b di gahan vishamata hai. sthan-sthan par manushy ke karyoan ne prakritik vanaspati ko parivartit sa kar diya hai, aur kuchh sthanoan par usake tatha usase sanbaddh janavaroan, jaise bakariyoan ityadi ke vinashakari karyoan ne prakritik vanaspati ka sarvatha vinash kar dala hai. bhinn jalavayuvale do brihath‌ evan prakritik vanaspatiyoan se paripoorn bhookhandoan mean pahala uttari vanakhand taiga hai jo sanpoorn saiberiya ke madhyottari bhag mean phaila hua hai aur sansar ka sabase b da ek hi prakar ki prakritik vanaspativala bhookhand hai. doosara prakritik vanaspativala bhoobhag ushn evan uposhnakatibandhiy manasooni kshetroan mean phaila hai. kiantu yahaan apekshakrit adhik vishamata evan khulapan hai. inaka vistar chau di pattiyoanvale sadabahar vrikshoan tatha vayushiph (maigrov) ke samudratatiy jangaloan se lekar bharat ke pashchimi bhag mean sthit kaantedar jha diyoan evan marubhoomi jangaloan tak hai. in do brihath‌ vanaspatikhandoan ke anantar ullekhy madhyavarti steps ke maidan haian, tadanantar madhy eshiya tatha asapas phaili parvatashreniyaan evan unamean sthit ghatiyaan haian, shesh banjar pathar adi haian. ganga, siandhu tatha hvaangaho adi nadiyoan ke maidani bhag mean svarthi manushy ke vinashakari karyoan ke karan vanaspati ke chhote-chhote bikhare khand rah ge haian. jangaloan ki panktiyaan nadiyoan ke kinare phaili milati haian. eshiya ke in vibhinn prakar ke prakritik vanaspatikhandoan se kuchh arthik mahatv ke paudhe sansar ko prapt hue haian jinamean chay, dhan aur ganna bharat se, seb evan nashapati kaispiyan kshetr se tatha a doo, khubani evan narangi chin se prapt hue haian.

jivajantu-brihath‌ vistar, jalavayu evan prakritik vanaspati ki atyadhik vividhata tatha vishamata ke karan mahadvip mean anek tarah ke jivajantu pae jate haian. inamean se kuchh mahatvapoorn jantu sada ke lie vinasht ho ge haian. mahadvip ke jivajantuoan mean himayug ke anantar prachur parivartan hue haian, jaisa asthi avasheshoan ke adhyayan se suspasht hai. vibhinn prakar ki vinasht pashujatiyoan mean kandaravasi richh (kev beyar), bhe diya, lak dabaggha tatha vishalakay gaiande pramukh haian. hal mean prapt avasheshoan mean baloochithiriyam ki asthiyaan ullekhaniy haian. gaiande ki akriti ka yah jantu prithvi ka sarvadhik b da jantu tha aur isake kandhe tak ki hi ooanchaee atharah phut tak hoti thi. kuchh any prakar ke jantu bhi tezise vinisht ho rahe haian jinamean jangali bhaisa evan sianh mukhy haian. eshiya mahadvip bahut se vartaman pashuoan ke vibhinn vanshoan ki janmabhoomi bhi raha hai. unamean se sarvadhik upayogi gho da hai, jise ghumakk d jatiyoan ne lagabhag 5,000 varsh pahale palatoo banaya. eshiya hi jangali gadahe ki bhi janmabhoomi hai. eshiya mainar bakari ka pratham nivasabhoomi mana jata hai. do koob davale ooant evan yak adi ki bhi utpatti isi mahadvip mean huee thi. yak tibbat ka pashu hai jisase n keval makkhan, maans evan cham da milata hai, pratyut yah bojh dhone ke lie bhi atyant upayogi hai. is desh mean palatoo banae ge jangali janavaroan mean sarvapramukh evan sarvadhik upayogi bharatiy bail hai. uttari saiberiya evan tuandra pradesh ke lie renadiyar anivary janavar hai. pamir kshetr mean paee janevali paha di bhe d, ovisapoli, apane vishal evan anek shakhayukt siangoan ke lie prasiddh hai. mahadvip mean anek prakar ke langoor pae jate haian. bharat, brahmadesh evan malaya ke vibhinn vany pradeshoan mean hathi bahutayat se milate haian. yahaan ke hathi b di sugamata se palatoo aur shikshit ho jate haian. vaibhav evan rajasi that ke ye pramukh chihn to haian hi, prashikshan ke uparaant shram aur seva sanbandhi vibhinn karyoan mean ye vishesh upayogi bhi siddh hue haian. mahadvip mean tin prakar ke gaiande milate haian. dakshin-pashchimi eshiya evan p dosi aphrika mean sanbaddh vansh ke bahut se janavar milate haian. lak dabaggha n keval aphriki maidanoan mean pratyut bharat mean bhi bahut milata hai. bhaloo, chite, teandue tatha bhe die bahutayat se pae jate haian. bhaluoan mean sabase b da dhruvapradeshiy bhaloo hota hai jo uttari pradeshoan mean paya jata hai. maansahari jivoan mean sarvapratham bagh hai jo eshiya ke atirikt kisi bhi any mahadvip mean vany avastha mean nahi paya jata. lekin eshiya ke jantuoan mean sanbhavat: sarvadhik vichitr janavar vishalakay panda hai jo aantarik chin ke parvatiy kshetroan mean milata hai. isaka mukhy bhojan baans ki pattiyaan adi hai lekin is sadharan bhojy samagri par bhi usaka vajan 350 pauand tak hota hai. dakshini eshiya mean bandaroan ki anek jatiyaan bikhari haian. malay ka vanamanush (giban) hi keval ek aisa manushyetar jantu hai jo manushy ki tarah sidha kh da rah sakata hai.

mahadvip mean vividh prakar ke pakshi bhi prachurata se pae jate haian jinamean vanyakukkut (murg), bagula tatha giddh adhik prasiddh haian. mor namak suandar pakshi prachy bagoan ka sauandaryapakshi hai. baj raja maharajaoan ka priy akhetapakshi raha hai. dakshin eshiya mean vishaile tatha sadharan saanpoan ki anek jatiyaan paee jati haian. jalachar jantuoan mean gh diyal prasiddh hai jo bharat ki nadiyoan mean bahut paya jata hai. mahadvip ke nikatavarti samudroan mean evan aantarik jalakhatoan, nadiyoan, jhiloan aur talaboan mean anek tarah ki machhaliyaan milati haian. chin mean sunahari machhali milati hai.

janasankhya tatha arthik vikas sanbandhi samasyaean-eshiya n keval kshetraphal pratyut janasankhya ki drishti se bhi mahattam mahadvip hai. kee kshetroan mean janaganana n hone se mahadvip ki janasankhya ka thik akalan nahian ho sakata hai, parantu 1974 mean yahaan anumanat: 2,10,00,00,000 janasankhya ho gee hai. is prakar sansar ke sthalabhag ke ek tihaee kshetravale eshiya mahadvip mean sansar ke 57 pratishat vyakti rahate haian. lekin is vishal janasankhya ka mahadvip ke vibhinn bhagoan mean asaman vitaran hai. yadi kuchh kshetroan mean abadi ghani hai to kuchh kshetr mean ati viral aur kuchh lagabhag janashoony bhi haian. mahadvip ki adhi se adhik abadi keval do brihath‌ bhookhandoan mean nivas karati hai : pratham, chin (1971 mean janasankhya anumanat: 75,00,00,000) tatha dvitiy, bharatiy upamahadvip jisamean bharat (1971 mean 54,73,67,926), pakistan (1971 mean janasankhya 6,80,00,000) tatha bangaladesh (1971 mean janasankhya 7,10,00,000) haian. tin any kshetroan mean bhi ghani abadi paee jati hai-pratham japan (1970 mean 10,37,20,000), dvitiy java (1971 mean 7,98,49,000) evan tritiy shrilanka (1971 mean anumanat: 1,30,00,000). inamean ausat ghanatv kramash: 275, 500 evan 179 vyakti prati varg ki.mi. hai.

eshiya mean aise kee vishal bhookhand haian jahaan basti atyant viral hai. do tihaee kshetraphal mean mahadvip ki kul janasankhya ka keval dashamaansh nivas karata hai. aise viral bhookhandoan mean dakshin-pashchim eshiya, soviyat eshiya evan uchchadharataliy bhag haian. is prakar ki kam abadi ke mukhy karan in bhoobhagoan mean jalavayu ki shushkata, shitadhiky athava unake atyuchch visham dharatal haian. arab prayadvip ke brihath‌ bhookhand (lagabhag 10 lakh varg mil) mean keval ek karo d manushy rahate haian. is pradesh ka janaghanatv paanch se bhi kam hai aur madhy eshiya ke adhikaansh mean to yah ghanatv ek se bhi kam ho jata hai. java ko chho dakar poorvi dvipasamoohoan ka bhi prati vargamil ghanatv ka ausat 25 hi hai. janasankhya ke is asaman vitaran se yah jnat hota hai ki krishiyogy bhoomi ke anusar hi is mahadvip mean janasankhya ka ghanatv kam ya adhik paya jata hai. dakshin evan poorvi bhagoan mean sthit ghani abadivale adhikaansh bhookhand jalodh dvara nirmit maidani bhag haian. eshiya mahadvip ke lagabhag sabhi desh krishipradhan haian aur sarvadhik janasankhya gramin kshetroan mean basi hai. nagaroan evan udyog dhandhoan ka vikas eshiya mahadvip mean tho de samay se hi praranbh hua hai parantu inake vikas ki gati b di tivr ho gee hai. 1941 tak bharat mean keval do hi brihath‌ nagar (das lakh janasankhyavale) the, lekin 1971 mean inaki sankhya nau (kalakatta, banbee, dilli, madras, bangalor, ahamadabad, haidarabad, kanapur tatha poona) ho gee. dakshin-poorvi eshiya mean 1945 ke bad chhah brihath‌ nagar vikasit hue jinake nam jakarta, manila, saigan, baikak evan siangapur haian.

mahadvip ke vibhinn bhagoan mean paee janevali jatiyoan ke vistar mean parvatoan ke prithakkari kary ka mahatvapoorn hath raha hai jo mahadvip ki do brihath‌ manav jatiyoan-mangoloan evan iando-yooropiyanoan-ko spashtataya prithak karate haian. madhy eshiya ke pathar sanbhavat: madhyakalpik kal se hi sthaliy bhag rahe haian aur himalay ka nirmanakary praranbh hone ke pahale hi inaka sthaliy vikas ho chuka tha. at: yah siddhaant sarvatha saty evan tathyapoorn lagata hai, jaisa puratatviy khojoan se bhi siddh ho chuka hai, ki madhy eshiya hi sansar ke stanadhari jivoan ka vikasakshetr hai evan yahian se unaka chaturdik vikeandrikaran hua. in stanadhari jivoan mean se hi manav bhi ek jiv hai jisaka vikas sanbhavat: madhy eshiya ke kisi kshetravishesh mean tritiy yug mean hua. sanbhavat: himayug ke pradurbhav ke karann madhy eshiya mean bhi jalavayu manushyoan ke nivas ke pratikool ho gee jisase unhean deshaantar jana p da. himayugoan ke aantim kal mean madhy eshiya ki jalavayu aj ki apeksha sanbhavat: atyadhik ardr thi. lekin dhire-dhire kalakram se, jalasrot sookhate ge. jalavayu ki shushkata badhati gee. phalat: vahaan ke nivasiyoan ko badhy hokar dhire-dhire ne deshoan ki khoj mean bahar jana p da. jaisa haidan ne likha hai, pragaitihasik kal ke prvrajanoan mean n aaurdik (uttari yoorop ke nivasi) jati ke logoan ne madhy eshiya se pashchim ki or, mangol jativaloan ne dakshin-poorv ki or tatha alpain jativaloan ne turkistan se eshiya mainar hote hue madhy dakshini yoorop ki or prasthan kiya.

ajakal mahadvipoan mean anek jatiyaan, upajatiyaan paee jati haian aur hajaroan varshoan ke aantarmishran ke karan jatiyoan, upajatiyoan ke itane chhote-chhote vibhag evan samooh ho ge haian jinaki mukhy bhagoan mean vibhajit karana dushkar ho gaya hai. haidan ne manav jati ke tin mukhy vibhag kie haian : yoolotriki, saimotriki aur laiotriki. mahadvip mean sthit yoolotriki jativibhag mean kuchh atyant pichh di huee nate kadavali jatiyaan ati haian jinamean aandaman nivasi, malay evan sumatra ke semaang, philipain dvipasamooh ke aita tatha nyoogini ke paipua jativale pramukh haian.

kapalarachana ke adhar par saimotriki jati ke tin pramukh vibhag evan sharir ke rang ke vichar se pun: upavibhag kie ge haian : pratham lanbe siravale logoan mean dalikosifalik haian jinaka rang gahara bhoora evan kala hota hai. inamean shrilanka ke vedda, malay, sumatra tatha selibiz dvipoan ki pragdravi d jatiyaan evan bharat ke dravi d jativale pramukh haian, tatha kuchh halke rangavali jatiyoan mean uttari bharat evan dakshini-pashchimi eshiya ke adhikaansh bhagoan mean nivasit iando-aphagani, arab, yahoodi evan poorvi dvipasamooh ke nivasi iandoneshiyan jativale haian. mesatisifalik arthath‌ sadharan siravali jatiyoan mean japan ke nivasi ainoo tatha cho de siravali jatiyoan mean braikisifalik arminiyan sarvapramukh haian. dvitiy brihath‌ vibhag laiotriki ka mukhy chihn sidha sir hai jo samagr uttari evan poorvi eshiya ke nivasiyoan mean paya jata hai aur jinake sidhe bal ya pile-bhoore mishrit rangoan ke hote haian. aankhoan ki banavat adi mean aantar hote hue bhi sadharanataya ye mangol jati ke kahalate haian. in vibhedoan ke anusar pramukh upajatiyoan mean nimnalikhit jatiyaan mukhy haian-pratham, uttari saiberiya nivasi; dvitiy, tuang evan maanchu; tritiy, chini (mukhy chin ke nivasi); chaturth, turk, pancham, pashchimi saiberiya ke nivasi, ugriyan; tatha shashth, tibbatachin ke mishrit log jinamean malay jativale bhi sammilit haian.

janasankhya ki adhikata ka bhar khady ke sadhanoan athava apratyaksh roop se krishiyogy bhoomi par p data hai. prachin sabhyata evan nimn star ke jivan ke karan nirantar badhate-badhate mahadvip ki vartaman santripti ki sima ko bhi par kar rahi hai.

pahale prakritik duryog, jaise durbhiksh, mahamari athava yuddh adi janasankhya ki nirantar vriddhi ko niyantrit karate the, paratu ajakal in duryogoan par manushyoan ne svayan niyantran kar liya hai, phalat: janasankhya abadh gati se badhati ja rahi hai. eshiya ka do tihaee bhag apane sadhanoan ke sanbhavit vikas ke anuman mean viral basa hai. mahadvipoan ke ghane base hue kshetroan mean, jahaan se kuchh deshaantaragaman hua hai, bhoomi ki janasankhya ka bhar bahut kam halka hua hai. lekin idhar eshiya nivasiyoan ke aantarmamahadvipiy sthanaantaran par sanbandhit rashtroan dvara kuchh rok laga di gee hai.

vatavaran ki bhinnataoan evan vishamataoan ke anuroop hi mahadvip mean anek prakar ke samajik evan arthik sabhyata tatha sanskriti ke star bhi pae jate haian-ek or sarvatha pichh di huee jatiyaan haian jo ab tak sabhyata ke prathamik charan par bhi nahian pahuanch paee haian to doosari or samajavad evan ekadhikaratmak pooanjivad ke atyant visham sangathan vikasit haian. vartaman avagaman evan sanvadasanvahan ke sadhanoan ke vikas ke phalasvaroop asthiravasi tatha sthayi sanskritiyoan ki vishamata din prati din ghat rahi hai. chalachitr, rediyo tatha sarvopari motar basoan ke vikas ke karan vibhinn bhagoan ki nirjanata evan ekakipan samaptapray hota ja raha hai.

prakritik vatavaran evan samajik vikas ke adhar par eshiya ke chhah brihath‌ vibhag kie ja sakate haian : dakshin-pashchim eshiya, dakshin-eshiya, dakshin-poorvi eshiya, poorvi eshiya, soviyat eshiya evan uchch eshiya. in sabhi bhoobhagoan mean prachur samajik, rajanitik evan arthik parivartan ho rahe haian. in kshetroan mean kalaantar se chal rahi krishipradhan evan atmashrit arthikata ko khianchakar aantarrashtriy bajaroan se sanbaddh kar dene ke vividh dushparinam bhi hue. anek kshetroan mean samoohik krishi ne vaiyaktik parivaroan ko b de paimane ke arthik dhandhoan ke star par la diya. sanpoorn samaj ka samaj prachin evan navin sansar ke sarvatha vibhinn arthik prayatnoan ke path mean arase se bhatakata raha hai aur kisi kinare par ab tak poornataya sthir nahian ho saka hai. barma evan pakistan jaise deshoan mean gaun krishi udyog-dhandhoan par jor dekar kalyan ke marg dhooandhane ke prayatn ho rahe haian. eshiya mahadvip ke krishakoan ki atyalp krayashakti udyogikaran ke marg mean sanbhavat: sabase b di kathinaee hai. at: krayashakti ko badhane ki samasya sanprati mahadvip ki sabase b di samasya hai. mahadvip ke vibhinn deshoan, jaise chin, bharat adi, ne arthik vikas ke lie yojanaean banaee haian aur is disha mean vishesh pragati ki hai.

yadyapi mahadvip ke samajik jivan ki paranparaoan evan ritirivajoan mean adhik parivartan nahian ho sake haian, aur jo parivartan ho bhi rahe haian ve bahut dhimi gati se, tathapi shatabdiyoan se videshi prabhavoan ke karan aantarrashtriy bajaroan ke chakr mean p dakar usake arthik sangathan mean prachur parivartan hue haian. dvitiy mahayuddh evan paravarti kraantikal mean mahadvip ke rajanitik kshetroan mean bhi kee ek parivartan hue. rashtriyata ki bhavanaoan evan kraantiyoan ke karan lagabhag 50 karro d manushyoan ko svatantrata mili hai. roos ne aantaryuddhakal mean arthik jivan ki kayapalat kar di hai aur is shatabdi ke aant tak apani arthik samasyaoan ko sulajha lene ke path par vah nirantar age badh raha hai. japan ke bhavishy mean kuchh anishchitata hai par pichhale sath varshoan ki vyapar samunnati ne japan ko atyant mahatvapoorn shakti bana diya hai. bharat ne yojanatmak dhang se pragati ka marg apanaya hai tatha p dosi pakistan bhi apane simit sadhanoan ke anusar apani visham samasyaoan ko sulajhana chahata hai. is prakar eshiya mahadvip ke sabhi desh apane arthik sangathan tatha krishi evan udyog dhandhoan ko yojanatmak dhang se vikasit karake pragati ke marg par badhate drishtigat hote haian.

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