कुशीनगर
kushinagar
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| vivaran | 'kushinagar' bhagavan buddh se sambandhit anek aitihasik sthaloan ke lie prasiddh hai. yah sthan bauddh dharm ke anuyayiyoan ka pramukh tirth sthal hai. | ||
| rajy | uttar pradesh | ||
| zila | kushinagar | ||
| sthapana | kianvadanti ke anusar mana jata hai ki kushinagar ki sthapana shriram ke putr kush ne ki thi. | ||
| bhaugolik sthiti | gorakhapur se 51 ki.mi. ki doori par sthit. | ||
| prasiddhi | bauddh tirth sthan | ||
| havaee adda | banaras | ||
| relave steshan | devariya | ||
| sanbandhit lekh | kushinagar ka itihas, buddh, mall mahajanapad, | kshetraphal | 2,873.5 ki.mi.2 |
| adhikarik vebasait | kushinagar | ||
| any janakari | san 1861 ee. mean jab janaral kaniangham ne khoj dvara is nagar ka pata lagaya to yahaan jangal hi jangal the. us samay is sthan ka nam 'matha kuanvar ka kot' tha. | ||
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kushinagar (aangrezi: Kushinagar) buddh ke mahaparinirvan ka sthan hai. yah uttar pradesh rajy ka ek prasiddh zila tatha chhota qasba hai. bhagavan buddh se sambandhit kee aitihasik sthanoan ke lie kushinagar sansar bhar mean prasiddh hai. zile ka mukhyalay kushinagar se lagabhag 15 ki.mi. door padarauna mean sthit hai. kushinagar rashtriy rajamarg sankhya 28 par gorakhapur se 51 ki.mi. ki doori par poorab mean sthit hai. mahatma buddh ka nirvan yahian hua tha. yahaan mukhyat: vishv bhar ke bauddh tirthayatri bhraman ke liye ate haian. kushinagar se poorab ki or badhane par lagabhag 20 ki.mi. ke bad bihar rajy arambh ho jata hai.
itihas
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kushinagar prachin bharat ke tatkalin mahajanapadoan mean se ek evan mall rajy ki rajadhani tha.[1] kaniangham ne kushinagar ko vartaman devariya zile mean sthit 'kasiya' se samikrit kiya hai.[2] apane samikaran ki pushti mean unhoanne 'parinirvan mandir' ke pichhe sthit stoop mean mile tamrapatr ka ullekh kiya hai, jis par 'parinirvanachaity tamrapatr iti' ullikhit hai.[3] kaniangham ke is samikaran se vianseant smith[4] aur parjitar prabhriti vidvanh sahamat nahian haian. unake anusar kasiya ke avasheshoan evan chini yatri hvenasaang ke yatra vivaranoan mean paryapt bhinnata hai. is bhinnata ko dhyan mean rakhate hue smith ne kushinagar ko nepal mean paha diyoan ki pahali shriankhala ke par sthit hone ke mat ko uchit mana hai.[5]
rij devids ke anusar yadi ham chini yatriyoan ke yatra vivaranoan par vishvas karean to kushinagar ke malloan ka pradesh, shaky pradesh ke poorv mean paha di dhal par sthit hona chahie. kuchh any vidvan unaka pradesh shakyoan ke dakshin mean evan vajjigan ke poorv mean sthit batalate haian.[6] [[chitr:Kushinagar-1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|bauddh bhikshu dhyan sthali, kushinagar]]lekin bad ke (1906-1907) puratatvik utkhanan se prapt samagriyoan ke adhar par kaniangham ki samiksha ko uchit manate hue 'kasiya' aur 'kushinagar' ko ek hi manana uchit hoga. kaniangham ko in bhagnavasheshoan se ‘mahaparinirvan vihar’ namaankit anek mrinmudraean aur stoop ke bhitar se kuchh tamrapatr bhi mile haian. inake atirikt in khandaharoan se mahatma buddh ki vaisi hi vishal moorti prapt huee hai, jaisi ki hvenasaang ne kushinagar mean dekhi thi. 'tathagat' ki nirvan moorti bauddh shilpiyoan ka priy vishay rahi hai, parantu kasiya jaisi patthar ki vishal pratima anyatr nahian milati. ye vibhinn tathy bhi kaniangham ke samikaran ke auchity ki pushti karate haian.
kianvadanti
- kianvadanti ke anusar yah mana jata hai ki kushinagar ayodhya ke raja dasharath ke putr ramachandr ke jyeshth putr kush dvara basaya gaya tha.
bauddh granth 'mahavansh'[7] mean kushinagar ka nam isi karan 'kushavati' bhi kaha gaya hai. bauddh kal mean yahi nam kushinagar ya pali mean 'kusinara' ho gaya.
- ek any bauddh kianvadanti ke anusar takshashila ke ikshvaku vanshi raja taleshvar ka putr takshashila se apani rajadhani hatakar kushinagar le aya tha. usaki vansh parampara mean barahavean raja sudinn ke samay tak yahaan rajadhani rahi. inake bich mean kush aur mahadarshan namak do pratapi raja hue, jinaka ullekh gautam buddh ne[8] kiya tha.
nagar ka vaibhav
thumb|250px|shrilanka mandir, kushinagar
- 'mahadarshanasutt' mean kusinara (kushinagar) ke vaibhav ka varnan hai-'raja mahasudarshan ke samay mean kushavati poorv se pashchim tak barah yojan aur uttar se dakshin tak sat yojan thi. kushavati rajadhani samriddh aur sab prakar se sukh-shanti se bharapoor thi. jaise devataoan ki alakananda namak rajadhani samriddh hai, vaise hi kushavati thi. yahaan din rat hathi, gho de, rath, bheri, mridang, git, jhaanjh, tal, shankh aur khao-pio-ke das shabd gooanjate rahate the. nagari sat parakotoan se ghiri thi. inamean char rangoan ke b de-b de dvar the. charoan or tal vrikshoan ki sat paktiyaan nagari ko ghere huee thian. is poorv buddhakalin vaibhav ki jhalak hamean kasiya mean khode gaye kuoan ke andar se pray: bis phut ki gaharaee par prapt hone vali bhittiyoan ke avasheshoan se milati hai.
- 'mahaparinirvanasutt' se jnat hota hai ki kushinagar bahut samay tak samast janbudvip ki rajadhani bhi rahi thi. buddh ke samay (chhathi shati ee. poo.) mean kushinagar mall mahajanapad ki rajadhani thi. nagar ke uttari dvar se sal van tak ek rajamarg jata tha, jisake donoan or sal vrikshoan ki panktiyaan thian. sal van se nagar mean pravesh karane ke lie poorv ki or jakar dakshin ki or mu dana p data tha. sal van se nagar ke dakshin dvar tak bina nagar mean pravesh kie hi ek sidhe marg se pahuancha ja sakata tha. poorv ki or hiranyavati nadi (rapti) bahati thi, jisake tat par malloan ki abhishekashala thi. ise 'mukutabandhan chaity' kahate the. nagar ke dakshin ki or bhi ek nadi thi, jahaan kushinagar ka shmashan tha. buddh ne kushinagar ate samay iravati (achiravati, ajiravati ya rapti nadi) par ki thi.[9]
thumb|250px|left|kushinagar sthit ek dukan nagar mean anek sundar s dakean thian. charoan dishaoan ke mukhy dvaroan se ane vale rajapath nagar ke madhy mean milate the. is chaurahe par mall ganarajy ka prasiddh santhagar tha, jisaki vishalata isi se jani ja sakati hai ki isamean ganarajy ke sabhi sadasy ek sath baith sakate the. santhagar ke sabhi sadasy raja kahalate the aur bari-bari se shasan karate the. shesh vyapar adi karyoan mean vyast rahate the. kushinagar mean malloan ki ek susajjit sena rahati thi. is sena par malloan ko garv tha. isi ke bal par ve yuddh ke asthi-avasheshoan ko lene ke lie any logoan se l dane ke lie taiyar ho ge the. bhagavan buddh apane jivanakal mean kee bar kushinagar ae the. ve sal van bihar mean hi pray: thaharate the. unake samay mean hi yahaan ke nivasi bauddh ho ge the. inamean se anek bhikshu bhi ban ge the. dabbamall sthavir, ayushman sianh, yashadatt sthavir inamean prasiddh the. kosalaraj prasenajit ka senapati bandhulamall, dirghanarayan, rajamall, vajrapanimall aur viraangana mallika yahian ke nivasi the.
buddh ke upadesh
bhagavan buddh ki mrityu 483 ee. mean kusinara mean huee thi.[10] apani shishy mandali ke sath chuand ke yahaan bhojan karane ke pashchat use upadesh dekar ve kushinagar ae the. unhoanne sal van ke upavan mean yugmashal vrikshoan ke niche chir samadhi li thi.[11] nirvan ke poorv kushinagar pahuanchane par tathagat kushinagar mean kamaloan se sushobhit ek t dag ke pas upavan mean thahare the.[12] aantim samay mean buddh ne kusinara ko bauddhoan ka mahatirth bataya tha. unhoanne yah bhi kaha tha ki "pichhale janmoan mean chh: bar ve chakravarti raja hokar kushinagar mean rahe the." [[chitr:Nirvana-Temple-Kushinagar-6.jpg|thumb|250px|nirvan mandir mean buddh ki pratima]]
buddh ke sharir ka dahakarm
buddh ke sharir ka dahakarm mukutabandhan chaity, vartaman ramadhar mean kiya gaya tha aur unaki asthiyaan nagar ke santhagar mean rakkhi gee thian[13]. bad mean uttar bharat ke ath rajaoan ne inhean apas mean baant liya tha. malloan ne mukutabandhan chaity ke sthan par ek mahan stoop banavaya tha. buddh ke pashchat kushinagar ko magadh-naresh ajatashatru ne jitakar magadh mean sammilit kar liya aur vahaan ka ganarajy sada ke lie samapt ho gaya kiantu bahut dinoan tak yahaan anek stoop aur vihar adi bane rahe aur door-door se bauddh yatriyoan ko akarshit karate rahe.
rajaoan dvara nirman
bauddh anushruti ke anusar maury samrat ashok[14] ne kushinagar ki yatra ki thi aur ek lakh mudra vyay karake yahaan ke chaity ka punarnirman karavaya tha. yuvanachvaang ke anusar ashok ne yahaan tin stoop aur do stanbh banavae the. tatpashchat kanishk (120 ee.) ne kushinagar mean kee viharoan ka nirman karavaya. gupt kal mean yahaan anek bauddh viharoan ka nirman hua tatha purane bhavanoan ka jirnoddhar bhi kiya gaya. gupt-rajaoan ki dharmik udarata ke karan bauddh sangh ko koee kasht n hua. kumar gupt (5vian shati ee. ka prarambh kal) ke samay mean haribal namak ek shreshthi ne parinirvan mandir mean buddh ki bis phut ooanchi pratima ki pratishthapana ki. chhathi v satavian ee. se kushinagar uja d hona prarambh ho gaya. harsh (606-647 ee.) ke shasanakal mean kushinagar nasht prayah ho gaya tha yadyapi yahaan bhikshoan ki sankhya paryapt thi. yuvanachvaang ke yatra-vritt se soochit hota hai ki kushinara, saranath se uttar-poorv 116 mil door tha. yuvan ke paravarti doosare chini yatri itsiang ke varnan se jnat hota hai ki usake samay mean kushinagar mean sarvastivadi bhikshuoan ka adhipaty tha. haihayavanshiy rajaoan ke samay unaka sthan mahayan ke anuyayi bhikshuoan ne le liya jo taantrik the. 16 vian shati mean musalamanoan ke akraman ke sath hi kushinagar ka itihas aandhakar ke gart mean lupt sa ho jata hai. sanbhavat: 13 vian shati mean musalamanoan ne yahaan ke sabhi viharoan tatha anyany bhavanoan ko to d-pho d dala tha.
utkhanan kary
thumb|250px|kushinagar se sambandhit abhilekh
- san 1861 ee. mean jab janaral kaniangham ne khoj dvara is nagar ka pata lagaya to yahaan jangal hi jangal the. us samay is sthan ka nam 'matha kuanvar ka kot' tha. kaniangham ne isi sthan ko parinirvan-bhoomisiddh kiya. unhoanne 'anurudhava' gram ko prachin kusinara aur 'ramadhar' ko mukutabandhan chaity bataya.
- 1876 ee. ki khudaee mean yahaan prachin kal mean hone vale ek bhayanak agnikadan ke chihn mile haian, jisase spasht hai ki musalamanoan ke akraman ke samay yahaan ke sab viharoan adi ko bhasm kar diya gaya tha. 'tibbat ka itihas' lekhak taranath likhate haian ki is akraman ke samay mare jane se bache hue bhikshu bhag kar nepal, tibbat tatha any deshoan mean chale ge the. parivarti kal mean kushinagar ke astitv tak ka pata nahian milata.
- varsh 1876 ee. mean hi is sthan ko svachchh kiya gaya. purane tiloan ki khudaee mean mahaparinirvan stoop ke avashesh bhi prapt hue. tatpashchat kee guptakalin vihar tatha mandir bhi prakash mean lae ge. kalachuri nareshoan ke samay 12vian shati ka ek vihar bhi yahaan se prapt hua tha.
- kushinagar ka sabase adhik prasiddh smarak buddh ki vishal pratima hai, jo shayanavastha mean pradarshit hai.[15] isake oopar dhatu ki chadar j di hai. yahian buddh ki sadhe das phut ooanchi doosari moorti hai, jise 'mathakuanvar' kahate haian. isaki chauki par ek brahmi lekh aankit hai. mahaparinirvan stoop mean se ek tamrapatt nikala tha, jis par brahmi lekh aankit hai- '(parini) varn chaity pamrapatt iti'. is lekh se tatha haribal dvara pratishthapit moorti par ke abhilekh deyadharmoyan mahavihare snamino haribalasy pratima cheyan ghatita dinen mathuren se kasiya ka kushinagar se abhijnan pramanit hota hai.
- pahale vianseant smith ka mat tha ki kushinagar nepal mean achiravati (rapti) aur hiranyavati (gandak ?) ke tat par basa hua tha.
- majoomadar-shastri kasiya ko bethadip manate haian, jisaka varnan bauddh sahity mean hai,[16] kintu ab kasiya ka kushinagar se abhijnan poornaroopen siddh ho chuka hai.
avagaman
- havaeeadda - varanasi (banaras) yahaan ka nikatatam pramukh havaeeadda hai. dilli, lakhanoo, kolakata aur patana adi shaharoan se yahaan ke lie niyamit u danean haian. isake atirikt lakhanoo aur gorakhapur bhi vayuyan se akar yahaan aya ja sakata hai.
- rel marg - devariya kushinagar ka nikatatam relave steshan hai, jo yahaan se 35 ki.mi. ki doori par hai. kushinagar se 51 ki.mi. door sthit gorakhapur yahaan ka pramukh relave steshan hai, jo desh ke anek pramukh shaharoan se ju da hua hai.
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vithika
- chitr:Myanmar-Golden-Monastery.jpg
myaanmar svarn math
- chitr:Srilanka-Temple-Kushinagar.jpg
shrilanka mandir
- chitr:Buddha-SriLanka-Temple-Kushinagar.jpg
shrilanka mandir
- chitr:Buddha-Head-Kushinagar.jpg
buddh mastak
- chitr:Buddha-Kushinagar.jpg
- chitr:Statue-Buddha-Kushinagar-1.jpg
buddh moorti
- chitr:Statue-Buddha-Kushinagar-2.jpg
buddh moorti
- chitr:Buddhist-Centers-Map.jpg
uttar pradesh pramukh buddh keandr
- chitr:Kushinagar-2.jpg
buddh pratima, kushinagar
- chitr:Kushinagar-3.jpg
kushinagar sthit nirvan stoop
- chitr:Shrilanka-Temple-Kushinagar-1.jpg
shrilanka mandir
- chitr:Kushinagar-4.jpg
kushinagar se sambandhit ek abhilekh
- chitr:Ramabhar-Stup-Kushinagar-1.jpg
- chitr:Thai-Temple-Kushinagar.jpg
thaee mandir, kushinagar
- chitr:Kushinagar.jpg
kushinagar sthit buddh pratimaean
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- aitihasik sthanavali | vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar
- ↑ aanguttaranikay, bhag 1, pri. 213 tatraiv, bhag 4 pri. 252 mahavastu, bhag 1 pri. 34
- ↑ e. kaniangham, di aianshyeant jyographi aphh iandiya, pri. 363
- ↑ arkiyolajikalh sarve aphh iandiya, varshik riport, 1911-12, pri. 17
- ↑ vistrit, jarnalh af di rayal eshiyatik sosayati (1902), pri. 139 aur age smith arli histri af iandiya (chaturth sanskaran), pri. 167, padatippani-5 (smith ka yah mat sarvamany nahian hai, kyoanki hvenasaang ke vivaranoan ke adhar par kuchh nishchit karana sanbhav nahian hai. hvenasaang ke agaman ke pashchath bhi is sthan par nirantar parivartan hote rahe. rochak hai, saranath mean bhi, jisaki sthiti sandigdh nahian hai, aisi hi vishamata paee jati hai.
- ↑ jarnal af di rayal eshiyatik sosayati, 1913, pri. 152 tu., vimal charan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol, pri. 171
- ↑ rij devids buddhist iandiya, varanasi, iandolajikal buk haus (1979) punarmudrit, pri. 26
- ↑ mahavansh2,6
- ↑ mahadarshanasutt ke anusar
- ↑ buddh charit 25, 53
- ↑ buddh charit 25, 52
- ↑ buddh charit 25, 55
- ↑ buddh charit 25, 53
- ↑ mukutabandhan chaity mean mallarajaoan ka rajyabhishek hota tha. buddh charit 27, 70 ke anusar buddh ki mrityu ke pashchat 'nagadvar ke bahar akar malloan ne tathagat ke sharir ko lie hue hiranyavati nadi par ki aur mukut chaity ke niche chita banaee'
- ↑ mrityu 232 ee. poo.
- ↑ buddh ka nirvan dahini karavat par lete hue hua tha.
- ↑ de. eansheant jyagrefi av iandiya, pri. 714
sanbandhit lekh
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