औरंगज़ेब

aurangazeb
aurangazeb|200px|center
poora nam	abdul muzaffar muhiuddin muhammad aurangazeb bahadur alamagir padashah gazi
any nam	aurangazeb alamagir
janm	4 navambar, sanh 1618 ee.
janm bhoomi	dohad (gujarat)
mrityu tithi	3 march, sanh 1707 ee.
mrityu sthan	ahamadanagar ke pas
pita/mata	shahajahaan, mumataz mahal
pati/patni	rabiya durrani
santan	putri- jebunnisa, putr- sultan muhammad, shahajada muajzam, shahajada azam, shahajada akabar, kamabakhsh
upadhi	aurangazeb alamagir
rajy sima	uttar aur madhy bharat
shasan kal	31 julaee, sanh 1658 se 3 march, sanh 1707 tak
sha. avadhi	49 varsh
rajyabhishek	15 joon, sanh 1659 ee. mean lal qila, dilli
nirman	lahaur ki badashahi masjid 1674 ee. mean, bibi ka maqabara, aurangabad, moti masjid
poorvadhikari	shahajahaan
uttaradhikari	bahadur shah pratham
rajagharana	mugal
maqabara	khuldabad
sanbandhit lekh	mugal kal
bhasha jnan	arabi, farasi, turki

muhiuddin muhammad aurangazeb (aangrezi: Muhi-ud-Din Aurangzeb, janm- 4 navambar, 1618, gujarat; mrityu- 3 march, 1707, ahamadanagar) chhatha mugal badashah tha, jisane bharat par shasan kiya. usane 1658 se 1707 ee. (apani mrityu tak) mugal samrajy par shasan kiya. aurangazeb ne bharatiy upamahadvip par adhi sadi se bhi jyada samay tak rajy kiya. vah akabar ke bad sabase jyada samay tak shasan karane vala mugal shasak tha. apane jivan kal mean usane dakshin bharat mean mugal samrajy ka vistar karane ka bharasak prayas kiya, par usaki mrityu ke pashchat mugal samrajy siku dane laga. aurangazeb ke shasan mean mugal samrajy apane vistar ke charamotkarsh par tha. vah apane samay ka shayad sabase dhani aur shatishali vyakti tha, jisane apane jivan kal mean dakshin bharat mean prapt vijayoan ke jariye mugal samrajy ko sadhe barah lakh varg mil mean phailaya aur 15 karo d logoan par shasan kiya, jo ki duniya ki abadi ka 1/4 tha. gair musalaman janata par shariyat lagoo karane vala vah pahala musalaman shasak tha.

parichay

aurangazeb ka janm 4 navambar, 1618 ee. mean gujarat ke ‘dohad’ namak sthan par mumataz ke garbh se hua tha. aurangazeb ke bachapan ka adhikaansh samay noorajahaan ke pas bita tha. 1643 ee. mean aurangazeb ko 10,000 jat evan 4000 savar ka manasab prapt hua. ‘orachha’ ke joojhar sianh ke viruddh aurangazeb ko pratham yuddh ka anubhav prapt hua tha. 18 mee, 1637 ee. ko faras ke rajagharane ki 'dilaras bano begam' ke sath aurangazeb ka nikah hua. 1636 ee. se 1644 ee. evan 1652 ee. se 1657 ee. tak aurangazeb gujarat (1645 ee.), multan (1640 ee.) evan siandh ka bhi garvanar raha. agara par qabza kar jaldabazi mean aurangazeb ne apana rajyabhishak "abul mujaphphar muhiuddin mujaphphar aurangazeb bahadur alamagir" ki upadhi se 31 julaee, 1658 ee. ko dilli mean karavaya. ‘khajuva’ evan ‘devaraee’ ke yuddh mean saphal hone ke bad 15 mee, 1659 ee. ko aurangazeb ne dilli mean pravesh kiya, jahaan shahajahaan ke shanadar mahal mean joon, 1659 ee. ko aurangazeb ka doosari bar rajyabhishek hua. aurangazeb ke sianhasanaroodh hone par faras ke shah ne maitri svaroop budag beg ke netritv mean ek doot mandal bheja tha.

vyaktitv

aurangajeb pavitr jivan vyatit karata tha. apane vyaktigat jivan mean vah ek adarsh vyakti tha. vah un sab durgunoan se sarvatr mukt tha, jo eshiya ke rajaoan mean samanyatah the. vah yati ke jaisa jivan jita tha. khane-pine, vesh-bhoosha aur jivan ki any sabhi-suvidhaoan mean vah behad sanyam baratata tha. prashasan ke karyoan mean vyast rahate hue bhi vah apani zarooratoan ko poora karane ke lie dharmik pustak quran ki nakal karake aur topiyaan sikar kuchh paisa kamane ka samay nikal leta tha.

samrajy vistar

apane samrajy vistar ke antargat aurangazeb ne sarvapratham asam ko apane adhikar mean karana chaha. usane mir jumala ko bangal ka soobedar niyukt kiya aur use asam ko jitane ki zimmedari sauanpi. 1 navambar, 1661 ee. ko mir jumala ne koochabihar ki rajadhani ko apane adhikar mean kar liya. asam par us samay ahom jati ke log shasan kar rahe the. mir jumala ne ahomoan ko parast kar 1662 ee. mean ‘gadhagaanv’ par qabza kar liya. kalantar mean asam ke antarik sangharsh ka fayada utha kar mugaloan ne 1670 ee. mean ‘kamaroop’ ke atirikt shesh asam par punah adhikar kar liya.

aurangazeb ki dakshin niti

thumb|250px|aurangazeb ka darabar aurangazeb ki dakshin niti ke vishay mean itihasakaroan ka manana hai ki-

1. apani samrajyavadi pravritti ke karan dakshin ke rajyoan ko aurangazeb jitana chahata tha. shahajahaan ki bhaanti dakkan ke prati aurangazeb ki niti bhi aanshatah rajanitik hit se aur aanshatah dharmik vicharoan se prabhavit thi.
2. dakshin mean maratha shakti ka shivaji ke netritv mean vahaan ke shiya sampraday ke sultanoan ke sahayog se din-pratidin utthan ho raha tha, is karan bhi aurangazeb ne dakshin rajyoan ko kuchalana chaha. is mat ka samarthan adhunik itihasakar karate haian.

aurangazeb ke dakshin mean sainik abhiyan ke pichhe uparokt karan hi vidyaman the.

bijapur (1657-1687 ee.)

sianhasan par baithane ke uparant aurangazeb ne bijapur ke shasak adilashah dvitiy ko 1657 ee. ki sandhi ka palan n karane ke karan dand dene ke lie jayapur ke raja jayasianh ko 1665 ee. mean dakshin bheja. jayasianh ne bijapur ke poorv shivaji ke khilaf mahattvapoorn l daee mean saphalata prapt kar 1665 ee. mean ‘purandar ki sandhi’ ki. purandar ke bad jayasianh ne shivaji ke sahayog se bijapur par navambar, 1665 ee. mean akraman kiya. prarambhik saphalata se utsahit hokar jayasianh ne kee galat nirnay liye, jis karan vah bijapur par adhikar karane mean asaphal raha. aurangazeb ne naraz hokar jayasianh ko 1666 ee. mean vapas ane ka adesh diya. raste mean ‘burahanapur’ ki samip 11 julaee, 1666 ee. ko jayasianh ki mrityu ho gee.

disambar, 1672 ee. mean adilashah ki mrityu ke bad usaka alpavayask putr sikandar adilashah bijapur ka samrat bana. usake samay mean bijapur mean do gut-ek khavas khaan ke netritv mean evan doosara bahalol khaan ke netritv mean sakriy tha. donoan gutoan ke antarik matabhedoan ka fayada uthakar mugal soobedar bahadur khaan ne 1676 ee. mean bijapur par akraman kiya, parantu abhiyan asaphal raha. 1679 ee. mean diler khaan ko dakkan ka soobedar bana kar bijapur ko jitane ka adhikar sauanpa gaya, usake sahayog hetu shahalam bhi dakshin aya, parantu in donoan ko bhi asaphalata ka samana karana p da. aprail, 1685 ee. mean shahazada ajam ke netritv mean mugal senaoan ne bijapur par akraman kiya. kee mahinoan tak durg ko ghere rakhane par bhi koee saphalata nahian milane par 13 julaee, 1685 ee. ko svayan samrat aurangazeb ne akraman ki kaman apane hathoan mean le li. parinamasvaroop 22 sitambar, 1685 eean ko bijapur ke shasak sikandar adilashah ne atmasamarpan kar diya. aurangazeb ne sikandar shah ka svagat kiya aur use khan ka pad diya tatha ek lakh rupaye varshik peanshan bhi di aur use daulatabad ke durg mean qaid karava diya, jahaan 23 aprail, 1700 ee. ko isaki mrityu ho gee. antatah bijapur mugal adhikar mean a gaya.

golakunda

1656 ee. mean golakunda ke sultan evan mugal samrat ke bich huee sandhi ki avahelana karane, mugaloan ke sath sangharsh mean bijapur evan marathoan ko sahayog karane tatha hire-javaharat, sone-chaandi ke khanoan ki bharamar ke karan hi aurangazeb ne golakunda par adhikar karane ka nirnay kiya. golakunda par aurangazeb ke sainik abhiyan ke samay vahaan ka ayogy evan vilasapriy shasak abul hasan tha. shasan ki poori zimmedari ‘madanna’ aur ‘akanna’ namak brahmanoan ke hathoan mean thi. aurangazeb ne julaee, 1685 ee. mean ‘muajjam’ ko khanejahaan ke sath golakunda par adhikar ke lie bheja. sultan abul hasan ne dar kar mugaloan ki sabhi shartoan ko man kar sandhi kar li, parantu kalantar mean sultan ne sandhi ki avahelana karana prarambh kar diya, jis karan se svayan samrat aurangazeb ne 7 faravari, 1687 ee. ko akraman ki bagador sanbhalate hue lagabhag ath mahine ke athak prayas ke bad bhi saphalata nahian mili to, aurangazeb ne abdulagani namak ek afagan saradar ko lalach dekar phatak khulava liya aur 1697 ee. ko durg par adhikar kiya. sultan ko 50,000 rupaye ki varshik peanshan dekar ‘daulatabad’ ke qile mean qaid kar diya gaya. sath hi golakunda ka poorn vilay mugal samrajy mean ho gaya. is prakar kaha jata hai ki, 'jis prakar akabar ne asiragadh ka qila sone ki kuanjiyoan se khola, usi prakar aurangazeb ne golakunda ka qila sone ki kuanjiyoan se khola.

marathoan se sangharsh

1. mugaloan se shivaji ka pahala sangharsh 1656 ee. mean hua, jab shivaji ne ahamadanagar evan junnar ke qile par akraman kiya.
2. 1659 ee. me shivaji ne bijapuri saradar aphajal khaan ko haraya. 1663 ee. mean mugal soobedar shaista khaan ko parajit kiya.

shivaji ki dakshin mean badhati shakti ko kuchalane ke lie aurangazeb ne jayasianh ko dakshin bheja. jayasianh evan shivaji ke madhy 22 joon, 1665 ee. ko prasiddh 'purandar ki sandhi' huee. sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar shivaji ne 4 lakh hoon vale 23 qilean mugaloan ko sauanp die tatha apane putr shambhuji ko mugal seva mean bhejakar jayasianh ke kahane par svayan 22 march, 1666 ee. ko agara ke qilean mean ‘divane am’ mean aurangazeb ke samaksh prastut hue. yahaan se shivaji ko qaid kar ‘jayapur bhavan’ mean rakh diya gaya, jahaan se shivaji pharar ho gaye. isake bad shivaji tin varshoan tak mugaloan ke sath shanti poorvak rahe. aurangazeb ne unhean raja ki upadhi tatha barar mean ek jagir di tatha unake putr shambhuji ko 'panchahazari saradar' ke pad par niyukti kiya. shivaji ne ‘rayagadh’ mean 16 joon, 1674 ee. ko apana rajyabhishek karavakar ‘chhatrapati’ ki upadhi dharan ki. 14 aprail, 1680 ee. ko unaki mrityu ke bad unaka putr shambhuji maratha shasak bana. aurangazeb ne ek sangharsh mean 1 march, 1689 ee. ko usaki hatya kar rayagadh par adhikar kar liya. aurangazeb ko marathoan ke sangharsh mean kafi dhan-jan ki hani sahani p di. nepoliyan pratham kaha karata tha- "spen ke pho de ne mera nash kiya, vaise hi dakshin ke pho de ne aurangazeb ka nash kiya. aurangazeb ke patan ke sath-sath isane mugal samrajy ke patan ka marg bhi prashast kar diya".

aurangazeb ke viruddh hue mahattvapoorn vidroh

aurangazeb ki nitiyoan ke viruddh hue vidrohoan ke pichhe mahattvapoorn karan usaka rajatv siddhant tatha usaki dharmik asahishnuta thi. kisanoan ke vidroh ke pichhe bhoomi se ju de hue vivad, sikkhoan ke vidroh ke pichhe dharmik karan, rajapootoan ke vidroh ke pichhe uttaradhikar ki samasya evan afaganoan ke vidroh ke pichhe ek alag afagan rajy ke gathan ki bhavana kary kar rahi thi.

jat vidroh

dharmik asahishnuta evan kisan virodhi nitiyoan ke karan hi aurangazeb ke samay ka pahala vidroh mathura mean jat neta ‘gokula’ ke netritv mean 1669 ee. mean prarambh hua. mugal senapati abdul navi vidroh ko kuchalane ke prayas mean mara gaya. mugal faujadar hasan ali khaan ke netritv mean mugal sena ne gokul ko pak d kar usake sharir ko kee bhagoan mean baant dala. 1686 ee. mean jat neta ‘rajaram’ evan ‘ramachera’ ne jat vidroh ka netritv kiya. rajaram ne mugal senanayak mugir khaan ki hatya kar sikandara mean sthit akabar ke maqabare mean bhi loot-pat ki. itihasakar manoochi likhata hai ki, "usane akabar ki haddiyoan ko khod kar jala bhi diya". aurangazeb ke putr bidar bakhsh evan amer naresh vishan sianh ko ek vishal mugal sena ke sath bheja gaya. in donoan ko jatoan ke khilaf 1689 ee. mean saphalata mili aur rajaram sangharsh mean mara gaya. rajaram ke bad usake bhatije chooraman ne jat vidroh ka netritv sanbhala. chooraman ne svatantr bharatapur rajy ki nianv dali. yah aurangazeb ke antim samay tak jat vidroh ka netritv karata raha. aurangazeb ki niti ke viruddh doosare sashastr virodh ka netritv bundela raja chhatrasal ne kiya. shivaji ke drishtaant se protsahit hokar chhatrasal ne ‘sahas aur svatantrata ka jivan vyatit karane ka svapn dekha.’ usane mugaloan par kee vijay prapt kian tatha poorvi malava mean apane lie ek svatantr rajy sthapit karane mean saphal raha.

sikkh vidroh

16vian shatabdi mean ‘sikkh sampraday’ ki sthapana ‘guru nanak’ ji ne ki. sikkhoan ke chauthe guru ramadas ke samay gurutv ka pad paitrik ho gaya. amritasar ke prasiddh svarn mandir ka nirman unhian ke samay mean hua, jisake lie samrat akabar ne bhoomi upalabdh karavaee. 5vean guru arjun dev ke samay mean prasiddh sikkh granth ‘gurugranth sahib’ ka sankalan kiya gaya. guru arjun ne sikkh sampraday ko dridhata pradan karane ka prayas kiya. vidrohi shahazade khusaro ko guru ne apana ashirvad diya tha, jisaki vajah se 1606 ee. mean jahaangir ne guru ko phaansi de di. guru arjun ke putr guru haragoviand sianh ne shahajahaan ke viruddh vidroh kar usaki sena ko 1628 ee. mean parast kiya. athavean guru harakishan ke putr guru teg bahadur sianh ne aurangazeb ki nitiyoan ka virodh kiya tatha islam dharm svikar karane ka virodh kiya, jisaki vajah se unhean dilli mean qaid kar disambar, 1765 ee. mean mar diya gaya. teg bahadur ne apane dharm ko jivan se adhik pasand kiya. unake bare mean prasiddh ukti hai ki, “unhoanne apana sir diya sar n diya.” sikkh guruoan mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn guru govind sianh the. guru govind sianh evan kuchh paha di rajaoan ke daman ke lie aurangazeb ne pahale alap aur phir shahazade muajjam ko 1685 ee. mean bheja. muajjam paha di rajaoan ko dabane mean saphal hua, parantu guru govind ke sath apane sangharsh mean asaphal hokar usane shanti samajhauta kar kiya. guru govind ne ‘pahul pranali’ ko arambh kiya. is pranali mean dikshit hone vale vyakti ko ‘khalasa’ kaha gaya. ‘khalasa panth’ ki sthapana guru govind sianh ne 1699 ee. mean ki. unake dharm mean dikshit hone vale vyakti ko 'panch kakar'- kesh, kangha, kripan, kachchh aur k da grahan karana p data tha. unake dvara nam ke aant mean ‘sianh’ shabd ka prayog prarambh hua. guru govind ne ‘dasavean badashah ka granth’ namak ek poorak granth ka sanlakan kiya. ek dharmonmatt afagan ne 1707 ee. ke ant mean godavari nadi ke nikat naander namak sthan par guru govind sianh ko chhura mar diya, jisase unaki mrityu ho gee.

1701 ee. mean arangazeb ne kuchh paha di rajaoan ke sahayog se guru govind sianh ke durg anandapur par akraman kar diya. akraman ke samay mugal sena ka netritv sarahind ka soobedar vazir khaan ne kiya. kee mahine ke gherav ke bad sikkh guru ko anandapur se bhagakar ‘chamakaur’ mean sharan leni p di. mugal sena ke chamakaur pahuanchane par guru apana roop badal kar 1704 ee. mean bhag kar ‘khidarana’ (phirojapur) pahuanche. is antim yuddh mean guru govind sianh ne mugal sena ko parast kar diya. 1707 ee. mean aurangazeb ki mrityu ke bad mugal shakti kramashah kshin hoti gayi. sikkh saradaroan ne is avasar ka fayada utha kar chhote-chhote svatantr rajy sthapit kar lie.

satanami vidroh

1672 ee. mean satanamiyoan ka vidroh hua. ye mool roop se hindoo bhaktoan ke anupadravi sampraday the. inaka kendr naranol (patiyala) evan meval (alavar) kshetr mean tha. ye log vyapar evan kheti karate the. dharm ke mamale mean unhoanne satanam ki upadhi se apane ko sammanit kiya hai. satanamiyoan ke vidroh ka tatkalik karan tha- ek mugal paidal sainik dvara unake ek sadasy ki hatya karana. aprashikshit satanami kisan shighr hi vishal shahi fauj dvara parast ho gaye.

rajapoot vidroh

thumb|aurangazeb ka maqabara aurangazeb ne rajapootoan ke prati dharm ke kshetr mean anudarayata ki niti apanayi. quran ka kattar samarthak hone ke nate vah any dharmoan mukhyatah hindoo dharm ke prati bahut asahishnu tha. usane 12 aprail, 1679 ee. ko hinduoan par dobara ‘jaziya’ kar laga diya. sarvapratham jaziya kar marava d par lagoo kiya gaya. dharmik kriya-kalapoan, tyauharoan evan utsavoan ko pratibandhit karate hue aurangazeb ne hinduoan se ‘tirthayatra kar’ punah vasoolana shuroo kar diya. b di sankhya mean hindoo mandiroan ko to davane ka adesh dekar navin evan purane mandiroan ke nirman par poorn pratibandh laga diya gaya. aurangazeb ki in nitiyoan ka rajapootoan ke oopar pratyaksh prabhav p dana svabhavik tha.

adhunik itihasakaroan ka manana hai ki, aurangazeb mugal vansh ke any shasakoan ki tarah rajapootoan ke prati maitri bhav rakhata tha. aurangazeb ne yashavantasianh ko dara ka sahayog karane ke bad bhi purana manasab pradan kar gujarat ka soobedar banaya. aurangazeb ke samay mean hindoo manasabadaroan ki sankhya lagabhag 33 pratishat thi, jabaki shahajahaan ke samay mean yah pratishat matr 24.7 pratishat tha. phir bhi yah kaha ja sakata hai ki, rajapootoan ke prati aurangazeb ki niti sadaiv sahishnuta ki nahian thi. rajapootoan kean prati usaki kathor niti ka sarvadhik mahattvapoorn karan tha, rajapoot saradaroan dvara uttaradhikar ki l daee l da jana. mirza raja jayasianh apani mrityu tak (1666 ee.) aurangazeb ka mitr bana raha, kintu jayasianh ka putr ramasianh marathoan ka kattar samarthak tha.

meva d tatha marava d ke prati niti

marava d par aurangazeb ki nigahean kafi din se g di thian. 20 disambar, 1678 ee. ko ‘jamarudr’ mean maharaja yashavantasianh ki mrityu ke bad aurangazeb ne uttaradhikari ke abhav mean mugal samrajy ka bahut b da karz hone ka arop lagakar use ‘khalasa’ ke antargat kar liya. aurangazeb ne yashavantasianh ke bhatije ke bete indrasianh rathaur ko uttaradhikar shulk ke roop mean 36 lakh rupaye dene par jodhapur ka rana man liya. kalantar mean maharaja yashavantasianh ki vidhava se ek putr paida hua, jisaka nam ajit sianh rakha gaya. aurangazeb ne yashavantasianh ke putr aur uttaradhikari prithvi sianh ko zahar ki poshak pahanakar chalaki se marava diya. aurangazeb ne ajit sianh aur yashavantasianh ki raniyoan ko nooragadh ke qile mean qaid kara diya. aurangazeb ki shart thi ki, yadi ajit sianh islam dharm grahan kar le to, use marava d sauanp diya jayaga. rathaur neta durgadas kisi tarah se ajit sianh evan yashavantasianh ki vidhavaoan ko sath lekar jodhapur se bhagane mean saphal raha. rathaur durgadas ki apane desh ke prati niahsvarth bhakti ke lie kaha jata hai ki, ‘us sthir hriday ko mugaloan ka sona satyapath se diga n saka, mugaloan ke shastr dara nahian sake.’

marava d ke bad mugal sena ne hasanali khaan ke netritv me meva d ke naresh jayasianh (rana) par akraman kiya. is sangharsh mean durgadas tatha rathaur ke sainik bhi rana ke sath the, phir bhi 1 faravari, 1681 ee. ko rana parajit ho gaya. meva d mugaloan ke adhikar mean a gaya. shahazada akabar ko vahaan ka shasan sauanpa gaya. parantu kuchh samay bad rana rajasianh shahazada akabar ko parajit karane mean saphal raha. akabar ki parajay ke bad aurangazeb ne ajam ko chittau d bheja. kalantar mean usake (aurangazeb) tin putroan akabar, ajam evan muajjam ne tin or se meva d par akraman kiya, parantu ve ashiank saphalata hi prapt kar sake.

shahazade ka vidroh

is bich aurangazeb ke putr akabar ne durgadas ke bahakave mean akar apane pita ke khilaf vidroh ki ghoshana karate hue svayan ko 11 janavari, 1681 ee. ko bharat ka samrat ghoshit kar diya. us samay ajamer mean p dav dale aurangazeb ke pas itane bhi sainik nahian the ki, vah vidrohi shahazade ko dand de sake. parantu saubhagy se sahayog prapt nahian ho saka, jisaki apeksha se usane vidroh kiya tha. aurangazeb kootaniti ke sahayog ke sahare durgadas ko akabar se alag karane mean saphal hua. rajapootoan ke sahayog ke abhav mean antatah akabar ke samarthak mugal samrat ki sena mean mil gaye. yah sab 12 janavari, 1681 ee. ko ajamer ke ‘doraha’ namak sthan par hua, jahaan par donoan or ki senayean amane-samane thian. akabar rajapootoan ki sahayata se nirash hokar antatah shivaji ke putr shambhuji ke pas chala gaya, jahaan par 1704 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

meva d se sandhi (1681 ee.)

rana rajasianh ki mrityu ke bad rana jayasianh meva d ka shasak hua. 24 joon, 1681 ee. ko rana jayasianh evan aurangazeb ke madhy ek sandhi huee. sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar, aurangazeb ne poora meva d jayasianh ko vapas kar diya. jayasianh ne rajapootoan par ‘jaziya kar’ hatane ke badale mean aurangazeb ko ‘madalapur’ evan ‘bedanoor’ ka kshetr de diya. jayasianh ko mugal darabar mean 5000 ka manasabadar banaya gaya. sare mugal sainik meva d se vapas a gaye. kalantar mean aurangazeb ne dakshin abhiyan mean jayasianh ke sahayog dene ke karan use ‘bedanoor’ aur ‘madalapur’ ke kshetr vapas kar die.

marava d ki svadhinata

marava d ke ajit sianh evan durgadas tatha aurangazeb ke madhy lagabhag ‘tis varsh’ tak sangharsh hua, phir bhi mugal in rajapoot viroan ko kisi sandhi mean baandh sakane mean aksham rahe. antatah 1707 ee. mean aurangazeb ke bad 1709 ee. mean bahadurashah pratham ne ajit sianh ko marava d ke svatantr shasak ke roop mean svikar kiya.

pashchimi sima kshetr ka vidroh

is kshetr mean hue anek vidrohoan ka samana aurangazeb ko karana p da. us pradesh ke khetoan ki alp upaj ke karan vahaan ki sahasi afagan jatiyaan am s dakoan par dakaiti tatha uttar pashchim panjab ke samriddh nagaroan ke logoan ko darakar unase dhan aianthati thi. 1667 ee. mean yoosufajaiyoan ne bhagoo namak apane neta ke adhin sashastr vidroh kar diya. unaki ek vishal sankhya ne atak se oopar siandhu ko par kar hazara zile par akraman kiya. aurangazeb dvara bheje gaye kamil khaan, shamasher khaan evan amin khaan ne is vidroh ko shant kiya.

1627 ee. mean ajamal khaan ke netritv mean hue vidroh ko shant karane ke lie aurangazeb svayan peshavar ke nikat hasan abdal gaya tatha kootaniti evan shastroan ke chatur sanyog se b di saphalata prapt ki. bahut si afagan jatiyoan ko bheantean, peanshanean, jagirean evan pad dekar apane paksh mean kar liya. uttar pashchim ke vidroh ko dabane mean aurangazeb ne jahaan apani patni sahit any logoan ke paramarsh ke anusar mel-jol vali niti ka anusaran kiya, vahian do shaktiyoan ko apas mean takarakar unhean to dane ki niti ka bhi palan kiya. isamean sandeh nahian ki mugaloan ke sima yuddhoan ka aant saphalata ke sath hua. parantu usaka apratyaksh parinam samrajy ke lie ghatak siddh hua.

pashchimottar sima kshetr ka yah abhiyan aurangazeb ke lie kafi mahanga p da. dhan, jan ki hani ke sath dakshin bharat mean mugaloan ki sthiti kamazor huee. apane jivan ke antim samay mean aurangazeb ko apane kiye par ghor pachhatava hua tatha prayashchit ke sath hi usaki mrityu ho gee.

aurangazeb ki dharmik niti

samrat aurangazeb ne islam dharm ke mahatv ko svikarate hue ‘quran’ ko apane shasan ka adhar banaya. usane sikkoan par kalama khudavana, nauroj ka tyauhar manana, bhaang ki kheti karana, gana-bajana adi par rok laga di. 1663 ee. mean sati pratha par pratibandh lagaya. tirth kar punah lagaya. apane shasan kal ke 11 varsh mean ‘jharokha darshan’, 12vean varsh mean ‘tuladan pratha’ par pratibandh laga diya, 1668 ee. mean hindoo tyauharoan par pratibandh laga diya. 1699 ee. mean usane hindoo mandiroan ko to dane ka adesh diya. b de-b de nagaroan mean aurangazeb dvara ‘muhatasib’ (sarvajanik sadachara nirikshak) ko niyukt kiya gaya. 1669 ee. mean aurangazeb ne banaras ke ‘vishvanath mandir’ evan mathura ke ‘keshav ray madianr’ ko tu dava diya. usane shariyat ke viruddh lie jane vale lagabhag 80 karoan ko samapt karava diya. inhian mean ‘abavab’ nam se jana jane vala ‘rayadari’ (parivahan kar) aur ‘panadari’ (chuangi kar) namak sthaniy kar bhi shamil the. aurangazeb ‘darul harb’ (qaphiroan ka desh bharat) ko ‘darul islam’ (islam ka desh) mean parivartit karane ko apana mahattvapoorn lakshy manata tha.

atyachari vyakti

aurangazeb ke samay mean braj mean ane vale tirth−yatriyoan par bhari kar lagaya gaya. mandir nasht kiye lage, jaziya kar phir se lagaya gaya aur hinduoan ko musalaman banaya gaya. us samay ke kaviyoan ki rachanaoan mean aurangazeb ke atyacharoan ka ullekh is prakar hai-

jab tean sah takht par baithe . tab tean hindun tean ur aianthe ॥
mahange kar tirathan lagaye . dev-devalai nidari dhahae ॥
ghar-ghar baandhi jejiya linhean . apane man bhaye sab kinhe ॥ ( lal krit 'chhatr prakash' )

deval giravate phiravate nisan ali, aise doobe rav-rane sabi gaye lab ki ॥ (bhooshan kavi )

to de gaye mandiroan ki jagah par masjid aur saray banaee geean tatha makatab aur kasaeekhane qayam kiye gaye. hinduoan ke dil ko dukhane ke lie go−vadh karane ki khuli chhoot de di gee.

dharmacharyoan ka nishkraman

jab braj mean itana atyachar hone laga, tab yahaan ke dharmapran bhaktajan apani dev−moortiyaan aur dharmik pothiyoan ko lekar bhagane ka vichar karane lage. kiantu kahaan jayean, yah unake lie b di samasya thi. ve tirth sthanoan mean rah kar apana dharm−karm karana chahate the; kiantu yahaan rahana unake lie asanbhav ho gaya tha. mahatma 'soor kishor' ne us samay ke bhaktoan ki manosthiti ko is prakar vyakt kiya hai-

jahan tirath tahan jaman-bas, puni jivika n lahiyai. asan-basan jahan milai, tahaan satasangan paiyai॥
rah chor-batamar kutil, niradhan du:kh dehian. sahabasin sanh bair, door kahuan basai sanehi ॥
kahaian 'soor kisor' milaian nahian, jatha jog chahi jahaan. kalikal graseu ati prabal hiy, hay ram! rahiyai kahaan ? (mithila mahatmy, chhnd- 1)

mathura ki durdasha

us samay kuchh prabhavashali hindoo rajyoan ki sthiti aurangazeb ke mazahabi tanashahi se mukt thi; at: braj ke anek dharmachary evan bhaktajan apane parikar ke sath vahaan ja kar basane lage. us abhootapoorv dharmik nishkraman ke phalasvaroop braj mean govardhan aur gokul jaise samriddhishali dharmasthan uj d gaye, aur vrindavan shobhahin ho gaya tha. aurangazeb ke shasan mean braj ki jaisi barbadi huee, usaka varnan nahian kiya ja sakata hai. aurangazeb ke atyacharoan se mathura ki janata apane paitrik avasoan ko chho d kar nikatavarti hindoo rajaoan ke rajyoan mean jakar basane lagi thi. jo rah gaye the, ve b di kathin paristhiti mean apane jivan bita rahe the. us samay mean mathura ka koee mahattv nahian tha. usaki dharmikata ke sath hi sath usaki bhautik samriddhi bhi samapt ho gee thi. prashasan ki drishti se us samay mean mathura se adhik mahavan, sahar aur sadabad ka mahattv tha, vahaan musalamanoan ki sankhya bhi apekshakrit adhik thi.

aurangazeb ki mrityu

aurangazeb ke antim samay mean dakshin mean marathoan ka zor bahut badh gaya tha. unhean dabane mean shahi sena ko saphalata nahian mil rahi thi. isalie sanh 1683 mean aurangazeb svayan sena lekar dakshin gaya. vah rajadhani se door rahata hua, apane shasan−kal ke lagabhag aantim 25 varsh tak usi abhiyan mean raha. 50 varsh tak shasan karane ke bad usaki mrityu dakshin ke ahamadanagar mean 3 march sanh 1707 ee. mean ho gee. daulatabad mean sthit fakir buruhanuddin ki qabr ke ahate mean use daphana diya gaya. usaki niti ne itane virodhi paida kar diye, jis karan mugal samrajy ka aant hi ho gaya. vatarman kal ke vidvanoan ne aurangazeb ki niti ki alochana karate hue usake dushparinamoan ka ullekh kiya hai.

• pro. kadari ne likha hai- 'babar ne mugal rajy ke bhavan ke lie maidan saf kiya, humayooan ne usaki niv dali, akabar ne us par suandar bhavan kh da kiya, jahaangir ne use sajaya−sanvara, shahajahaan ne usamean nivas kar aannad kiya; kiantu aurangazeb ne use vidhvans kar diya tha.'
• da. ramadharisianh ka kathan hai− 'babar se lekar shahajahaan tak mugaloan ne bharat ki jis samajik sanskriti ko pal−pos kar kh da kiya tha, use aurangazeb ne ek hi jhatake se to d dala aur sath hi samrajy ki kamar bhi to d di. vah hinduoan ka hi nahian soophiyoan ka bhi dushman tha aur saramad jaise sant ko usane sooli par chadha diya.' aurangazeb ke putroan mean b de ka nam muazzam aur chhote ka nam azam tha. muazzam aurangazeb ki mrityu ke bad mugal samrat hua.

sthapaty nirman

1. aurangazeb ne 1674 ee. mean lahaur ki badashahi masjid banavaee thi.
2. aurangazeb ne dilli ke lal qile mean moti masjid banavaee thi.

samakalin sangitajn

1. sukhi sen
2. kalavant
3. kirapa
4. hayat sarasanain
5. rasabain khaan

tatkalin sahity

1. rafi khaan ka muntakhab ul tavarikh
2. mirza muhammad qazim ka 'alamagir nama'
3. muhammad saqi ka 'masire alamagiri'
4. sujanaray ka 'khulasat-ul-tavarikh'
5. eeshvaradas ka 'futuhate alamagiri'
6. bhamasen burahanapuri ka 'nuksha e-dilakushaan'

rajy ka vargikaran

aurangazeb ne rajy ka vargikaran kiya tha. 21 sooboan mean vibhakt tha, (14 soobe uttar bharat, 6 dakshin bharat aur 1 afaganistan)

sainy prabandh

aurangazeb ki sainy prabandh mean 60,000 gho de, 1,00000 paidal sainik, 50,000 ooant, 3,000 hathi the.

ullekhaniy kathan

sangit ki maut ho gee, isaki qabr itani gahari dafanana taki avaz asani se ne nikal sake. ise sadagi se mamooli safed kap de mean dafanaya jae aur koee maqabara n banaya jae.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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