कंबुज

• hiand-chin ka prachin hiandoo upanivesh jise kanbodiya kaha jata hai.
• isaki sthapana 7vian shati ke pashchath huee thi aur tatpashchath 700 varshoan tak kanbuj ke vaibhav tatha aishvary ka yug raha.

lokakatha

• kanbodiya ki ek prachin lokakatha mean ary desh ya bharat ke raja svayanbhuv dvara kanbuj rajy ki sthapana ka varnan hai.
• yahaan ka sarvapratham aitihasik raja shrutavarmanh tha jisake is desh ko phoonan ke shasan se mukt karake ek svantatr rajy sthapit kiya.
• yahaan ki tatkalin rajadhani shreshthapur mean thi jisaka namakaran kanbuj ke dvitiy raja shreshthavarmanh ke nam par hua tha.
• isaki sthiti vartaman laos mean vataphoo paha di ke parivarti pradesh mean thi.
• is paha di par, jisaka prachin nam liang parvat tha, bhadreshvar shiv ka mandir sthit tha.
• ye kanbuj nareshoan ke ishtadev the.

kanbuj, kanboj kanbodiya ka prachin sanskrit nam. bhootapoorv iandochin prayadvip mean sarvaprachin bharatiy upanivesh ki sthapana phoonan pradesh mean pratham shati ee. ke lagabhag huee thi. lagabhag 600 varshoan tak phoonan ne is pradesh mean hiandoo sanskriti ka prachar evan prasar karane mean mahatvapoorn yog diya. tatpashchath‌ is kshetr mean kanbuj ya kanboj ka mahanh‌ rajy sthapit hua jisake adbhut aishvary ki gauravapoorn paranpara 14vian sadi ee. tak chalati rahi. is prachin vaibhav ke avashesh aj bhi aangkoravat, aangkorathom namak sthanoan mean vartaman haian.

kanboj ki prachin dantakathaoan ke anusar is upanivesh ki nianv 'aryadesh' ke raja kanbu svayaanbhuv ne dali thi. vah bhagavanh‌ shiv ki prerana se kanboj desh mean ae aur yahaan basi huee nag jati ke raja ki sahayata se unhoanne is jangali marusthal mean ek naya rajy basaya jo nagaraj ki adbhut jadoogari se hare bhare, suandar pradesh mean parinat ho gaya. kanbu ne nagaraj ki kanya mera se vivah kar liya aur kanbuj rajavansh ki nianv dali. yah bhi sanbhav hai ki bharatiy kanboj (kashmir ka rajauri jila tatha sanvarti pradesh-dr. 'kanboj') se bhi iandochin mean sthit is upanivesh ka sanbandh raha ho. tisari shati ee. mean bharat ki uttar-pashchimi sima par basanevo muruandoan ka ek rajadoot phoonan pahuancha tha aur sanbhavat: kanboj ke gho de apane sath vahaan laya tha. kanboj ke pratham aitihasik rajavansh ka sansthapak shrutavarman tha jisane kanboj desh ko phoonan ki adhinata se mukt kiya. isake putr shreshthavarman ne apane nam par shreshthapur namak rajadhani basaee jisake khandahar laos ke vataphoo paha di (liangaparvat) ke pas sthit haian. tatpashchath‌ bhavavarman ne, jisaka sanbandh phoonan aur kanboj donoan hi rajavanshoan se tha, ek naya vansh (khmer) chalaya aur apane hi nam bhavapur namak rajadhani basaee. bhavavarman tatha isake bhaee maheandravarman ke samay se kanboj ka vikasayug praranbh hota hai. phoonan ka purana rajy ab jirnashirn ho chuka tha aur shighr hi is ne durgharsh samrajy mean vilin ho gaya. maheandravarman ki mrityu ke pashchath‌ unaka putr eeshanavarman gaddi par baitha. is pratapi raja ne kanboj rajy ki simaoan ka door-door tak vistar kiya. usane bharat aur chanpa ke sath rajanayik sanbandh sthapit kie aur eeshanapur nam ki ek nee rajadhani ka nirman kiya. eeshanavarman ne chanpa ke raja jagaddharm ko apani putri byahi thi jisaka putr prakashadharm apane pita ki mrityu ke pashchath‌ chanpa ka raja hua. isase pratit hota hai ki chanpa is samay kanboj ke rajanitik prabhav ke aantargat tha. eeshanavarman ke bad bhavavarmanh‌ dvitiy aur jayavarmanh‌ pratham kanboj nareshoan ke nam milate haian. jayavarmanh‌ ke pashchath‌ 674 ee. mean is rajavansh ka aant ho gaya. kuchh hi samay ke uparaant kanboj ki shakti kshin hone lagi aur dhire-dhire 8vian sadi ee. mean java ke shaileandr rajaoan ka kanboj desh par adhipatay sthapit ho gaya. 8vian sadi ee. ka kanboj itihas adhik spasht nahian hai kiantu 9vian sadi ka aranbh hote hi is prachin samrajy ki shakti manoan pun: jivit ho uthi. isaka shrey jayavarmanh‌ dvitiy (802-854 ee.) ko diya jata hai. usane aangakor vansh ki nianv dali aur kanboj ko java ki adhinata se mukt kiya. usane sanbhavat: bharat se hiranyadas namak brahman ko bulavakar apane rajy ki suraksha ke lie taantrik kriyaean karavaeean. is vidvanh‌ brahman ne devaraj namak sanpraday ki sthapana ki jo shighr hi kanboj ka rajadharm ban gaya. jayavarmanh‌ ne apani rajadhani kramash: kuti, hariharalay aur amareandrapur namak nagaroan mean banaee jisase spasht hai ki vartaman kanbodiya ka pray: samast kshetr usake adhin tha aur rajy ki shakti ka keandr dhire-dhire poorv se pashchim ki or badhata hua aantat: aangkor ke pradesh mean sthapit ho gaya tha.

jayavarmanh‌ dvitiy ko apane samay mean kanbujarajeandr aur usaki maharani ko kanbujarajalakshmi nam se abhihit kiya jata tha. isi samay se kanbodiya ke prachin nam kanbuj ya kanboj ka videshi lekhakoan ne bhi prayog karana praranbh kar diya tha. jayavarmanh‌ dvitiy ke pashchath‌ bhi kanboj ke samrajy ki nirantar unnati aur vriddhi hoti gee aur kuchh hi samay ke bad samast iandochin prayadvip mean kanboj samrajy ka vistar ho gaya. maharaj iandravarmanh‌ ne anek mandiroan aur t dagoan ka nirman karavaya. yashovarmanh‌ (889-908 ee.) hiandoo shastroan aur sanskrit kavyoan ka jnata tha aur usane anek vidvanoan ko rajashray diya. usake samay ke anek suandar sanskrit abhilekh prapy haian. is kal mean hiandoo dharm, sahity aur kal ki abhootapoorv pragati huee. yashovarmanh‌ ne kanbupuri ya yashodharapur nam ki nee rajadhani basaee. dharm aur sanskriti ka vishal keandr aangkor thom (dr. 'aangkor thom' lekh) bhi isi nagari ki shobha badhata tha. 'aangkor sanskriti' ka svarnakal isi samay se hi praanrabh hota hai. 944 ee. mean kanboj ka raja rajeandravarmanh‌ tha jisake samay ke kee brihadh abhilekh suandar sanskrit kavyashaili mean likhe milate haian. 1001 ee. tak ka samay kanboj ke itihas mean mahatvapoorn hai kyoanki is kal mean kanboj ki simaean chin ke dakshini bhag chhooti thian, laos usake aantargat tha aur usaka rajanitik prabhav syam aur uttari malaya tak phaila hua tha.

sooryavarmanh‌ pratham (mrityu 1049 ee.) ne pray: samast syam par kanboj ka adhipaty sthapit kar diya aur dakshin brahmadesh par bhi akraman kiya. vah sahity, nyay aur vyakaran ka pandit tha tatha svayan bauddh hote hue bhi shaiv aur vaishnav dharmoan ka premi aur sanrakshak tha. usane rajyasin hone ke samay desh mean chale hue grihayuddh ko samapt kar rajy ki sthiti ko pun: sudridh karane ka prayatn kiya. uttari chanpa ko jitakar sooryavarmanh‌ ne use kanboj ka karad rajy bana liya kiantu shighr hi dakshin chanpa ke raja jayahari varmanh‌ se har manani p di. is samay kanboj mean grihayuddhoan aur p dosi deshoan ke sath anaban ke karan kaphi ashaanti rahi.

jayavarmanh‌ saptam (abhishek 1181) ke rajyakal mean pun: ek bar kanboj ki prachin yash:pataka phaharane lagi. usane ek vishal sena banaee jisamean syam aur brahmadesh ke sainik bhi sammilit the. jayavarmanh‌ ne anam par akraman kar use jitane ka bhi prayas kiya kiantu nirantar yuddhoan ke karan shanai: shanai: kanboj ki sainik shakti ka hhras hone laga, yahaan tak ki 1220 ee. mean kanbojoan ko chanpa se hatana p da. kiantu phir bhi jayavarmanh‌ saptam ki ganana kanboj ke mahanh‌ rajyanirmataoan mean ki jati hai kyoank usame samay mean kanboj ke samrajy ka vistar apanicharam sima par pahuancha hua tha. jayavarmanh‌ saptam ne apani nee rajadhani vartaman aangkorathom mean banaee thi. isake khandahar aj bhi sansar ke prasiddh prachin avasheshoan mean gine jate haian. nagar ke chaturdikh‌ ek ooancha parakota tha aur 110 gaj chau di ek parikha thi. isaki lanbaee sadhe ath mil ke lagabhag thi. nagar ke parakote ke paanch sianhadvar the jinase paanch vishal rajapath (100 phut chau de, 1 mil lanbe) nagar ke aandar jate the. ye rajapath, beyon ke virath hiandoo mandir ke pas milate the, jo nagar ke madhy mean sthit tha. mandir mean 66,625 vyakti niyukt the aur isake vyay ke lie 3,400 gramoan ki ay lagi huee thi. is samay ke ek abhilekh se jnat hota hai ki kanboj mean 789 mandir tatha 102 chikitsalay the aur 121 vahani (vishram) grih the.

jayavarmanh‌ saptam ke pashchath‌ kanboj ke itihas ke anek sthal adhik spasht nahian haian. 13vian sadi mean kanboj mean sudridh rajanitik shakti ka abhav tha. kuchh itihasalekhakoan ke anusar kanboj ne 13vian sadi ke aantim charan mean chin ke samrath kubale khaan ka adhipaty manane se inakar kar diya tha. 1296 ee. mean chin se ek dootamandal aangkorathom aya tha jisake ek sadasy shoo-tan-kuan ne tatkalin kanboj ke vishay mean vistrit tatha manoranjak vrittaant likha hai jisaka anuvad phraansisi bhasha mean 1902 ee. mean hua tha. 14vian sadi mean kanboj ke p dosi rajyoan mean nee rajanitik shakti ka uday ho raha tha tatha syam aur chanpa ke thaee log kanboj ki or badhane ka nirantar prayas kar rahe the. parinam yah hua ki kanboj par do or se bhari dabav p dane laga aur vah in donoan deshoan ki chakki ke patoan ke bich pisane laga. dhire-dhire kanboj ki prachin mahatta samapt ho gee aur ab yah desh iandochin ka ek sadharan pichh da hua pradesh banakar rah gaya. 19vian sadi mean phraansisi ka prabhav iandochin mean badh chala tha; vaise, ve 16vian sadi mean hi is prayadvip mean a ge the aur apani shakti badhane ke avasar ki tak mean the. vah avasar ab aur 1854 ee. mean kanboj ke nirbal raja aankaduoang ne apana desh phraansisiyoan ke hathoan sauanp diya. noradam (narottam) pratham (1858-1904) ne 11 agast, 1863 ee. ko is samajhaute ko pakka kar diya aur agale 80 varshoan tak kanboj ya kanbodiya phreanch-iandochin ka ek bhag bana raha. (kanbodiya, phreanch ka roopaantar hai. phreanch nam kanboj ya kanbujiy se bana hai.) 1904-41 mean syam aur phraansisiyoan ke bich honevale yuddh mean kanbodiya ka kuchh pradesh syam ko de diya gaya kiantu dvitiy vishvayuddh ke pashchath‌ 1945 ee. mean yah bhag use pun: prapt ho gaya. is samay kanbodiya mean svatantrata aandolan bhi chal raha tha jisake parinamasvaroop phraans ne kanbodiya ko ek naya sanvidhan pradan kiya (mee 6, 1947). kiantu isase vahaan ke rashtrapremiyoan ko santosh n hua aur unhoanne 1949 ee. (8 navanbar) mean phraansisiyoan ko ek ne samanaite par hastakshar karane par vivash kar diya jisase unhoanne kanbodiya ki svatantr rajanitik satta ko svikar kar liya, kiantu ab bhi desh ko phreanch yooniyan ke aantargat hi rakha gaya tha. isake viruddh kanbodiya ke prabhavashali raja noradam sianhanuk ne apana rashtriy aandolan jari rakha. inake prayatn se kanbodiya shighr hi svatantr rashtr ban gaya aur ye apane desh ke pratham pradhan mantri chune ge.

dharm, bhasha, samajik jivan

kanboj vastavik arth mean bharatiy upanivesh tha. vahaan ke nivasiyoan ka dharm, unaki sanskriti evan sabhyata, sahityik paranparaean, vastukala aur bhasha-sabhi par bharatiyata ki amit chhap thi jisake darshan aj bhi kanboj ke darshak ko anayas hi ho jate haian. hiandoo dharm aur vaishnav sanpraday aur tatpashchath‌ (1000 ee. ke bad) bauddh dharm kanboj ke rajadharm the aur yahaan ke anek sanskrit abhilekhoan ko unaki dharmik tatha pauranik saanskritik prishthabhoomi ke karan bharatiy abhilekhoan se alag karana kathin hi jan p dega. udaharan ke lie rajeandravarmanh‌ ke ek vishal abhilekh ka keval ek aansh yahaan prastut hai jisamean shiv ki vandana ki gee hai :

roopan yasy navendumanditashikhan trayh‌ya: pratitan paran

bijan brahmaharishvarodayakaran bhinnan kalabhistridha.

saksharadaksharamamananti munayo yogodhigamyan namash‌

sansiddhyai pranavatmane bhagavate tasmai shivayastu vamh‌..

purane arab paryatakoan ne kanboj ko hiandoo desh ke nam se thik hi abhihit kiya. kanbuj ki rajabhasha prachin kal mean sanskrit thi, usaka sthan dhire-dhire bauddh dharm ke prachar ke karan pali ne le liya aur aj bhi yah dharmik kshetr mean yahaan ki mukhy bhasha bani huee hai. kanbuj bhasha mean sanskrit ke hajaroan shabd apane kanbuji ya khmer roop mean aj bhi pae jate haian (jaise-teph‌da u devata, shats u shasan, suor u svarg, phimean u viman). khh‌mer lipi dakshini bharat ki pallav aur poorvi chaluky lipiyoan ke mel se bani hai. kanboj ki vastukala, moortikala tatha chitrakala par bharatiy prabhav spasht hai. aangkorathom ka beyon mandir dakshin bharat ke mandiroan se bahut milata-julata hai. isake shikhar mean bhi bharatiy mandiroan ke shikharoan ki spasht jhalak milati hai. is mandir aur ailora ke kailas mandir ke kalatatv, visheshat: moortikari tatha alekhy vishayoan aur drishyoan mean adbhut samy hai.

kanboj ki samajik dasha ka suandar chitran, shoo-tan-kutan ke varnan (13vian sadi ka aant) is prakar hai-

vidvanoan ko yahaan panki (pandit), bhikshuoan ko shoo-koo (bhikshu) aur brahmanoan ko pa-sho-veee (pashupat) kaha jata hai. pandit apane kanth mean shvet dhaga (yajnopavit) dale rahate haian, jise ve kabhi nahian hatate. bhikshu log sir mu date aur pit vastr pahanate haian. ve maans machhali khate haian par mady nahian pite. unaki pustakean talapatroan par likhi jati haian. bauddh bhikshuniyaan yahaan nahian hai. pashupat apane keshoan ko lal ya saphed vastroan se dhake rahate haian. kanboj ke samany jan shyam rang ke tatha hrishtapusht haian. rajaparivar ki striyaan gaur varn haian. sabhi log kati tak sharir vivastr rakhate haian aur nange paanv ghoomate haian. raja patarani ke sath jharokhe mean baithakar praja ko darshan deta hai.

likhane ke lie krishna mrig kacham da bhi kam mean ata hai. log snan ke bahut premi haian. yahaan striyaan vyapar ka kam bhi karati haian. gehooan, haldi, chini, resham ke kap de, raanga, chini bartan kagaj adi yahaan vyapar ki mukhy vastuean haian.

gaanvoan mean prabandh karane ke lie ek mukhiya ya mayichi rahata hai. s dakoan par yatriyoan ke vishram karane ke lie avas bane hue haian. (vi.ku.ma.)

kanbodiya-kanboj ka arvachin nam hai. yah hiand chin prayadvip ka ek desh hai jo sanh‌ 1955 ee. mean phraansisi adhipaty se mukt hua hai. 19vian shatabdi ke poorv yah pradesh khmer rajy ka aang tha kiantu 1863 ee. mean phraansisiyoan ke adhipaty mean a gaya. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean kanbodiya par japan ka adhikar tha.

kanbodiya ka kshetraphal 1,81,000 varg mil hai. isaki pashchimi aur uttari sima par syam tatha lao aur poorvi sima par dakshini viyatanam desh haian. dakshin-pashchim bhag syam ki kha di ka tat hai. kanbodiya tashtari ke akar ki ek ghati hai jise charoan or se parvat ghere hue haian. ghati mean uttar se dakshin ki or mikaang nadi bahati hai. ghati ke pashchimi bhag mean taangale namak ek chhichhali aur vistrit jhil hai jo udaang nadi dvara mikaang se ju di huee hai.

kanbodiya ki upajaoo mitti aur mausami jalavayu mean chaval prachur pariman mean hota hai. ab bhi vistrit bhookshetr shramikoan ke abhav mean krishivihin p de haian. yahaan ki any pramukh phasalean tubakoo, kahava, nil aur rabar haian. pashupalan ka vyavasay vikasonmukh hai. paryapt janasankhya machhali pak dakar apani jivika arjit karati hai. chaval aur machhali kanbodiya ki pramukh niryat ki vastuean haian. is desh ka ek vistrit bhag bahumooly vanoan se achchhadit hai. mikaang aur tonalesap ke sangam par sthit pn aaum pen kanbodiya ki rajadhani hai. b de-b de jalayan is nagar tak ate haian. yah nagar kanbodiya ki vibhinn bhagoan se s dakoan dvara ju da hai.

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• aitihasik sthanavali | prishth sankhya= 122-123| vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar

sanbandhit lekh

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