कंपोज़िंग

kanpoziang mudranalayoan (chhapekhanoan) mean us kriya ko kahate haian jisamean taip chhapaee ke lie kramanusar rakha jata hai. is kam ke lie ek chhate upakaran ki avashyakata p dati hai jise kanpoziang stik kahate haian. yah lagabhag 10 ianch lanbi aur 2 ianch chau di ek prakar ki tashtari hoti hai jo keval tin or se ghiri rahati hai. inamean se do or ki divarean achal rahati haian, parantu tisari or ki divar kisi bhi sthan mean kasi ja sakati hai, jisase bhitar ki chau daee ichchhanusar napi ja sakati hai. is stik mean taip ek-ek karake rakhe jate haian. pratyek taip ke parshv mean ek khaancha kata rahata hai, jise nik kahate haian. taip lak di ki b di-b di khanedar tashtariyoan mean rakhe rahate haian jinako kes kahate haian. kes lagabhag 32.. ianch lanba, 14.. ianch aur aur 11/3 ianch gahara hota hai. pratyek kes mean kee ghar rahate haian aur pratyek ghar mean ek prakar ke taip rahate haian. isalie taip uthate samay taip ki jaanch nahian karani p dati. udaharanat:, yadi k ko stik mean rakhana hai to k vale khane se taip utha liya jaega. aur use stik mean is prakar rakha jaeg ki nik baean hath ke aangoothe ki or p de. isi hath se stik pak di jati hai. isalie aangoothe se chhoote hi pata chala jata hai ki taip thik rakha gaya ya nahian. is prakar anubhavi kanpozitar (kanpoziang ka kam karanevala vyakti kanpozitar kahalata hai) keval paandulipi par drishti jamae b di shighrata se kanpoz karata chala jata hai.

kesoan mean ghar (khane) barabar nahian hote. jin aksharoan ki avashyakata adhik p dati hai ve b de rahate haian aur ve us kes mean rahate haian jo kanpojitar ke samip rahata hai. aangrezi kanpozig mean keval do kesoan se kam chal jata hai. pasavale kes ko nichala (loar kes) kahate haian; doosare kes ko oopari kes (apar kes) kaha jata hai, kyoanki vah kuchh adhik tirachha aur nichale kes ke oopari mathe se satakar rakha jata hai. aangreji ke nichale kes mean sadharanat: 53 khane rahate haian; oopari kes mean 98 akshar rahate haian. hiandi ki kanpoziang mean do kesoan se kam nahi chalata, char kesoan ki avashyakata p dati hai-nichala, oopari, dayaan, bayaan. inamean kramanusar aur ghar rahate haian. phir, jaisa chitroan se spasht hai, kuchh gharoan mean ek se adhik prakar ke taip rahate haian.

kanpoziang stik ko nichale kes ke lagabhag madhy ke pas rakhana chahie, jisase dahine hath ko yathasanbhav kam door hi chalana p de.

jab stik mean ek pankti lagabhag poori ho jati hai tab pankti ki lanbaee ko ghata badhakar use stik ki bhitari chau daee ke thik barabar karana p data hai (avashy hi stik ki chau daee avashyakatanusar pahale se hi thik nap kar li jati hai). lain ki lanbaee thik karane ko 'jastifaee' karana kahate haian. isake lie shabdoan ke bich lage dhatu ya patale tuk de lagae jate haian. achchhe karigar aisa prabandh karate haian ki shabdoan ke bich ke sab sthan pray: barabar rahean.

jab ek pankti kanpoz ho jati hai tab doosari pankti kanpoz ki jati hai, parantu bahudha panktiyoan ke bich kuchh atirikt sthan chho dane ke lie adesh rahata hai. tab ek pankti ke kanpoz hone ke bad aur doosari ki kanpoziang aranbh karane ke pahale dhatu ka chipata tuk da dal diya jata hai, jise led kahate haian. ledoan ki motaee sadharanat: 3 p aauiant (3/72 ianch) hoti hai. panktiyoan ke bich adhik sthan ki avashyakata hone par do-do led dal die jate haian. jis kanpoziang mean panktiyoan ke bich led nahian dala jata use thos kanpozig kahate haian. smaran rahe ki devanagari ke kuchh taipoan mean matraean taip ke sharir (b aaudi) se bahar badhi rahati haian, isalie bina led lagae unase kanpoz karane par matraean toot jati haian. is pustak mean kanpoziang barah p aauiant ke taip mean thos ki gee hai; isamean matraean taip ke sharir se bahar nahian badhi haian.

jab itani panktiyaan kanpoz ho jati haian ki stik pray: bhar jati hai tab kul kanpoz kie taipoan ko (jise maitar kahate haian) nikalakar ek chhichhali tashtari mean rakh dete haian. is tashtari ko gaili kahate haian. gaili ke tin or lagabhag adh ianch ooanchi, kh di divarean rahati haian. gaili ko kuchh tirachha rakha jata hai jisamean taip ludhakane n pae. stik se maitar nikalate samay b di savadhani se use charoan or se aanguliyoan ka sahara dena p data hai jisamean taip bikharane n paean.

jab svayan gaili lagabhag bhar jati hai, athava kanpoziang samapt ho jati hai, tab taip ko pusht dori se baandh diya jata hai aur taip par syahi ka belan pherakar ek pratichhap li jati hai. is pratichhap ko prooph ya gaili prooph kahate haian. prooph chhapane ka kam prooph pres mean kiya jata hai.

is prooph ko koee vyakti savadhani se padhata hai aur sab ashuddhiyoan par chihn lagakar likhata chalata hai ki kya sanshodhan karana chahie. mudranalayoan mean jo vyakti is kam ke lie niyukt rahata hai use prooph sanshodhak (prooph ridar) kaha jata hai. samay bachane ke lie prooph sanshodhan mean vishesh chihnoan ka prayog kiya jata hai.

jab sanshodhit prooph kanpozitar ke pas ata hai, tab vah maitar ko baandhanevali dori khol dalata hai aur prooph par aankit ashuddh aksharoan ko maitar se chimati dvara nikalakar kesoan mean yathasthan rakh deta hai aur unake badale shuddh akshar lagata chalata hai tatha any avashyak sanshodhan karata hai. sanshodhit maitar ko khandoan mean baantakar prishthoan ke anusar laga diya jata hai, prishth sankhya kanpoz kar di jati hai aur prishth ka shirshak bhi (jise foliyo kahate haian) laga diya jata hai.

jab kahian bhi koee ashuddhi nahian rah jati tab maitar mashin vibhag ko chhapane ke lie sauanp diya jata hai.

mashin se kanpojiang

mashin se kanpoziang do prakar se ho sakati hai. ek mean poori-poori panktiyaan ek sath tuk de mean dhalati haian; doosare mean ek-ek akshar dhalate haian. lain dhalanevali mashinoan ke udaharan lainotaip aur iantarataip mashinean haian.in mashinoan mean pratyek taip ke lie kee ek saanche rahate haian jinako maitriks kahate haian. mashin mean chabhiyoan ka samooh (kuanjipatal) rahata hai. ek chabhi (kuanbhi) dabane se us chabhivala ek akshar utarata hai. chabhi dabane ka kam lagabhag usi prakar ka hota hai jaise sadharan taiparaitar mean, keval chhote aur b de (kaipital) aangreji akshar sab kuanjipatan par alag-alag rahate haian. jab pankti lagabhag poori ho jati hai tab ek muthiya aianthi jati hai sab kanpoz kie hue saanche dhalane ki sthiti mean a jate haian aur pankti jastifaee ho jati hai, arthath‌ lanbaee ki kami poori ho jati hai. pratyek spes dohara hota hai aur pratyek adha bhag, sphan roopi hota hai. isalie dabane par dohare spes ki sammilit motaee badh jati hai aur is prakar pankti jastifaee ho jati hai. tab pighali dhatu saanche ke samane date khokhale baks mean bhar jati hai, jisase pankti dhal jati hai. saanche ke karan is dhali pankti ke mathe par kanpoz kie akshar ban jate haian. phir mashin mean lagi chhuriyaan is dhale chh d ko bagal aur niche se nam matr chhil deti haian, jisamean motaee aur ooanchaee sachchi ho jae. tab dhali pankti gaili mean ja girati hai. udhar saanchevale akshar mashin ke mathe par pahuanch jate haian. unaki padi mean tale ki chabhiyoan ki bhaanti daant bane rahate haian. inake karan ve apane-apane gharoan mean ja girate haian. is prakar tho de se hi saanchoan se barabar kam hota rahata hai.

isamean aksharoan ke anusar kagaj mean pahale chhed kiya jata hai. pratyek shabd ke bad spesavali chabhi dabakar spes lagate haian.

aisi mashinoan se kanpoziang ka kam b di shighrata se hota hai. k di dhatu se bane rahane ke karan saanche bahut dinoan tak ne ki bhaanti bane rahate haian, at: unase dhala taip bahut tikshn rahata hai aur chhapaee achchhi hoti hai. samacharapatroan ki chhapaee mean is mashin ki vishesh upayogita hai, kyoanki maitar panktiyoan mean dhala rahata hai jisase usake bikharane ka dar nahian rahata. parantu sath hi yah asuvidha bhi hai ki kanpoziang mean kahian ashuddhi ho jane se poori pankti phir se kanpoz karani p dati hai. phir, kanpoziang mean ek do shabd chhoot jane se kee panktiyoan ko kam spes lagakar phir se kanpoz karana p data hai jisase chhoota hua shabd yathasthan lag sake.

monotaip

alag-alag taip dhalakar kanpoz karanevali mashin abhi keval ek kanpani banati hai. mashin ka nam monotaip. vastut: isamean tin prithak mashinoan ki avashyakata p dati hai. ek mashin to panp hai jo hava ko sanpidit karake (dabakar) ek tanki mean bharati rahati hai. is sanpidit vayu ki avashyakata shesh donoan mashinoan mean p dati haian. ek mashin bahut b de taiparaitar ki tarah hoti hai jisamean 225 ya adhik chabhiyaan rahati haian. chabhi dabane par sanpidit vayu ke bal se ek pankti mean lagi tis suiyoan mean se sadharanat: do suiyaan uthati haian jo ek puliande mean se nikale kagaj mean do chhed kar deti haian (dr. chitr 12). chhed hone ka dhang yah hai ki kagaj ki tikali katakar nikal jati hai. pratyek chabhi se chhed vibhinn sthanoan mean hote haian. ek pankti mean do chhed ho jane par kagaj tho da age badh jata hai aur tab doosari pankti mean chhed hote haian.

doosari mashin mean akshar dhalate haian. pahali mashin se chhed kiya kagaj is mashin mean chadha diya jata hai. kagaj ek belan par chipak kar baithata hai aur usake oopar ek ardhanalika chapakakar baithati hai. is ardhanalika mean sanpidit vayu ati rahati hai. kagaj ke chhedoan ki koee pankti poorvokt belan ke chhedoan ki pankti par ati hai, tab kagaj ke donoan chhedoan mean se sanpidit vayu belan ke bhitar ki do nalikaoan mean ghusati hai. belan ke bhitar 30 nalikaean rahati haian aur pratyek ka sira belan ke ek chhed se sanbaddh rahata hai. jab kisi nalika mean vayu ghusati hai to usake doosare sire se sanbaddh khooanti sanpidit vayu ke bal se uth jati hai. 15 khooantiyaan ek patt mean se nikalati haian; 15 ek any patt se. aksharoan ke saanche 3 ianchavh3 ianch ke phrem mean kase rahate haian (dr. chitr 13). yah phrem kamani ke bal se poorvokt khooantiyoan se ja datata hai. man lean, 15 khooantiyoan ka pahala samooh phrem ke thik uttar mean hai aur doosara samooh thik pashchim mean, to any phrem niche lage ek khaanche ke thik uttar chala ja sakata hai aur dakshin ke khaanche par. phrem aur pahala khaancha donoan sath hi poorab-pashchim chal sakate haian. jab phrem uttar aur pashchimavali khooantiyoan se ja datega tab usi akshar ka saancha panp ke muanh par p dega jisake lie kanpoz karate samay chabhi dabaee gee thi. ab ek kamani saanche ko ek khokhale chhed par daba degi (jisaki chau daee akshar ki chau daee ke anusar ghatati-badhati rahati hai) aur niche se pighali dhatu panp dvara akar dhal jaegi. phir mashin svayan is akshar ko khianch le jaegi, doosara akshar dhalega, phir any akshar, aur pankti poori ho jane par ek huk use khianchakar gaili mean pahuancha dega. udhar phrem dhila hokar apani prasthan sthiti mean pahuanch jaega aur vahaan se chalakar any khooantiyoan se ja datega.

panktiyaan sab poori nap ki (arthath‌ jastifaee hokar) nikalati haian. karan yah hai ki kanpoz karate samay pankti lagabhag poori hone par karyakarta (aauparetar) mashin mean lage soochak ko dekhakar samajh jata hai ki kitane mote spesoan ke lagane par pankti hogi aur vah usi anuroop vishesh kuanji ko dabata hai. aksharoan ka dhalana ulati or se aranbh hota hai, arthath‌ aantim chhed ka akshar pahale dhala jata hai aur jab kisi nee pankti ki dhalaee aranbh ki jati hai to mashin ka ek puraja aisi sthiti mean a jata hai ki dabi gee chabhiyoan ke anusar vaanchhit nap ke hi spes us pankti mean dhalate haian.

saanche k di dhatu ke bane rahate haian. isalie unase bahut dinoan tak badhiya taip dhalata rahata hai aur chhapaee b di suandar hoti hai. asuvidha yahi hai ki devanagari ke lie ine-gine prakar ke hi saanche milate haian, yadyapi aangreji ke lie saiank doan akar prakar ke akshar dhal sakate haian. (m.la.ja.)

devanagari ki kanpoziang

devanagari ki kanpoziang mean do karanoan se vishesh kathinaee p dati hai :

1. matraoan ka oopar niche lagana;
2. sanyuktaksharoan ki bahulata.

kanpoz karane ki riti se yah spasht hai ki yadi taipoan ko kisi ek doosare ki bagal mean lagana ho tabhi kary sugamata se ho sakata hai. parantu devanagari mean i, ee, u, oo, rri, e, ai, au, aan, aan, aan, aau, ki matraean (arthath‌ , i, u, oo, ri, e, ai, o, au, an, an, aan aau) aur ( h‌ ) ye aksharoan ke oopar tatha niche avashyakatanusar matraean tatha spes kanpoz kie jate haian, arthath‌ ek pankti shabdavali kanpoz karane ke lie vastut: panktiyaan kanpoz karani p dati haian; ek mean oopar laganevali matraean tatha spes, jaisa chitr se spasht haian. is shaili mean kuan ya isi prakar ke any matrayukt akshar kanpoz karane ke lie kam se kam tin tuk de, aur akshar se matraean chhoti hone par matraoan ko bich mean lane ke lie char any spesoan (dhatu ke tuk doan) ki avashyakata p dati hai. isalie aisi kanpoziang mean samay adhik lagata hai. 12 tatha 16 p aauiant ke aksharoan mean banbiya shaili ka prayog pray: nahian hota, kyoanki unamean matraoan ko itani chhoti tuk diyoan par rakhana p data hai ki unako uthana aur stik mean baithana kathin kary ho jata hai. (1 u p aauiant 1/72 ianch).

12 tatha 16 p aauiant ke taipoan ke lie sadharanat: 'akhand' shaili ka prayog hota hai. isamean akshar aur bar-bar anevali matraean ek sath dhali rahati haian. udaharanat: taipoan mean k, ku, koo, kri, ke, kai akshar bhi dhale mileange. parantu isase taipoan ki sankhya chhah guni ho jati hai. itana hi nahian, jab in matraoan ke sath anusvar, reph adi ka bhi prayog karana p data hai jab aise ku ki avashyakata p dati hai jisake oopar anusvar (biandi) lag sake. isake lie taip ke mathe par chool kata rahata hai aur bagal ke niche se dhatu kati rahati hai. isi bagal mean dhatu ka doosara tuk da a baithata hai. is doosare tuk de mean ek aang ek bagal bina peandi ka sahara pae badha rahata hai, jo pradhan akshar ki chool par ja baithata hai. chitr se yah bat spasht ho jaegi. taip ke mukh de ke us bhag ko karn kahate haian jo sharir ke bahar badha rahata hai .

is riti se kam to chal jata hai, parantu aangreji ki kanpozig ki tulana mean, jisamean kahian chool nahian baithana p data aur keval itailik ef ya je mean karn rahata hai, devanagari ki kanpoziang ke samay adhik lagata hai. phir, bagal se bithaee gee matraean bahudha toot jati haian. karan yah hai ki jahaan pradhan taip ki chool par bagal se akar matra baithati hai vahaan taipoan ki ooanchaiyoan mean kuchh aantar rah jane se matravale taip ka ek aang bina adhar ka rah jata hai aur chhapaee ke samay dab p dane par matra kahian bhi n tooti ho. gita pres (gorakhapur) se chhapi gita mean prashansaniy prayatn kiya gaya hai ki kahian ashuddhi n hone pae aur jahaan kahian bhi matra toot gee hai athava koee any ashuddhi ho gee vahaan chhapi pustak mean hath se sanshodhan kar diya gaya hai; parantu itani savadhani baratane par bhi kahian-kahian matra ke karan utpann huee ashuddhi (kam se kam meri prati mean, jo ekadash sanskaran ki hai) rah gee hai.

bagal se chool baithane ke karan devanagari mean paryapt chhote taip nahian milate. aangreji mean 4.. p aauiant tak mean, hath se kanpoz ke lie maitar se, chhapaee suvidhasahit ho sakati hai aur 3 p aauiant tak ka taip banata hai, parantu hiandi mean 6 p aauiant ka taip bhi abhi kisi granth ke chhapane mean prayukt nahian kiya ja sakata hai. kosh adi ki chhapaee mean isase b di kathinaee p dati hai. yadi hiandi-shabd-sagar, jisamean 4,300 prishth haian, 12 p aauiant taip mean ledayukt chhapane ke badale 6 p aauiant thos mean chhap sakata to kul samagri 800 prishthoan mean hi a jati aur isaka mooly bhi panchamaansh ho jata hai. isase hiandi ki jo seva hoti usaki kalpana pathak svayan kar sakate haian. kosh adi lagatar ghantoan tak nahian padhe jate; do char minat mean kam chal jata hai. isalie kosh ke chhote taip se aankhoan par vishesh bal nahian p data. bebstar ke prasiddh aangreji kosh mean adhikatar 5 p aauiant ka taip vyavahrit hua hai jisase ek ianch meean 14 panktiyaan a jati haian. yadi yah bhi hiandi vishvakosh ki bhaanti 12 p aauiant mean ledayukt chhapata to do jildoan ke badale yah utani hi b di tatha utani hi moti 14 jildoan mean sanpoorn hota.

sanyukt aksharoan se kathinaee

devanagari mean sanyukt akshar banane ki do ritiyaan haian. ek riti mean akshar ko adha karake usaki bagal mean samoocha rakh diya jata hai; doosari mean akshar ek ke niche ek likhe jate haian. udaharanarth :

panchajanyan hrishikesho devadattan dhananjay:-

ki tulana

panchajanyan hrishikesho devadattan dhananjay:

se karean. doosari pankti mean nha ke niche ch tatha j haian. is paddhati ke oopar likha adha akshar (arthath‌ halh‌) aur niche likha akshar poora samajha jata hai.

devanagari ke jin aksharoan mean dahini or kh di rekha hai unaka adha banana saral hai; keval kh di rekha chho d di jati hai. is prakar hamean khh , gh, dhh , chh , jh, nh , nh, th, thh , dhh , nh , ph , bh , bhh , mh , yh , lh , vh , shh , shh , sh , mil jate haian. shesh aksharoan mean se k, jh, ph, h ki dahini arevali taang ko sidhi aur chhoti kar dene se kam chal jata hai, yatha kh, jhh, phh, hh‌. inamean se aantim arthath‌ h ka adha roop, hal hi mean chala hai; ise sanbhavat: monotaipavaloan ne chalaya hai. ab bach jate haian 10 akshar : n, chh, t, th, d, d, dh, dh, d tatha r. inake adhe banane ki koee sugam riti nahian nikal paee hai, yadyapi avashyakata p dane par halh‌ lagakar kam chala hi liya jata hai. uttar pradesh ki nagari lipi sudhar samiti (1954) ne to sujhav diya tha ki jahaan kahi in aksharoan ke adhe ka kam p de vahaan halh‌ se kam liya jae, parantu janata ke ek mahatvapoorn aang ko yah bat pasand nahian aee.

jab poorvokt aksharoan ka adha ban nahian pata, aur halh‌ ka prayog pasand nahian hota, tab aksharoan ko oopar niche likhane ki pratha apanani p dati hai. ye sanyuktakshar kahalate haian. udaharan ke lie d par vichar karean. adhe d ke bad k, kh, g adi mean jo akshar a sakate haian unamean se pratyek ke lie prithak sanyukt akshar kataip rakhana p data hai. udaharanarth

shrimadbhagavadgita

dekhie, inamean dbh aur dg ye taip d tatha bh athavad aur g ke taipoan ko jo dane se nahi bane haian. inake lie prithak taip rahate haian. isi prakar ddh, dd, dm, dy, dr, dv ke bhi taip rahate haian. sach poochhie to kee ek any sanyukt taip bhi chahie jisamean d adha aur paravarti akshar poora rahe, parantu jhanjhat kam karane ke lie vahaan dh se kam chala liya jata hai. phir, un sanyukt aksharoan ke taipoan mean, jo bane hue rakhe jate haian, bahudha u, oo, e, ai ki matraean bhi lagani p dati haian. chahie to matrayukt bhi akhand taip, parantu sadharanat: poorvokt matrarahit sanyuktaksharoan mean chool kate taip bhi rahate haian aur bagal se matraean laga di jati haian. n, chh, t, th, d, dh, tatha d, dh, h ke lie ye hi batean lagoo haian. kuchh sanyukt taip rahate haian, any sthanoan mean halh‌ se kam chalata hai; matraean lagani hoti haian to chool kate taipoan se kam chalaya jatahai; kuchh sanyuktakshar aise bhi haian jo adhe aksharoan se ban sakate haian, parantu unaka koee vishesh roop bhi prachalit hai, jaise tt, jh, hm, kt, ksh, r ka sthan nirala hai. adha r reph kahalata hai aur aksharoan ke oopar lagata hai, yatha dharm. yahaan bhi vastut: rm ke lie akhand taip hota to achchha hota; tab reph ke toot jane ka dar nahian rahata. parantu kitane sanyukt aksharoan aur matrasahit sanyukt aksharoan ke taip rakhe jaean? yadi koee pran kar le ki ek bhi chool kata akshar n rakha jaega aur koee bhi sanyukt hakshar halh‌ se n banaya jaega to sanbhavat: itane taip ho jaeange ki prachalit char kesoan ke badale 20 kesoan mean taip bharane ki avashkata p d jaegi. ise koee atishayokti n samajhe, kyoanki sadharan vyanjanoan ke atirikt biandiyukt vyanjan bhi haian (jaise q, kh, gha ityadi) aur matraean keval utani hi nahian jitani oopar ginaee gee haian aur n sanyuktakshar utane hi haian jinake lie oopar sanket kiya gaya hai. do matraean ek sath a sakati haian aur reph ke sath bhi. sanyuktakshar tin aksharoan ke mel se bhi banate haian. sadharanat: matraoan mean nimnalikhit mel rakhe jate haian :

a i u oo e ai o au an an : aan aan ' ian an an an ean aian oan auan rh arh rhi irh rh an u oo erh ai rh orh aurh , an arh rh i rh an u oo erh ai rh orh ri rirh aau

aur in sab ka upayog chool kate aksharoan ke sath hota hai.

r ka roop pahale a tatha. ab bhi dehatoan mean baniyoan ki dookanoan par gram 1 mean r ka prachin roop milata hai. tr ke niche laga r bhi isi roop ka ek aansh hai. mera anuman hai ki drut gati se likhane mean gr ki baeean taang chhoti hoti gee aur dahini tirachhi tatha b di, aur is prakar isi akshar ne r roop dharan kar liya. yadi yah anuman ashuddh ho to bhi koee hani nahian. itana nirvivad hai ki gr ka prachin roop ab bhi sanyukt roop se laga hua hai. isi prakar gr, hghra ityadi aksharoan mean bhi. tr mean to yah spasht hi pahachana ja sakata hai. prashn yah hai jab gr badalakar r ho gaya hai to kyoan n ham navin roop ka hi prayog sarvatr karean. kyoan n ham ab prasad ko prasad likhean, kram ko kram. jahaan tak maian samajh paya hooan, prasad adi ke prachalit n hone ka karan yah hai ki taipavaloan ke pas saancha bana hai, ve kr, gr, hghra ityadi dhalate chale ae haian. isalie jab unase sab prakar ka taip ikattha mangaya jata hai to usamean gr, gr adi bhi rakh dete haian. jab taip a jata hai to kanpozitar bhi unaka prayog karane hi lagata hai. phir pathak bachapan se kr, gr, hghra, . . . dekhate hae haian. unhean kr, gr, ghr, . . . khatakate haian, yadyapi ve bhasha ke niyamoan se poornataya shuddh haian. parinam yah hota hai ki parinam dharra chala chalata hai aur kanpozitaroan ke kesoan mean kre, gre, hghro . . . ke lie bhi ghar rakhana p data hai, ek sada, ek chool kata, kyoanki in sanyuktaksharoan par matraean bahudha lagani p dati haian.

kuchh sanyuktakshar bekar hi prachalit haian, kyoanki unake badale adhe akshar se bane sanyuktakshar ka prayog sugamata se ho sakata hai. kuchh udaharan gita prase ki gita mean die ja rahe haian, aur pratyek ke niche unaka saralikrit roop bhi dikhalaya ja raha hai.

tt nn shv kt

chch shch shtv shtva sht tt nn shv kt pt

hy

nch shtr hy kn ghn jj str gn

brahmavidbrahmani bhuankte puangav shankh kaankshe

sugam chhapaee ke lie lipi mean sudhar

yah sarvamany hai ki hamari nagari lipi any lipiyoan ki tulana mean bahut vaijnanik hai. parantu isamean kuchh trutiyaan bhi haian. ek to yah ki sabhi ikaraant shabdoan ke uchcharan mean i ka uchcharan aant mean hota hai, parantu matra likhi jati hai pahale, jaise buddhi. buddhi ke uchcharan mean spashtataya pahale budh ka uchcharan hota hai, phir jihva dhh‌ ke sthan par jati hai aur aant i se milakar usaka uchcharan hota hai; parantu prachalit shaili mean i ki matra pahale likhi jati hai. ikaraant kahane se hi bodh hota hai ki i aant mean hai. isi vichar se nagari lipi sudhar samiti (lakhanoo, 1954) ne prastavit kiya ki i ki matra bhi aksharoan ke dahini or likhi jae. parantu nagari lipi sudhar samiti (lakhanoo, 1956) ne is prastav ko radd kar diya, kyoanki yah janata ko pasand nahian tha aur unaka kahana tha ki ghe tatha o mean vishesh aantar n hone se aantatogatva bhasha bhrasht ho jaegi. yadyapi aangreji likhane mean a tatha dd ka bhed keval kh di rekha ki lanbaee par nirbhar hai, aur prastavit shaili mean hrasv matra ko bahut chhoti aur dirgh matra ko bahut lanbi banana bhi sanbhav tha, yatha

ki ri ti

kiantu is jhag de ko phir uthana bekar hai. parantu yadi hrasv i ki matra ko dahini or laya ja sakatato bagal se laganevali nimnalikhit matraean aur matrayukt reph, anusvar adi, jo bahut durbal hote haian aur shighr hi tootate haian, dahini or jakar pusht ho jate :

rhi rhi

parantu isase kahian adhik sudhar yah hai ki , i, u , oo , ,e ,ai o, au, an ka roop tho da badal diya jae aur unako aksharoan ki bagal mean is prakar lagaya jae ki chool kate aksharoan ki avashyakata n p de aur kahian bhi kisi matra ka koee aang kisi akshar ke kisi aang par chadha n rahe. lainotaip valoan ne aisa sudhar kiya hai. unaki mashin se hiandi ki kanpoziang 'saptahik hiandustan' vale apani patrika mean karate haian. ek banagi niche di jati hai :

isamean sandeh nahian ki yah paryapt supathy hai, parantu isamean unnati ki ja sakati hai, visheshakar matraoan ke roop mean, jisamean e tatha ki matraoan ke oopari bhag sadaiv paraspar samaantar rahean. phir, ek do akshar kuchh vishesh suandar banae ja sakate haian.

hath ki kanpojiang mean lainotaip mean ki paripati par bane aksharoan ke prayog se bahut kuchh samay aur pooanji ki bachat ho sakati hai. mudrakoan, taip dizain karanevaloan aur taip dhalanevaloan ko idhar dhyan dena chahie. janata ko bhi sudhare taipoan ko apanana chahie, kyoanki isase adhik shuddh pathaniy samagri unako mila karegi, chhapaee kuchh sasti ho jaegi aur chhote aksharoan ke prayog se kosh adi adhik chhote, halke aur saste dam mean mil sakeange.

hiandi sahity sammelan ne apane ek prastav dvara sujhav diya tha ki chhote taipoan ke lie aksharoan ki shirorekha vaikalpik rahe, arthath‌ yadi mudrak chahe to bina shirorekha ke aksharoan ka upayog kare. aise aksharoan se chhah p aauiant ki thos chhapaee ho sakati hai

ek kam jo pratyek mudrak bina paisa kau di kharch kie kar sakata hai yah hai ki vah aise sanyuktakshar ka taip kabhi bhi mol n le jo kisi adhe akshar se ban sakata hai. isake atirikt jahaan halh‌ ka lagana anupayukt n jan p de vahaan anivary roop se halh‌ se hi kam chalae. aisa un sab jagahoan mean kiya ja sakata hai jahaan uchcharan mean svabhavik rukavat a sakati hai, jaise 'shrimadbhagavadgita' chhapane mean.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh