कुब्ले ख़ाँ

kuble khaan (1216-1294) mangol samrat tatha chin ke 'yuvan vansh' ka sansthapak tha. vah bharatiy itihas mean prasiddh changez khaan ke sabase chhote putr tuli ka dvitiy putr tha. kuble khaan bachapan se hi itana honahar tha ki changez khaan ne ek bar apane putroan se kaha tha ki- "tumamean se kisi ko kisi bhi prakar ki shanka ho to is l dake (kuble) se poochh lena". kuble ne tin sau varshoan se bhi adhik kal tak rajy karane vale sooang shasan ko samapt kar diya tha aur chin ke itihas mean pahali bar samrajy videshi shasan mean hote hue bhi ek sootr mean baandha, jo prajatantr sthapit hone ke kuchh din pahale tak bana raha.

vaisaray

jab tuli ka jyeshth putr mangu sianhasan par baitha, usane kuble khaan ko 'kin' namak praant ka vaisaray niyukt kiya aur dakshini chin ke viruddh, jo sooang logoan ke adhipaty mean tha, yuddh sanchalan ka bhar sauanpa. vah yoonan praant mean bhi shaanti sthapit karane mean saphal hua. usake senapati uriyaang kataee-sabuthaee ke putr ne kuchh hi dinoan bad toankiang par bhi adhikar kar liya. mangoo ke vaisaray ke roop mean kuble khaan ne yuddh sanchalan ka hi bhar apane oopar rakha aur jite hue bhagoan mean shasan ka bhar usane chin ke hi adhikariyoan ko sauanpa. mangoo ko yah ruchikar n hua aur usane kuble ko vapas bula liya.

samrajy ka uttaradhikari

mangoo ne jab sooang logoan ke viruddh morcha sthapit kiya aur dakshini chin ke samrajy par tin or se akraman kiya; us samay kuble khaan ne uttar mean honan se praanrabh karake yaangtaji nadi ke uttar vale bhag par vijay prapt ki aur nadi parakar voo-chaang ke b de nagar par bhi akraman kiya. mangoloan ko saphalata mili. 'kin' samrajy tatha sooang logoan ke bich ek nee sima nirdharit ki gee. sooang logoan ke viruddh yah sangharsh abhi chal hi raha tha ki 1259 ee. mean mangoo ki mrityu ho gee. tatkal kuble ne apane mangoli sanbandhiyoan se, jo chin ki sena mean uchchadhikari the, tatha chin ke praantoan mean jo mangol vaisaray the, milakar apane ‘khakan’ hone ki ghoshana kar di aur chini rajakumaroan evan sena tatha prashasakiy uchchadhikariyoan dvara apane ko eeshvar ka putr ghoshit kara diya aur chin samrajy ka bhi uttaradhikari ban baitha. usane apana nivas mangoliya se hatakar yenakiang ke vishal tatha prachin nagar mean lakar sansar par prabhutv rakhane vali dhuri ko apani jagah se hata diya. is prakar chin par prabhutv prapt karane vale mangol ne mangoliya ko, jo changez khaan ke samay sansar ke samrajy ka keandr tha, chin ke vistrit samrajy ka keval sainik mahatv ka praant bana diya aur vahaan ke shasan ko chin ke aantargat kar diya.

chini riti-rivajoan ka prabhav

kuble khaan ne tin sau varshoan se bhi adhik kal tak rajy karane vale sooang shasan ko samapt kar diya aur chin ke itihas mean pahali bar samrajy videshi shasan mean hote hue bhi ek sootr mean bandh gaya, jo prajatantr sthapit hone ke kuchh din pahale tak bana raha. kuble khaan apane ko chin ka vijeta nahian manata tha. us par chin ke ati prachin riti-rivajoan tatha usaki sabhyata ka itana adhik prabhav p da ki usane dhir- dhire apani jati ki rashtriy paranparaoan ko chho dakar madhyam raj (chin) ki yugoan purani paranparaoan ko apana liya.

vibhinn vidhaoan ka sanrakshak

kuble khaan ne vijnan tatha kala ki raksha ki evan sansar ke pradhan vidvanoan, chitrakaroan, kaviyoan, vastuvisharadoan tatha ianjiniyaroan ko apane yahaan amantrit kiya. usane shahi nahar ko khudavane ka kary poora karaya, jisaka adhikaansh nichali yaangtaji ko pili nadi se milane vale nahari marg ka bhag tha tatha jisasean pikiang ko chaval pahuanchane mean vishesh sahayata milati thi. usane ek vedhashala bhi banavaee tatha panchaang mean bhi sanshodhan karaya. usake samay mean jyamiti, bijaganit, trikonamiti, bhoogol tatha itihas ke adhyayan ki prerana mili. usake banavae shabdakosh ab bhi vyavahar mean lae jate haian. kheti, bagavani, resham ke ki de palane tatha pashupalan par usane granth likhavae. sahity ki usake samay mean unnati huee tatha upanyas lekhan evan natyakala ko bhi ek naya mo d mila.

gariboan ko ashray

kuble khaan ke samay mean prati varsh raj-karmachari chin ke ek kone se doosare kone tak janata ki arthik sthiti tatha fasaloan ka nirikshan karate the. gariboan ke lie chaval tatha jvar ke atirikt kap de tatha ashray ka bhi prabandh karate the. vriddh, anath, rogi tatha aangahinoan ko rajy ki aur se sahayata di jati thi. kuble ne grihahin balakoan ko ekatr kar unaki shiksha ka prabandh karaya; samrajy bhar mean aspatal tatha anathalay khulavae.

vyapar ka prasar

chin ke jahaz samudr mean door door shrilanka, arab tatha abisiniya tak jaya karate the. sthal marg se muslim vyapari faras tatha arab se vyaparik samagri, roos se roeandar kap de ityadi late tatha lautate samay apane sath resham, bahumooly ratn tatha masale le jate. usake samay mean chin vyaparik keandr ban gaya tha. kuble ke rajy kal mean to isaka adbhut prasar hua.

dharmik pravritti

sansar ke itihas mean yah pahala avasar tha, jab pashchimi eshiya tatha chin-roos tatha tibbat ko prithakh karane ke lie n to marusthal the aur n paraspar virodhi dal athava yuddh ke lie tatpar senaean. dakaiti aur lootamar ka kahian nam n tha aur mangol sainik yatayat ki raksha karate the. dharmik vishayoan mean logoan ko svatantrata thi. eesaee, bauddh athava muslim koee bhi mat ho, sabake sath vah pakshapatarahit ho mitrabhav rakhata tha. eesaee padariyoan ke upadeshoan ko vah utani hi tanmayata se sunata tha, jitani bauddh purohitoan athava muslim mullaoan ke upadesh. yadi kabhi usane kisi panth par vishesh kripa ki to keval isilie ki usase niti-nirdharan mean sahayata milati thi.

mrityu

pakshapatarahit vishv nagarik hote hue bhi kuble khaan vyavaharikata ko adhik mahatv deta tha. usake sevakoan mean eshiya ki sab jatiyoan ke atirikt venis nagar (itali) ke bhi tin vyakti the. 34 varsh rajy karane ke bad kuble khaan ki mrityu huee aur usi ke ichchhanusar use chin mean n daphanakar door mangoliya mean 'onan' tatha 'kerulen' ke udgam ke nikat 'nurakan kaldun parvat' par, jahaan usake pitamah changez khaan tatha usake pita tuli evan maan siyoorakuk-teni ki samadhiyaan thian, dafanaya gaya.

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poornata

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