कथक नृत्य
[[chitr:Birju-Maharaj.jpg|250px|thumb|birajoo maharaj]] kathak (aangrezi: Kathak) bharatiy shastriy nrityoan ki prasiddh shailiyoan mean se ek hai. shastriy nrity mean kathak ka nrithy roop 100 se adhik ghuangharuoan ko pairoan mean baandh kar talabaddh padachap, vihangam chakhkar dvara pahachana jata hai aur hindoo dharmik kathaoan ke alava parshiyan aur urdoo kavita se li gee vishay vashtuoan ka natakiy prashtutikaran kiya jata hai. kathak ka janhm uttar mean hua, kinhtu parshiyan aur muslim prabhav se yah mandir ki riti se darabari manoranjan tak pahuanch gaya.
pradurbhav
kathak ka pradurbhav kab aur kahaan hua? yah ek aisa prashn hai jisaka thik-thik uttar n to aj ke kathak kalakaroan ke pas hai n hi kathak guruoan ke pas. prachin granthoan mean nrity ko eeshvar pradatt prakriya mana gaya hai. devataoan ko manoranjan pradan karane ke sath-sath samany manushy ko vedoan ka jnan dene ke uddeshy se bhagavan brahma ne natyakala ki rachana ki, jise paanchava ved kaha gaya. is natyashastr mean rrigved se kavy, yajurved se bhav bhangimaoan, samaved se sangit aur atharvaved se saundary tatvoan ka samavesh kiya gaya. is natyashastr ke pratham adhyay mean hi nrityakala ka varnan hai. kathak ke bare mean bharatamuni dvara rachit natyashastr ke alava praman nahian milane ki sthiti mean kathak kalakaroan v gurujanoan ka manana hai ki kathak nrity mean pratham sthan radha-krishna par adharit rachanaoan ka hota hai, isalie sanbhavat: nrityashaili ka pradurbhav radha-krishna ke yug mean hua hoga. is sambandh mean unaki dalil yah hai ki jis samay krishna braj chho dakar dvaraka ge to braj ke nivasiyoan ne radha-krishna par rachanaean rachian, unhean katha ka roop de prachalit kiya gaya.[1]
prachin samay mean charan aur bhat dharmik prasangoan ko sangit aur nrity ke madhyam se prastut karate the, age chalakar isi sangit nrity ne kathak nrity ki parampara praranbh ki. praranbh mean kathak mean takaniki aur shastriy paksh ka abhav tha lekin vaishnav adhyatm se punarjagaran ke pashchath kathak ko natyashastr par adharit kramabaddh svaroop pradan kiya gaya. praranbh mean katha sirph padhakar sunaee jati thi, kalantar mean ise prabhavi banane ke lie isamean gayan shaili ka samavesh kiya gaya aur phir ise parishkrit karate hue isamean aang sanchalan ki abhivyakti ko mahatv diya jane laga.
itihas
thumb|left|250px|kathak nrity kathak ki shaili ka janhm brahman pujariyoan dvara hinhduoan ki paramhparik pun: ganana mean nihit hai, jinhhean kthik kahate the, jo natakiy aandazamean hav bhavoan ka upayog karate the. kramash: isamean katha kahane ki shaili aur adhik vikasit huee tatha ek nrithy roop ban gaya. is nrity ko 'natavari nrity' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. uttar bharat mean mugaloan ke ane par is nrithy ko shahi darabar mean le jaya gaya aur isaka vikas ek parishkrit kalaroop mean hua, jise mugal shasakoan ka sanrakshan prapht tha aur kathak ne vartaman shvaroop liya. is nrithy mean ab dharm ki apeksha sauandary bodh par adhik bal diya gaya.
'kathak' shabhd ka udbhav 'katha' se hua hai, jisaka shabdik arth hai- 'kahani kahana'. purane samay mean katha vachak ganoan ke roop mean ise bolate aur apani katha ko ek naya roop dene ke lie nrithy karate. isase katha kalakshepam aur dakshin bharat mean hari katha ka roop bana aur yahi uttar bharat mean kathak ke roop mean jana jata hai. lagabhag 15vian shatabdi mean is nrithy paramhpara mean mugal nrithy aur sangit ke karan b da parivartan aya. 16vian shatabhdi ke aant tak kase hue choo didar payajame ko kathak nrithy ki veshabhoosha man liya gaya.
gharane
is nrithy paramhpara ke do pramukh gharane haian, in donoan ko uttar bharat ke shaharoan ke nam par nam diya gaya hai aur inamean se donoan hi kshetriy rajaoan ke sanrakshan mean vishtarit hua-
vartaman samay ka kathak sidhe pairoan se kiya jata hai aur pairoan mean pahane hue ghuangharuoan ko niyantrit kiya jata hai. kathak mean ek uttejana aur manoranjan ki visheshata hai jo isamean shamil pad tal aur tezise chakhkar lene ki pratha ke karan hai, jo isamean prabhavi shthan rakhati hai tatha is shaili ki sabase adhik mahathvapoorn visheshata hai. in nrithyoan ki veshabhoosha aur vishayavashtu mugal laghu tashviroan ke saman hai. jabaki yah natyashashtr ke saman nahian hai. phir bhi kathak ke siddhaant anivaryat: isake saman hi haian. yahaan hasht mudraoan ke bharatanatyam mean die jane vale bal ki tulana mean pad tal par adhik zor diya jata hai.
prishthabhoomi aur vikas
thumb|250px|kathak nrityaanganaean thumb|250px|kathak karati kalakar kathak ke prasar ke bare mean adhikatar kathak vidvanoan ka kahana hai ki jab dvaraka ki samapti huee to vahaan ke logoan ne jivanayapan ke lie vahaan se palayan kiya tatha bhaugolik drishti se rajasthan ke najadik hone ke karan unhoanne yahaan ke jodhapur aur bikaner kshetr ko apani karmabhoomi banaya. mool svaroop ka pradurbhav jaitaran, biandasar mean hua, aisa bhi kee kathak vidvanh manate haian. in vidvanoan ki manyata hai ki kathak ka nikas vastav mean jaitaran aur biandasar se hi hai, jahaan aj bhi anek kathak parivar haian. is kshetr ke bhat, jo ki bahiyaan rakhate haian unake pas in kathak parivaroan ke poorvajoan ka vivaran aj bhi maujood hai. kathak vanshavaliyoan ke anusar praranbh mean kathak karane valoan ke nam 'adooje-khadooje' hua karate the, jinaka vivaran bhatoan ki bahiyoan mean maujood hai; lekin banaras gharane ke kalakar kathak ka udhbhav sthal kashi-banaras ko manate haian. unaka kahana hai ki banaras mean maujood asankhy mandiroan ke praangan se kathak ka pradurbhav hua. rajasthan mean to tab prachalit hua, jab banaras ke raja ne kuchh kalakaroan ko jayapur darabar mean kathak ke vikas hetu bheja.[1]
sanrakshan
rajasthan mean kathak ko sarvadhik ashray mila. jayapur rajagharana kathak ko ashray dene mean sabase agrani tha. yahaan ke guni-janakhane mean kathak nartakoan aur gurujanoan ko kafi suvidhaean aur samman mila. isilie aj bhi jayapur gharana any kathak gharanoan mean agrani aur prachin hai. agar yah kaha jae ki jayapur gharane se hi any gharanoan ka pradurbhav hua hai to isamean koee atishayokti nahian hogi. kathak ki paramparik shuruat ka shrey jayapur gharane ke pandit bindadin maharaj ko jata hai, unake samakalin pandit hariprasad aur pandit hanuman prasad us samay jayapur darabar ke guni-janakhane mean vishesh sthan rakhate the. kaha jata hai ki dev-pari ke jo de ke roop mean prasidd in donoan bhaiyoan ka kathak nrity us samay ka shreshthatam kathak tha.
pandit hariprasad ke bare mean prachalit tha ki jab vah goviandadev ji ke mandir mean apane nrity ki prastuti karate the to unake pair zamin ko nahian chhoote the, jisake karan unhean dev roop mana jane laga, doosari or pandit hanuman prasad ko shrriangar padoan par nrity karane ke karan pari ka nam diya gaya. kathak mean shrriangarikata ka samavesh isi kal mean hua. khasataur se lakhanoo gharane ki kathak shaili par mugal sabhyata ka asar p da, jisase usamean shrriangarikata ka prabhav badh gaya jo aj bhi lakhanoo gharane ke kathak nrity mean dekhane ko milata hai. pandit bindadin maharaj ke bad kathak ke vikas ki bagador pandit jayalal, pandit narayan prasad, pandit sundar prasad, shankaralal, pandit lachchhoo maharaj, mohanalal, pandit mahadev, pandit shambhoo maharaj aur pandit achchhan maharaj ne sanbhali. is pidhi ne kathak ka kafi vikas kiya. pandit jayalal ki putri jayakanvar ne virasat mean mili is nrityakala ko itani bariki se grahan kiya ki jab vah nrity karati thian to unaki nrity gati itani tivr hua karati thi ki dekhane valoan ko unaki soorat bhi nazar nahian ati thi. jayakanvar kathak nrityaangana ke roop mean pahali mahila thian, jinhoanne kathak mean khyati arjit karane ke sath-sath any mahilaoan ko bhi is vidha se ju dane ke lie prerit kiya, lekin chooroo ke biandavati kshetr mean rah rahe kathak parivaroan ke vichar isase alag haian.[1]
unaka kahana hai ki bindadin maharaj se pahale yahaan ki pratham kathak nrityaangana haradvara baee iandaur ke darabar mean gulal par ganesh tal mean ganesh paran ke sath paanvoan ki thirakan se bhagavan ganapati ka chitr aankit kar deti thian, jinake charche aj bhi in parivaroan mean haian. doosari pidhi ke roop mean sundaralal, pandit gaurishankar, pandit kuandanalal gangani, roshan kumari, pandit birajoo maharaj, krishna kumar maharaj, pandit ramamohan maharaj adi ne kathak ke prachar-prasar ko apane nrity dvara jari rakha. in sabaka yogadan avismaraniy hai, inhoanne desh-videsh mean kathak ko kafi lokapriy banaya.
kalakaroan ki shreshthata ka ahamh tatha nukasan
kathak ki prishthabhoomi aur vikas ke bad vartaman kathak gharanoan aur unake kalakaroan par dhyan dean to pata chalega ki gharanebazi aur kalakaroan mean shreshthata ke ahan ne kathak ke mool svaroop ko kitana nukasan pahuanchaya hai. in gharanoan ka uday bhi kalakaroan ki hi den hai. kuchh khyatinam kalakaroan ne kathak ke mool svaroop mean apani suvidhanusar tho da-tho da parivartan karake vibhinn gharanoan ki sthapana ki aur phir unaka nrity unake gharanoan ka pratik banakar prachalit hota chala gaya, jise aj ke kalakaroan ne atmasat karake aur dridhata pradan ki hai tatha lokapriy banane mean apana yogadan diya hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 kathak ke mool svaroop mean parivartan tatha gharanoan ki den (hiandi) journalistnishant.blogspot.in. abhigaman tithi: 17 disambar, 2016.