कोयला
thumb|250px|koyala koyala ek karbanik padarth hai jisako eeandhan ke roop mean prayog mean laya jata hai. sadharanataya lak di ke aangaroan ko bujhane se bach rahe jale hue aansh ko koyala kaha jata hai. us khanij padarth ko bhi koyala kahate haian jo sansar ke anek sthaloan par khanoan se nikala jata hai. koyala ek taraph jahaan shakti prapt karane athava audyogik eedhan ka ek mahattavapoorn sadhan hai, vahian vibhinn udyogoan ke lie kachche mal ka srot bhi hai. ek anuman ke anusar bharat mean 19689 karo d tan koyala nikalane ka pratham prayas 1774 mean jharakhand ke raniganj koyala kshetr mean do aangrezoan sanamar tatha helthili ne kiya evan usake bad 1814 mean isi kshetr mean roorpat jons ki rirpot milane par koyale ka utkhanan prarambh kiya gaya.
koyale ke prakar
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karban ki matra ke adhar par koyala char prakar ka hota haian -
- pit koyala :- isamean karban ki matra 50% se 60% tak hoti hai. ise jalane par adhik rakh evan dhuaan nikalata hai. yah sabase nimn koti ka koyala hai.
- lignait koyala :- koyala isamean karban ki matra 65% se 70% tak hoti hai. isaka rang bhoora hota hai, isamean jalavashp ki matra adhik hoti hai.
- bituminas koyala :- ise mulayam koyala bhi kaha jata hai. isaka upayog ghareloo karyoan mean hota hai. isamean karban ki matra 70% se 85% tak hoti hai.
- enthrasait koyala :- yah koyale ki sabase uttam koti hai. isamean karban ki matra 85% se bhi adhik rahati hai.
koyale ke vibhinn star samooh
bharat mean koyala mukhyat: do vibhinn yugoan ke star samoohoan mean milata hai: pahala goandavana yug mean tatha doosara tritiy kalp mean. koyala utkhanan mean vartaman mean bharat ka sthan chin aur amerika ke bad vishv mean tisara hai aur yahaan par lagabhag 136 kigra. prati vyakti koyala nikala jata hai, jo ausat se kam hai. bharat mean prachin kal ki gondavana shailoan mean kul koyale ka 98 pratishat bhag paya jata hai jabaki tritiyak athava tarshiyar yugin koyala matr 2 pratishat hai.
- goandavana yugin koyala
goandavana koyala uchch shreni ka hota hai. isamean rakh ki matra alp tatha tapotpadak shakti adhik hoti hai. bharat mean goandavana yugin aur poorvottar ke koyala bhandaroan ke sabhi prakar ka lagabhag 2,0624 kharab tan koyala hai. gondavan yugin koyala dakshin ke pathari bhag se prapt hota hai evan isaki ayu 25 karo d varsh nirdharit ki gayi hai. goandavana yug ke pramukh kshetr jhariya (bihar) tatha raniganj (pashchim bangal) mean sthit hai. any pramukh kshetroan mean bokaro, giridih, karanapura, peanchaghati, umariya, sohagapur, sigareni, kothagudem adi ullekhaniy haian.
- tarshiyar yugin koyala
tarshiyar koyala ghatiya shreni ka hota hai. isamean gandhak ki prachurata hone ke karan yah katipay udyogoan mean prayukt nahian kiya ja sakata. tarshiyar yugin koyala uttar-poorvi rajyoan (pashchim bangal, asam, meghalay, arunachal pradesh tatha nagalaind), jammoo kashmir, rajasthan evan kuchh matra mean tamilanadu rajy mean paya jata hai. isaki anumanit ayu 1.5 se 6.0 karo d varsh ke bich hai. isake sabase pramukh kshetr haian- makoom kshetr (asam), neveli (tamilanadu, lingait koyale kak lie prasiddh) tatha palana (rajasthan).
utpadan
bharat ke kul koyala utpadan ka sarvadhik bhag gondavana yugin chattanoan mean milata hai, jisaka vistar 90650 varg kimi. kshetr par hai. isaka sabase pramukh kshetr pashchim bangal, jharakhand, tatha u disa rajyoan mean phaila haian, jahaan se kul utpadan ka 76 pratishat koyala prapt kiya jata hai, jabaki 17 pratishat koyala madhy pradesh v chhattisagadh tatha 6 pratishat koyala andhr pradesh mean milata hai. gondavan yugin koyala mukhyatah bituminas prakar ka hai, jisaka upayog kokiang koyala banakar desh ke lauh- ispat ke karakhanoan mean kiya jata hai. prayadvipiy bharat ki nadi-ghatiyaan koyala ke pramukh prapti sthal haian, jinamean damodar nadi ghati, son-mahanadi, brahnani nadi ghati, vardha-godavari-indravati nadi tatha koyala-panch-kanhan nadi ghati pramukh haian.
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prapti sthan
jharakhand rajy mean jhariya, bokaro, giridih, ramagadh, uttari evan dakshini karanapura, auranga, hutar, daltaganj adi tatha bihar ke lalamatiya adi kshetroan mean uttam koti ka bituminas koyala nikala jata hai. jhariya koyala kshetr 450 varg kimi. dvotr mean vistrit hai evan yahaan se jharakhand rajy ka lagabhag 50 pratishat koyala nikala jata hai. giridih koyala kshetr ka kshetraphal 2.8 varg kimi haian. yahaan barakar shreni ki shaianloan mean koyala milata hai. bokaro kshetr jhariya ke pashchimi mean sthit hai evan isaka kshetraphal 674 varg kimi hai. yahaan par 305 mi. ki gaharaee tak 53 karo d tan koyala hone ka anuman lagaya gaya hai. bihar ka karanapura kshetr oopari damodar ghati se 3 kimi pashchimi mean sthit hai aur isaka kul kshetraphal 1,424 varg kimi hai. yahaan milane vali koyala paratean 20 se 30 mi. moti haian.
pashchim bangal rajy ka raniganj koyala kshetr oopari damodar nadi ghati mean hai, jo bharat ka sabase mahattvapoorn evan b da koyala kshetr hai. isaka kul kshetraphal lagabhag 1,500 varg kimi hai. isamean barakar tatha raniganj shreniyoan ka uttam koyala nikala jata hai. is kshetr se bharat ka lagabhag 35 pratishat koyala prapt hota hai. arunachal pradesh ke namachik-namakuph kshetr mean bhi koyala khan sthit hai.
sonaghati koyala kshetr ka vistar madhy pradesh[1] tatha u disa[2] rajyoan mean phaila haian. yahaan ke tatapani - ramakola koyala kshetr ko chhattisagadh koyala kshetr ke nam se jana jata hai. u disa ka talachar koyala brahnani nadi ghati mean phaila hai, jahaan ki karaharava di koyala parat mashahoor hai. isake atirikt maharashtr ki godavari evan vardha nadi ghatiyoan tatha satapu da parvatiy kshetr mean bhi koyale ka utkhanan kiya jata hai. 2007-08 ke dauran desh mean kul 4911 lakh tan koyale ka utpadan hua.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh