कथकली नृत्य
[[chitr:Kathakali-Dance-1.jpg|thumb|250px|kathakali nrity, keral]] kathakali nrity keral ke dakshin-pashchimi rajhy ka ek samriddh aur phalane-phoolane vala shastriy nrity tatha yahaan ki paramhpara hai. 'kathakali' ka arth hai- 'ek katha ka natak' ya 'ek nrithy natika'. 'katha' ka arth hai- 'kahani'. is nrity mean abhineta ramayan aur mahabharat ke mahagranthoan aur puranoan se lie ge charitroan ka abhinay karate haian. yah athyant rang-biranga nrithy hai. isake nartak ubhare hue paridhanoan, phooladar dupattoan, abhooshanoan aur mukut se saje hote haian. ve un vibhinhn bhoomikaoan ko chitrit karane ke lie saanketik roop se vishishht prakar ka roop dharate haian, jo vaiyaktik charitr ke bajae us charitr ke adhik nazadik hote haian.
katha nrity
bharatiy nrity roopoan mean advitiy kathakali nrity keral ka shastriy nrity natak hai. jvalant aur samridv visheshataoan jaise hathoan ke sath gana, bhav mean prakritik aur prabhavashali, halachal mean suandar aur talabadv, nrity mean manamohak aur sabase khas kalpana ke star par manabhavan ke karan bharatiy nrity kalaoan mean kathakali ko uchch darja prapt hai. vishayoan ke adhar par kathakali prachin puranoan ki kathaoan par adharit hai. agar isaki puratan veshabhoosha, ajibo-garib roop sajja or bhavy abhooshanoan ko dekhean to ham payeange ki kathakali bharat ka ekamatr aisa nrity hai, jo apani mardana pahaloo ki maulik takat par sanrakshit hai.[1]
itihas
kathakali ke bare me yah mana jata hai ki yah 300 ya 400 sal purani kala nahian haian, isaki vastavik utpatti 1500 sal pahale se hai. kathakali vikas ki ek lanbi prakriya se gujari hai aur isaki is yatra ne keral mean kee any mishrit kalaoan ke janm aur vikas ka marg bhi prashast kiya hai. kathakali ko aryan aur dravid sabhyata ke pratik ke roop mean bhi dekha ja sakata hai, jisane anushthan aur sanskritiyoan ko samajhate hue unake sath milakar in sabhyataoan se natak aur nrity ki is kala ko udhar liya. kathakali ke itihas ke punarnirman mean yah bat dhyan rakhana avashyak hai ki vyavaharik roop se sabhi prakar ke aupacharik nrity, natak aur nrity natak ki sabhi kalaoan ko astitv mean lane ka shrey kathakali ko hi jata hai. ek adhyayan ke dauran yah sabit bhi ho chuka hai ki keral ke sabhi praranbhik nrity aur natak jaise- 'chakirakothoo' aur 'kodiyattam', kee dharmik nrity jo bhagavati panth se sanbandhit hai jaise- 'mudiyaattoo', 'thiyattam' aur 'theyam', samajik, dharmik aur vaivahit nrity jaise- 'sastrakali' aur 'ijamatkkali' aur bad mean vikasit nrity jaise- 'krishnaaattam' aur 'ramaattam' adi kathakali ki hi den haian. kathakali kala mean kee nrity aur natakoan ki visheshataoan ko shamil kiya ja sakata hai aur yah varnan karane mean bhi asan hai ki kathakali in roopoan ke praranbh mean hi vikasit ho chuki thi.[[chitr:Kathakali-Dance.jpg|thumb|250px|left|kathakali nrity, keral]]
mookabhinay sampoorn kala
kathakali abhinay, 'nrity' (nach) aur 'gita' (sangit) tin kalaoan se milakar bani ek sanpoorn kala hai. yah ek mookabhinay hai, jisamean abhineta bolata evan gata nahian hai, lekin behad sanvedanashil madhyamoan jaise- hath ke ishare aur chehare ki bhavanaoan ke sahare apani bhavanaoan ki sugam abhivyakti deta hai. kathakali natakiy aur nrity kala donoan hai. parantu mukhy taur par yah natak hai. yah sadharan natakiy kala se kahian jyada achchha prastutikaran hai. yah yatharthavadi kala nahian hai, lekin apani kalpanashilata ke chalate yah 'bharat natyashastr' ke samanaannatar hai. pratyek bhavana adarshavadi tarike se gahan jivantata ke sath chehare ke bhavoan dvara vyakt ki jati hai tatha yah shabdoan ke abhav ki bhi poorti karati hai. chehare par vyakt pratyek abhivyakti nrity ki lay aur sangit ki tal ke sath chhayaankit hoti hai.[1]
nrity mean abhinay keval manaviy hriday ki bhavanaoan ki vyaktiparak abhivyakti nahian hai, balki yah vyakti, chitr, jiv aur asapas ki vastuoan ki sanbandhoan ke anusar udveshayaparak abhivyakti hai. isamean vastav mean kala ke madhyam se pratiroopan shamil hai aur kathakali ka sachitr vaibhav aur kavy gaurav gatha ka prastutikaran bhi shamil hai. kathakali mean sangit ek mahattvapoorn evan anivary tatv hai. isamean aaurkestra do mukhar sangitakaroan dvara banaya jata hai, inamean se ek 'cheangala' namak yantr ke sath git ki taiyari karata hai aur doosara 'jhaanjh' aur 'manjira' ke sath milakar 'ilatham' namak jo di ki rachana karata hai, jisamean chenda aur madalam bhi pramukh sthan rakhate haian. 'chenda' ek belanakar dhol hota hai, jo uanchi lekin mithi avaj nikalata hai, jabaki 'madalam' mridang ka bada roop hota hai.
gayan shaili
kathakali sangit ki gayan shaili ko ek vishisht sopan shaili mean vikasit kiya gaya hai, jisaki gati bahut dhimi hoti hai. isamean n hi rag aur rag alapana hai aur n hi niraval aur saraval prakar se unaka vistaran karana hai. ragoan ki vyapak suvidhaoan ke sanrakshan aur tal ka savadhani se palan karate hue ve abhineta ko abhinay karane ki poori gujaanish chho date hue gana gate haian. kathakali mean do mukhy sangitakar hote haian, jisamean mukhy sangitakar ko 'ponani' aur doosare ko 'sinakidi' ke nam se jana jata hai. kathakali gayan uchch kavy uchcharan mean se hai, jinhean malayalam sahity ke ratnoan mean gina jata hai.[1]
'mudras' arthath 'hath ke ishare' ko shabdik bhasha ke vikalp ke taur par prayog kiya jata hai, lekin isase jyada ise istemal nahian kiya jata, n hi natak mean aur n hi nrity mean. chenda ke sath sangat karane ke lie madalam, cheangala aur ithalam ka prayog sangitakaroan ke dvara kiya jata hai, isake sath abhineta ke dvara chehare ke hav bhav, sharirik vyavahar, aanguliyoan ki bhasha aur hathoan ke isharoan ke madhyam se sangit ka anuvad bhi kiya jata hai. jaise hi gane ki shurooat hoti hai, abhineta apane mookabhinay ke sath aur apane isharoan ke madhyam se aisi abhivyakti karata hai, jisase darshak sapanoan ki duniya mean apane ap ko mahasoos karata hai. abhineta gane ke shabdoan aur tal ke sath natak aur nrity karata hai. mudras kala nrity aur abhinay ka ek abhinn hissa hai. kathakali ke adhikaansh charitr pauranik hote haian, isalie unaki roop sajja yatharthavadi adhar par nahian hoti hai. in sabhi mean roop sajja, poshak aur shrriangar ke paanch vibhinn prakar tay kie haian, jo unake vastavik charitr aur gunoan ka varnan karate haian.
visheshataean
nrity mean manav, devata saman, daithy adi ko shanadar veshabhoosha aur paridhanoan ke madhhyam se pradarshit kiya jata hai. is nrithy ka sabase adhik prabhavashali bhag yah hai ki isake charitr kabhi bolate nahian haian, keval unake hathoan ke hav bhav ki uchhch vikasit bhasha tatha chehare ki abhivhyakti hoti hai, jo is natika ke pathy ko darshakoan ke samane pradarshit karati hai. unake chehare ke chhote aur b de hav bhav, bhanvoan ki gati, netroan ka sanchalan, galoan, nak aur tho di ki abhivhyakti par bariki se kam kiya jata hai tatha ek kathakali abhineta nartak dvara vibhinhn bhavanaoan ko prakat kiya jata hai. isamean adhikaanshat: purush hi mahilaoan ki bhoomika nibhate haian, jabaki ab kuchh samay se mahilaoan ko kathakali mean shamil kiya jane laga hai.[1]
vartaman samay ka kathakali ek nrithy natika ki paramhpara hai, jo keral ke naty karm ki uchhch vishishht shaili ki paramhpara ke sath shatabdiyoan pahale vikasit hua tha, vishesh roop se kudiyattam. paramhparik riti rivaj jaise theyam, mudiyattam aur keral ki marshal kalaean nrithy ko vartaman shvaroop mean lane ke lie mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhati haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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