कश्मीरी भाषा

bharat ke uttari rajy jammoo-kashmir mean kashmir prant ke 10,000 varg mil mean phaili ghati mean boli jane vali bhasha aur boliyaan hai. is kshetr mean bharat ki janasankhya ka 0.8 pratishat hissa nivas karata hai. ghati mean kashmiri bhasha bolane valoan ki sankhya anumanatah 1981 janaganana ke anusar 3,174,684 hai, jisamean rajy ki simaoan ke bhitar sthit chhote-chhote pravasi samooh bhi shamil haian. kashmiri bhasha ka bharat ke sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean sarakari bhasha ka darja diya gaya hai, lekin svayan kashmir mean sarakari kamakaj mean isaka upayog nagany hai. vichhinn roop se yah bhasha any vyapak sanchar bhashaoan ke prabhav ke karan lagatar sangharshan ki sthiti se guzar rahi hai. kashmiri log apani bhasha ko kashur aur kashmir prant ko kashir kahate haian. any bharatiy bhashaoan, jaise hindi, panjabi aur tamil mean is bhasha ko kashmiri kaha jata hai.

vyutpatti

kashmiri bhasha ki utpatti aur bhashashastriy nikatata lambe samay se vivad ka vishay rahi hai. sanrachana aur shabd sangrah ke mamale mean kashmiri bhasha ne any bhashaoan ke sath vyapak bhasha sampark aur sammilan ki visheshataoan ko sanrakshit rakha hai. uttar mean yah shina (ek dardiy bhasha), poorv mean tibbati-barmi bhashaoan (udaharan ke lie balti aur laddakhi) pashchim mean paha di v panjabi boliyoan aur dakshin mean dogari v paha di boliyoan (jinamean se sabhi bharatiy ary haian) se ghiri huee haian.

visheshata

kashmiri bhasha ki visheshataoan mean nimnalikhit svar vejnanik gun haian–

• tvarit mahapran ki anupasthiti (hindi gh, dh aur bh);
• agradhh madhy aur pashch svaroan mean vibhed- udaharanatah ee aur yoo;
• matra svar ka uchcharan laghu svar ke roop mean hota hai, jo ant mean ya do vyanjanoan ke bich mean sthit hota hai;
• ant mean uchchhvasit viram (jaise p, b, t, d);
• prakrit grihit vyanjanoan ki punaravritti aur svar parivartan ka abhav;
• svaroan mean t ka lop n hona;
• bahut kam vyanjan+vyanjan kram.

isake vyakaran ki visheshataoan mean nimnalikhit tattv shamil haian–

• apoorn abhivyakti ke roop mean a (ah) ki upasthiti;
• pishachi (dardi) ki visheshata mane jane vale parasargoan ka b di sankhya mean upayog;
• sankhya vachak ki pishachi se samanata;
• sanket vachak sarvanamoan ki tri–stariy pranali (yi-yah, hoo-vah {pratyaksh}, aur
• suti-vah {paroksh}); aur
• bhootakal ke lie tri–stariy pranali.

adhikaansh mayanoan mean kashmiri bhasha ki vaky-sanrachana bharatiy ary bhashaoan ke saman hai, jaise karmavachy ki rachana mean, karta-kriya samanjasy mean aur eragaitiv karak. kashmiri shabdakram bharatiy-ary bhashaoan se is mayane mean alag hai ki isamean samapika kriya doosare kram mean, kriya ke bad hoti hai.

udaharanarth- hindi-urdoo mean ram ja raha hai aur kashmiri bhasha mean ram choo gatshaan. yahaph choo ko aangrezi ke saman karta ke bad mean lagaya gaya hai. is mamale mean kashmiri bhasha dach, jarman, aisalaiandi aur yiddish ke saman hai.

bhasha samuday

bhasha mean bhinnata ke adhar par kashmiri bhasha samuday ko kee adharoan par vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. kshetriy bhinnataean tin pramukh samoohoan ko darshati haian–

• maraz (dakshin aur dakshin-poorvi kshetr);
• kamraz (uttari aur pashchimottar kshetr);
• shrinagar aur isake asapas mean boli jane vali bhasha, jise paramparik roop se manak mana jata hai.

gramin boliyaan aur shrinagar mean boli jane vali bhasha ke bich bhi vibhed kiya gaya hai. ghati ke bahar boli jane vali ekamatr boli kashtavari (ya kishtavari) hai, jo kishtavar mean boli jati hai, yah dakshini-poorvi kashmir mean oopari chinab nadi ke tat par sthit oodhamapur zile ka ek shahar (aur ghati) hai. kashtavari par paha di aur lahanda boliyoan ka gahara prabhav hai aur ise takri aksharoan se likha jata hai. any kshetriy boliyoan par kashmiri bhasha ka sirf aanshik prabhav hi p da hai. ye paramparik kshetroan mean boli jati hai aur inamean pakistan ki pogal ghati mean boli jane vali poguli, chinab nadi ke tat par sthit doda shahar mean boli jane vali shiraji boli aur jammoo v shrinagar ke bich chhote kshetr mean boli jane vali ramabani, jahaan isaka kary ek sankraman kshetr mean simit hai aur isamean dogari, kashmiri v shiraji ke lakshan vidyaman haian.

sahityik kritiyaan

sanskrit aur farasi se prabhavit kashmiri ke prabhavoan ko bhi inake boli, svaroop aur sahityik kritiyoan mean manyata prapt hai. ye prabhav shabd-sangrah mean svar vaijnanik aur roop-vidhan visheshataoan aur prabandh nitiyoan ke prakaroan mean parilakshit hote haian. ek prakar se doosare prakar mean parivartan ka upayog shailigat prabhav aur pahachan qayam karane ke lie kiya jata hai. ek lekhak apani ek kriti mean in bhashashastriy sansadhanoan ka upayog kar sakata hai, jaisa ki paramanand (1791-1879), jiandaan kaul (1884-1965) aur gulam ahamad mahajoor (1885-1952) ki kavitaoan mean parilakshit hota hai.

lipi

aitihasik roop se kashmiri bhasha ko char lipiyoan mean likha jata hai, sharada, devanagari, farasi-arabi aur roman. brahmi lipi (tisari shatabdi ee. poo.) se sambaddh sharada lipi ka upayog kashmir ke panditoan ke dvara vyapak star par kiya gaya, yah nagari lipi se milati-julati lipi thi aur ab yah lagabhag lupt ho chuki hai. farasi-arabi lipi, jisamean kee parivartan kie ge haian, ko rajy sarakar ne is bhasha ki sarakari lipi ke taur par apana liya hai. devanagari aur roman lipiyoan ke kee parivartit prakaroan ka upayog ab bhi kashmiri bhasha mean prakashit atyalp samagri ke lie hota hai. bangal mean seramapor (shriramapur) ke baiptist mishanariyoan dvara nyoo testameant ke kashmiri roopantar (1821) aur old testameant ke kuchh hissoan (1827, 1832) ke prakashan mean sharada lipi ka upayog kiya gaya. british aur f aauren baibil sosaiti ne 1884 mean farasi lipi mean nyoo testameant ka prakashan kiya.

dhvanimala

kashmiri dhvanimala mean kul 46 dhvanim (fonim) haian.

svar : a, a; i, ee; u, oo; e; o; a, a; u; oo; e; o;

matra svar : i, -u, -oo

anusvar : aan

aant:sth svar : y, v

vyanjan : k, kh, g, n; ch, chh, j; ch, chh़, z, n;

t, th, d; t, th, d, n; p, ph, b, m;

y, r, l, v; sh, s, h

i, ee, u, oo aur e ke roop padaranbh mean yi, yi, -vu, voo aur ye ho jate haian. ch, chh, aur z dantatalavy haian aur chh़ z ka mahapran haian. padaant a bola nahian jata.

sahityik itihas

kashmiri bhasha ka ek satat sahityik itihas hai, jo 13vian shatabdi se jari hai. is bhasha ki sahityik sanskriti ke vikas ke lie koee gambhir rajanitik ya sahityik sanrakshan n milane ke bavajood yah ab bhi baraqarar hai. is bhasha ka pradhan srot 1932 mean griyarsan dvara mukuandaram shastri ke sahayog se sankalit 1,252 prishthoan ka shabdakosh (punarmudran 1985) hai, jo samakalin n hote hue bhi upayogi shabd sangrah hai, jisamean roman, devanagari aur kabhi-kabhi farasi-arabi lipiyoan mean shabd lie ge haian. inake sath aangrezi ki vyakhya bhi hai. hal ke varshoan mean rajy ki kala, sanskriti aur bhasha akadami ne any shabdakosh bhi prakashit kie haian, jo ekabhashi v dvibhashi, donoan haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy ary bhashaean -prophesar mahavir saran jain

sanbandhit lekh

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