औरंगज़ेब तथा दक्कन के राज्य

aurangazeb tatha dakkan ke rajy (1658-87)

dakkan rajyoan ke sath mugal badashah aurangazeb ke sambandhoan ko tin charanoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. 'pahala charan' 1668 ee. tak tha, jisake dauran mugaloan ka pramukh lakshy ahamadanagar rajy ke un kshetroan ko bhi bijapur se vapas lena tha, jo 1636 ee. ki sandhi ke aantargat bijapur ko mil gaye the. 'doosara charan' 1684 ee. tak chala, jisake dauran dakkan mean sabase adhik khatara marathoan ko samajha gaya aur mugaloan ne shivaji tatha usake putr shambhaji ke khilaf bijapur tatha golakunda ko apane paksh mean milane ke prayas kiye. sath hi mugaloan ne dakkan ke rajyoan ke kshetroan par bhi hamale shuroo kiye aur unhean poori tarah mugaloan ke adhin lane ka prayatn kiya. 'aantim charan' us samay shuroo hua jab marathoan ke khilaf bijapur tatha golakunda ka sahayog hasil karane se nirash hokar aurangazeb ne bijapur tatha golakunda ko hi poori tarah apane qabze mean karane ka nishchay kiya.

pratham charan (1658-1668 ee.)

1636 ki sandhi ke aantargat marathoan ke khilaf bijapur tatha golakunda ke samarthan ko prapt karane ke lie shahajahaan ne rishvat ke roop mean ahamadanagar rajy ke ek tihaee kshetr ko unhean dene ke alava yah vachan diya tha ki vah kabhi bhi bijapur tatha golakunda par qabza nahian karega. lekin is niti ka shahajahaan ne svayan hi tyag kar diya. 1657-58 mean golakunda tatha bijapur ke rajyoan ko mita dene ki dhamaki di gee. golakunda ko bahut b da harjana dena p da tatha bijapur ko 1636 mean mile nizamashahi kshetroan ko samarpit karana p da. mugaloan ne is kary ko is adhar par uchit thaharaya ki bijapur tatha golakunda ne karnatak ke vistrit kshetroan par qabza kar liya tha aur ve isake lie mugaloan ko harjana dene par isalie badhy the, kyoanki ye donoan rajy mugaloan ke adhin the tatha unaki vijay mugaloan ki tatasthata ke karan hi sambhav ho saki thi. isake alava dakkan mean mugal sena ka kharcha bahut adhik tha aur dakkan ke rajyoan se prapt rashi isake lie poori nahian p dati thi. bahut samay tak yah kharcha malava tatha gujarat ke khazane ki rashi se poora kiya jata raha.

aurangazeb ki aanshik saphalata

dakkan mean simit roop se age badhane ki mugaloan ki niti ke dooragami prabhav p de, jise n to shahajahaan aur n hi aurangazeb us samay poori tarah samajh sake. is niti ke karan hamesha ke lie mugaloan ki sandhiyaan tatha unake vayadoan ke prati avishvas ho gaya aur isake karan mugal, marathoan ke viruddh any shaktiyoan ko sangathit nahian kar sake. aurangazeb ne 25 varshoan tak is niti ki saphalata ke lie prayas kie, lekin use vishesh saphalata nahian mili.

dakkan ki samasyaean

aurangazeb ke samrat banane ke samay dakkan mean kee samasyaean usake samane sir uthaye kh di thian. inamean se do samasyaean bahut hi mahattvapoorn thian-

1. maratha chhatrapati shivaji ki badhati huee shakti
2. bijapur ko is bat ke lie razi karana ki vah 1636 ki sandhi ke aantargat prapt kshetroan ko mugaloan ko vapas kar de.

1657 mean kalyani tatha bidar ko vapas le liya gaya. 1660 mean rishvat dekar paranda bhi hasil kar liya gaya. lekin sholapur abhi bhi bacha tha. aurangazeb ne yah asha ki thi ki in pratikool paristhitiyoan se badhy hokar adilashah shivaji ke viruddh mugaloan ke abhiyan mean saharsh hi sath dega. par yah asha galat sabit huee. 1636 mean shivaji ke viruddh adilashah ka samarthan prapt karane ke lie shahajahaan ne use bahut b di rishvat di thi. aurangazeb adilashah ko 1636 mean prapt kshetroan ke alava aur kuchh de bhi nahian sakata tha. isake viparit aurangazeb ne adilashah dvara apanaye gaye asahayog ke ravaiye se krodhit hokar shivaji tatha adilashah donoan ko sabaq sikhane ke lie raja jayasianh ko dakkan bhej diya.

isase spasht hai ki aurangazeb ko mugal sena ki shakti tatha apane virodhiyoan ki kamazori par poora bharosa tha. lekin jayasianh bahut kushal kootanitijn tha. usane aurangazeb se kaha "in donoan moorkhoan par ek sath hamala karana meri nasamajhi hogi." us samay jayasianh hi akela mugal rajanitijn tha, jisane dakkan mean poori tarah age badhane ki niti ka samarthan kiya. jayasianh ka vishvas tha ki dakkan mean bina poorn akramak niti ke marathoan ki samasya nahian sulajhaee ja sakati. aurangazeb isi nishkarsh par bis varsh bad pahuancha.

jayasianh ki asaphalata tatha mrityu

bijapur ke viruddh abhiyan ki taiyari karate samay jayasianh ne aurangazeb ko likha tha- "bijapur vijay sare dakkan tatha karnatak ke vijay ki bhoomika hai." lekin aurangazeb itana sahasapoorn qadam uthane se hichakicha raha tha. usake karanoan ka keval aandaza lagaya ja sakata haian. us samay uttar pashchim mean eeran ke shasak ka khatara bana hua tha. udhar dakkan ka abhiyan b da lamba tatha kathin hota aur vahaan samrat ko svayan rahana p data, kyoanki itani b di sena kisi saradar ya kisi rajakumar ke netritv mean nahian chho di ja sakati thi. mahatvakaankshi shahajahaan ne is bat ko anubhav kiya tha aur isalie jab tak shahajahaan jivit tha, aurangazeb kisi door ke abhiyan par kaise ja sakata tha.

simit sadhanoan ke karan jayasianh ke bijapur abhiyan (1665) ko asaphal hona hi tha. is abhiyan ke karan dakkan ke rajy mugaloan ke khilaf sangathit ho gaye aur qutubashah ne bijapur ki sahayata ke lie ek b di sena bheji. dakkan ke rajyoan ne chhapamar niti apanaee. unhoanne jayasianh ko bijapur ke door-daraz kshetroan mean akraman karane diya, taki mugaloan ko vahaan bad mean koee rasad prapt n ho sake. jab jayasianh ko mahasoos hua ki vah shahar par hamala nahian kar sakata tha, kyoanki vah apane sath b di topoan ko nahian laya tha aur shahar ki gherabandi asambhav thi. pichhe lautana bhi use b da manhaga p da. jayasianh ke is abhiyan se mugaloan ko n to dhan aur n hi kisi kshetr ki prapti ho saki. is nirasha tatha aurangazeb ki narazagi ke karan hi jayasianh ki 1667 ee. akal mrityu ho gee. isake agale varsh 1668 mean mugaloan ne rishvat dekar sholapur ko hasil kar liya aur is prakar pratham charan samapt hua.

doosara charan (1668-1681 ee.)

1668 tatha 1676 ke bich mugal chupachap dakkan ki sthiti ko bhaanpate rahe. is avadhi mean golakunda mean 'madanna' tatha 'akhanna' ke shaktishali hone se dakkan ki rajaniti mean ek naya tatv paida ho gaya tha. ye donoan yogy bhaee 1672 se lekar 1687 mean is rajy ki samapti tak, vahaan ke raja jitane shaktishali bane rahe. in bhaiyoan ne golakunda, bijapur tatha shivaji ko sath milakar ek trigutiy shakti sthapit karane ka prayatn kiya. yah niti bijapur ke darabar ke aantarik jhag doan tatha shivaji ki asim mahatvakaanksha ke karan saphal nahian ho saki. bijapur ke vibhinn vargoan se yah asha bhi nahian ki ja sakati thi ki ve ek sthir niti par qayam rahean. apane tatkalik hitoan ke anusar ve kabhi to mugaloan ka sath dete aur kabhi unake khilaf ho jate the. shivaji bhi kabhi bijapur ko lootata to kabhi mugaloan ke viruddh sangharsh mean usaka sath deta. yadyapi aurangazeb dakkan mean marathoan ki badhati shakti se chintit tha, phir bhi vah dakkan mean mugal vistar par rok lagana chahata tha. isalie usane kee bar bijapur ki gaddi par aise shasak ko baithane ke prayas kie, jo shivaji ke viruddh mugaloan ka sath de aur golakunda se prabhavit n ho.

is niti ke aantargat mugaloan ne bijapur mean kee bar hastakshep kiya. pahali bar unhoanne 1676 mean hastakshep kiya, jab vahaan ke pratishasak khavas khaan ko jisane rishvat lekar shivaji ke khilaf mugaloan ka sath dene ka vachan diya tha, ukha d phaianka gaya. mugaloan ne khavas khaan ko apane afagan pratidvandviyoan ko samapt karane ke lie madad di. lekin is prayas mean mugaloan ko bijapur tatha golakunda ki sangathit shakti ka samana karana p da. yadyapi mugaloan ne rishvat ka rasta apanakar naladurg tatha gulavarg ko hasil kar liya, ve marathoan ke virodhi tatha apane paksh ke kisi shasak ko gaddi par baithane ke mool lakshy ko poora nahian kar sake.

aurangazeb ki niti

ab aurangazeb ne ek naya tariqa apanaya. usane mugal prashasak bahadur khaan ko vapas bulakar usaki jagah aise afagan saradar aur sainik diler khaan ko bheja, jisake bijapur ke afaganoan ke sath b de achchhe sambandh the. diler khaan ne afagan neta bahalol khaan par golakunda ke khilaf mugal abhiyan mean sath dene ke lie zor dala. golakunda ke shasak ne apani rajadhani mean shivaji ka khule dil se svagat kiya tha, kyoanki vahaan vastavik shakti madanna tatha akhanna ke hathoan mean thi. inhian bhaiyoan ke karan mugaloan tatha bijapur ka milajula abhiyan 1677 mean asaphal ho gaya. bijapur ke afagan ab musibat mean p d gaye aur unhean adilashahi samrajy ko bachane ke lie qutubashah ki sahayata maangani p di. qutubashah ne sahayata ke badale kuchh shartean rakhian, jinhean afaganoan ko manana p da. inake anusar dakkani gut ke neta sidi masood ko pratishasak banaya gaya tatha yah nishchay hua ki sidi masood ko afagan sainikoan ka vetan chukane aur usake bad unhean barkhast karane ke lie chhah lakh rupaye diye jaeange aur bijapuri prashasan ke kamakaj mean golakunda se ek salahakar bheja jaega. is salahakar pad par akhanna ko niyukt kiya gaya. bijapur tatha dakkan ki rajaniti mean haidarabad ke prabhav ka yah charmotkarsh tha.

shivaji ka samajhaute se alag rahana

kuchh samay tak shivaji is samajhaute se alag rahe. unhoanne apane karnatak ke abhiyan ke dauran looti gee sampatti ka hissa qutubashah ko dene se iankar kar usaka krodh mol le liya tha. ab is bat par samajhauta hua ki shivaji apani gatividhiyoan ko koankan tak hi simit rakheange. is sari sthiti mean sabase adhik anishchayata shivaji ke karan hi bani thi, jo apani bhoomika akele hi nibhana chahate the. karnatak se lautakar unhoanne hiansa ki niti jari rakhi aur bijapur ko apane paksh mean karane ka sh dayantr racha. sidi masood ne shivaji ko likha "ham p dosi haian. ham ek hi namak khate haian. rajy ke kalyan mean apaki aur hamari saman dilachaspi hai. hamara dushman hamean tabah karane ke lie din-rat prayatn kar raha hai. ham donoan ko sath milakar videshiyoan ko nikal dena chahie."

masood mugal saradar diler khaan se bhi mila. shanti prayas ke roop mean adilashah ne apani bahan, jisaki bahut pratishtha thi, ki shadi aurangazeb ke putr se karane ka vayada kiya. masood ne aurangazeb ki ajna-palan tatha shivaji ka sath n dene ka bhi vachan diya. lekin isi bich masood tatha shivaji ke bich chal rahi batachit ki khabar mugaloan ke kanoan tak pahuanch gee aur unhoanne 1679 mean bijapur par akraman karane ka nishchay kiya.

mugal rajanitik tatha sainik prayas

is prakar mugaloan ke rajanitik tatha sainik prayasoan ka parinam yahi hua ki unhoanne apane khilaf tinoan dakkani shaktiyoan ko sangathit ho jane ka avasar diya. bijapur ko qabze mean karane ka diler khaan ka akhiri prayas (1579-1580 ee.) bhi asaphal raha. kyoanki kisi bhi mugal prashasak ke pas aise sadhan nahian the, jisase vah dakkan ke rajyoan ki sangathit shakti ka muqabala kar sakata. isake alava is sangharsh mean karnatak ke paidal sainikoan ne bhi bahut mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. bijapur par dale gaye mugal ghere ko uthane ke lie virad ke shasak prem naik ne 30,000 sainik bheje. shivaji ne bhi bijapur ki sahayata ke lie ek b di sena bheji tatha charoan taraf mugaloan ke kshetroan par akraman arambh kar diya. is prakar diler khaan ke hathoan kuchh n laga. isake viparit mugal kshetr marathoan ke akramanoan ke lie khul ge. aurangazeb ne diler khaan ko bhi vapas bula liya.

1676 aur 1680 ke bich dakkan mean mugaloan ko koee vishesh saphalata hasil nahian huee. apane vidrohi putr rajakumar akabar ka pichha karate hue aurangazeb 1681 mean jab dakkan pahuancha, tab usane apani sari shakti shivaji ke l dake tatha uttaradhikari shambhaji ke khilaf laga di. bijapur tatha golakunda ko marathoan ka sath chho d dene par razi karane ke prayas kie ge. lekin usake prayasoan ka bhi vahi phal hua, jo pahale ke mugal saradaroan ki cheshtaoan ka hua tha. mugal ke khilaf marathe dhal ke saman the aur dakkan ke rajy yah nahian chahate the ki unaki yah suraksha samapt ho jae.

aurangazeb ki thos karravaee

ab aurangazeb ne thos qadam uthane ka nishchay kiya. usane adilashah ko apane adhin raja hone ke karan adesh diya ki vah mugal sena ko rasad de, mukt-roop se apane kshetr se hokar guzarane de tatha marathoan ke khilaf sangharsh ke lie 5000 se 6000 ghu dasavar de. usane mugaloan ka virodh karane vale pramukh bijapuri saradar sharazakhaan ko bhi barkhast karane ki maang ki. isase adilashah aur mugaloan ke bich ka matabhed ubhar kar samane ana hi tha. adilashah ne golakunda tatha shambhaji donoan se sahayata ka anurodh kiya aur use yah sahayata turant prapt huee. lekin isake bavajood dakkan rajyoan ki yah sangathit sena bhi mugal sena ki shakti ka muqabala nahian kar saki aur visheshakar jab, jaisa ki pahale bhi hua tha, isaka netritv svayan mugal samrat athava ek utsahi rajakumar ke hathoan mean ho. isake bavajood mugaloan ko atharah mahinoan tak ghera dal kar rahana p da. isake aantim charanoan mean sena ka netritv aurangazeb ne svayan apane hathoan mean le liya. aant mean 1686 mean bijapur ko har manani p di. jis kathinaee se yah abhiyan saphal hua, usase pahale ke jayasianh (1665) tatha diler khaan (1679-80) ke abhiyanoan ki asaphalata ki bat samajh mean ati hai.

mugaloan ka golakunda par adhikar

bijapur ke patan ke bad golakunda par mugaloan ka akraman nishchit tha. qutubashah ke itane pap the ki kshama nahian kie ja sakate the. usane gair-musalamanoan, madanna tatha akhanna ke hathoan mean itani shakti de di thi tatha anek avasaroan par shivaji ka sath diya tha. vishvasaghat ka usaka antim kary aurangazeb ki chetavani ke bavajood bijapur ki sahayata ke lie chalis hazar sainik bhejana tha. 1685 mean k de muqabale ke bad mugal golakunda par qabza karane mean saphal ho ge. samrat ne bahut harjane, kuchh kshetroan tatha madanna aur akhanna ki barkhastagi ke badale qutubashah ko kshama pradan karana svikar kiya. qutubashah bhi is bat par razi ho gaya. madanna aur akhanna ko ghasitakar s dak par laya gaya aur 1686 ee. mean unaki hatya kar di gee. lekin yah aparadh bhi qutubashahi rajy ko nahian bacha saka. bijapur ke patan ke bad aurangazeb ne qutubashah ko dand dene ka nishchay kiya. 1687 mean usane apana abhiyan arambh kiya aur chhah mahinoan ke bad rishvat tatha dhokhadh di se qile par qabza karane mean saphal raha.

aurangazeb vijayi to ho gaya tha, lekin use jaldi hi pata chal gaya ki bijapur tatha golakunda ka patan usaki kathinaiyoan ki shuruat hi thi. ab aurangazeb ke jivan ka akhiri aur sabase kathin charan arambh hua.

antim charan (1687-1707 ee.)

bijapur tatha golakunda ke patan ke bad aurangazeb ne apani sari shakti marathoan ke khilaf laga di. burahanapur tatha aurangabad par akramanoan ke alava naye maratha shasak shambhaji ne aurangazeb ke vidrohi putr rajakumar akabar ko sharan dekar aurangazeb ko ek b di chunauti di. aurangazeb ko is bat ka atyant bhay tha ki marathoan ke samarthan ka bal pakar mugal kshetroan mean rajakumar akabar ke akramanoan se ek lamba grihayriddh shuroo ho jaega. lekin udhar shambhaji ne rajakumar akabar ko poora samarthan n dekar apani shakti purtagaliyoan tatha sidiyoan ke khilaf vyarth ki l daee mean laga di. isase rajakumar akabar ka kshubdh hona svabhavik tha. jab aurangazeb bijapur tatha golakunda ke khilaf sangharshoan mean vyast tha, us samay bhi shambhaji ne rajakumar akabar ko b di matra mean sahayata dena asvikar kar diya. isi karan 1686 mean mugal kshetroan par rajakumar akabar ke akramanoan ko asani se asaphal kiya ja saka tha. nirash hokar rajakumar akabar samudr ke raste bhagakar eeran chala gaya. jahaan usane eeran ke raja se panah maangi.

shambhaji ki hatya

bijapur tatha golakunda ke patan ke bad bhi shambhaji apane vyasanoan mean tatha apane aantarik pratidvandviyoan se nipatane mean vyast raha. 1689 mean apane gupt adde, sangeshvar mean ekaek mugaloan ke akraman se shambhaji achanbhit rah gaya. use aurangazeb ke samane laya gaya aur vidrohi tatha qafir thahara kar usaki hatya kar di gee. yah aurangazeb ki nissandeh ek aur b di rajanitik galati thi. marathoan se samajhauta karake aurangazeb bijapur tatha golakunda par apani vijay ko pakka kar sakata tha. shambhaji ki hatya kar n keval usane isaka mauqa ganva diya, balki marathoan ko apana sangharsh aur tej karane ka bahana de diya. kisi ek shaktishali neta ke abhav mean maratha saradaroan ne khuleam mugal kshetroan mean lootapat arambh kar di. mugal sena ko dekhate hi ve idhar-udhar chhip jate the. marathoan ko samapt karane ke badale aurangazeb ne inhean sare dakkan mean apani gatividhiyoan ko badhane ka avasar diya. shambhaji ke chhote bhaee rajaram ka rajyabhishek to hua, lekin rajadhani par mugaloan ka akraman hota dekh vah vahaan se bhag nikala. rajaram ne bhagakar poorvi tat par jianji mean sharan li aur vahaan se mugaloan ke khilaf apane sangharsh ko jari rakha. is prakar marathoan ka vidroh pashchim se lekar poorvi tat tak phail gaya.

mugal shakti ka charamotkarsh

kuchh samay tak aurangazeb ne apane sare shatruoan ko samapt kar mugal shakti ko shikhar par pahuanch diya tha. usake kuchh saradar is ray ke the ki uttar bharat laut jana chahie aur marathoan ke khilaf sangharsh ka kam doosaroan par chho d dena chahie. isake alava aisa lagata hai ki ek aur paksh bhi tha, jise yuvaraj shahalam ka samarthan prapt tha aur jisaki ray thi ki karnatak ka rajy bijapur tatha golakunda ke adhinasth shasakoan par chho d diya jana chahie. aurangazeb ne in sabhi prastavoan ko asvikar kar diya. yahaan tak ki dakkan ke shasakoan se batachit karane ke lie shahalam ko bandi bana liya. usaka vishvas tha ki vah marathoan ki shakti ko kuchalane mean saphal ho gaya hai. is prakar 1690 ke bad aurangazeb ne karnatak ke vishal tatha samriddh kshetr ko bhi apane qabze mean karane par dhyan diya. lekin yah aurangazeb ke bas ke bahar ki bat thi. usane bijapur tatha golakunda ke rajyoan mean sthir prashasan qayam karane ke badale door-door tak akraman kie, jisase vibhinn kshetroan mean sampark sadhan door-door tak phail ge, jinaki raksha karana kathin tha aur jin par marathoan ne hamale karane shuroo kar die.

marathoan ka sangharsh

1690-1703 ke bich aurangazeb marathoan se samajhauta n karane ki apani zid par a da raha. usane jianji mean rajaram par ghera dal diya, jo bahut dinoan tak chala. 1698 mean jianji ka patan hua, lekin rajaram vahaan se nikal bhagane mean saphal ho gaya. idhar marathoan ka sangharsh aur tez ho gaya aur isase kee avasaroan par mugaloan ko b di hani uthani p di. marathoan ne kee qiloan ko vapas le liya aur rajaram bhi satara lautane mean saphal hua. in parajayoan se aurangazeb hatotsahit nahian hua. usane sabhi marathoan ke qiloan par punah qabza karane ki thani. 1700 se 1705 ke sadhe paanch varshoan tak aurangazeb apane rugn sharir ko ek qile se doosare qile tak dhota raha. badh, mahamari tatha marathoan ke chhapamaroan ne mugal sena ko tabah kar dala. anek sainik mare gaye. sainikoan tatha saradaroan ke bich asantosh tatha unaki thakavat badhati gee. unaka sahas bhi dhire-dhire khatm hota gaya. yahaan tak ki kee zagiradaroan ne marathoan ke sath gupt samajhaute kar unhean chauth dena svikar kar liya, taki marathe unaki zagiroan ko shanti se rahane dean.

marathoan tatha aurangazeb mean batachit

akhirakar 1703 mean aurangazeb ne marathoan ke sath batachit shuroo ki. vah shambhaji ke putr sahoo ko riha karane par sahamat ho gaya, jo satara mean apani maan ke sath bandi bana liya gaya tha. sahoo ke sath achchha bartav kiya gaya. use raja ki padavi tatha 7,000 ka manasab pradan kiya gaya tha. b da hone par usaki shadi pratishthit marathe parivaroan ki do l dakiyoan ke sath ki gee thi. aurangazeb sahoo ko shivaji ka svarajy tatha dakkan mean 'saradeshamukhi' ka adhikar dekar usaki vishesh haisiyat ko manyata pradan karane ke lie taiyar tha. sahoo ka svagat karane ke lie 70 se adhik marathe saradar ikatthe hue. lekin aurangazeb ne aantim kshan mean marathoan ke uddeshyoan ke prati ashankit hokar in sabhi taiyariyoan ko radd kar diya.

aurangazeb ki mrityu

1706 mean aurangazeb ko vishvas ho gaya ki marathoan ke sabhi qiloan par qabza karana usake bas ki bat nahian hai. usane dhire-dhire aurangabad ki or lautana shuroo kiya par raste mean marathoan ke akraman barabar us par hote rahe. is prakar 1707 mean aurangabad mean aurangazeb ne akhiri saans li. lekin is samay tak vah apane pichhe ek aisa samrajy chho d gaya, jo kshin p d gaya tha aur jisamean tarah-tarah ki aantarik samasyaean ubhar kar samane a rahian thian.

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