खड़ी बोली

hindi vishay soochi

hiandi    vikas    prachin hiandi    madhyakalin hiandi   vibhinn nam    rashtrabhasha    rashtrabhasha aandolan    rajabhasha    upabhashaean evan boliyaan    devanagari lipi    hindi vyakaran    manakikaran    akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. san 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha

bhashashastr ki drishti se kh di boli shabd ka prayog dilli - merath ke samipasth gramin samuday ki gramin boli ke lie hota hai. griyarsan ne ise 'varnakyoolar hindustani' tatha sunitikumar chatarji ne 'janapadiy hindustani' kaha hai. khadi boli nagari lipi mean hi likhi jati hai. hiandi ki rooparekha janane ke lie kh di boli ka jnan ati avashyak hai. bhasha vaijnanik drishti se kh di boli hi staindard hindi, urdoo tatha hindustani ki mooladhar boli hai. sahityak sandarbh mean kabhi-kabhi avadhi, braj adi boliyoan ke sahity se alagav karane ke lie adhunik hindi sahity ko 'kh di boli sahity' se abhihit kiya jata hai aur is prasang mean kh di boli shabd 'staindard hindi' ka samanarthak ho jata hai. pratham ko ham 'kh di boli' shabd ka vishisht arth aur dvitiy ko samany arth kah sakate haian. kiantu 'kh di boli' shabd ke arambhik arth tatha namakaran aur usake roop, arth, prayog ke vikas ke sambandh mean vidvanoan mean matavaibhinny dikhaee p data hai. 'kh di boli' nam ki vyakhya bhinn-bhinn vidvanoan ne bhinn-bhinn roop se ki hai. un vidvanoan ki vichar-dharaoan ko nimnalikhit vargoan mean baant sakate haian-

1. kuchh vidvanh 'kh di boli' nam ko brajabhasha-sapekshy manate haian aur yah pratipadan karate haian ki lalloo lalaji (1803 ee.) se bahut poorv yah nam brajabhasha ki madhur mithas ki tulana mean us boli ko diya gaya tha, jisase kalaantar mean staindard hindi aur urdoo ka vikas hua. ye vidvanh 'kh di' shabd se karkashata, katuta, kharapan, kh dapan adi arth lete haian.
2. kuchh log ise urdoo - sapekshy manakar usaki apeksha ise prakrit, 'shuddh', gramin thethaboli manate haian.
3. kuchh kh di ka arth 'susthir, suprachalit, susanskrit, 'parishkrit ya paripakv se manate haian.
4. kuchh log uttari bharat ki okaraant braj adi boliyoan ko 'p di boli' aur usake virodh mean ise 'kh di boli' manate haian.
5. jab ki kuchh log rekhata shaili ko 'p di' aur ise 'kh di' manate haian.

kh di boli ka itihas

bharatendu poorv yug

kh di boli gady ke arambhik rachanakaroan mean fort viliyam k aaulej ke bahar do rachanakaroan— sadasukh lal 'niyaj' (sukhasagar) v iansha alla khaan (rani ketaki ki kahani) tatha fort viliyam k aaulej, kalakatta ke do bhasha muanshiyoan— lalloo lalaji (prem sagar) v sadal mishr (nasiketopakhyan) ke nam ullekhaniy haian. bharatendu poorv yug mean mukhy sangharsh hiandi ki svikriti aur pratishtha ko lekar tha. is yug ke do prasiddh lekhakoan— raja shiv prasad 'sitare hind' v raja lakshman sianh ne hiandi ke svaroop nirdharan ke saval par do simantoan ka anugaman kiya. raja shiv prasad ne hiandi ka ganvarupan door kar use urdoo–e–mualla bana diya to raja lakshman sianh ne vishuddh sanskritanishth hiandi ka samarthan kiya.

bharatendu yug

(1850 ee.–1900 ee.) in donoan ke bich sarvamany hiandi gady ki pratishtha kar gady sahity ki vividh vidhaoan ka aitihasik kary bharatendu yug mean hua. hiandi sahi mayane mean bharatendu ke kal mean 'nee chal mean dhali' aur unake samay mean hi hiandi ke gady ke bahumukhi roop ka sootrapat hua. unhoanne n keval svayan rachana ki balki apana ek lekhak mandal bhi taiyar kiya, jise 'bharatendu mandal' kaha gaya. bharatendu yug ki mahattvapoorn upalabdhi yah rahi ki gady rachana ke lie kh di boli ko madhyam ke roop mean apanakar yuganuroop svasth drishtikon ka parichay diya. lekin pady rachana ke masale mean brajabhasha ya kh di boli ko apanane ke saval par vivad bana raha, jisaka ant dvivedi ke yug mean jakar hua.

dvivedi yug

(1900 ee.–1920 ee.) kh di boli aur hiandi sahity ke saubhagy se 1903 ee. mean achary mahavir prasad dvivedi ne 'sarasvati' patrika ke sampadan ka bhar sambhala. ve saral aur shuddh bhasha ke prayog ke himayati the. ve lekhakoan ki vartani athava trutiyoan ka sanshodhan svayan karate chalate the. unhoanne hiandi ke parishkar ka bi da uthaya aur use bakhoobi anjam diya. gady to bharatendu yug se hi saphalatapoorvak kh di boli mean likha ja raha tha, ab pady ki vyavaharik bhasha bhi ekamatr kh di boli pratishthit honi lagi. is prakar brajabhasha, jisake sath mean 'bhasha' shabd ju da hua hai, apane kshetr mean simit ho gee arthath 'boli' ban gee. isake muqabale mean kh di boli, jisake sath 'boli' shabd laga hai, 'bhasha ban gee', aur isaka sahi nam hiandi ho gaya. ab kh di boli dilli ke asapas ki merath–janapadiy boli nahian rah gee, apitu yah samast uttari bharat ke sahity ka madhyam ban gee. dvivedi yug mean sahity rachana ki vividh vidhaean vikasit huee.. mahavir prasad dvivedi, shyam sundar das, padm sianh sharma, madhav prasad mishr, poornasianh, chandradhar sharma guleri adi ke avadan visheshatah ullekhaniy haian.
isi dauran varsh 1918 mean indaur mean gaandhi ji ki adhyakshata mean 'hindi sahity sammelan' ayojit hua aur usi mean parit ek prastav ke dvara hindi rashtrabhasha mani gayi. is prastav ke svikrit hone ke bad dakshin bharat mean hindi ke prachar prasar ke liye dakshin bharat hindi prachar sabha ki bhi sthapana huee jisaka mukhyalay madras mean tha.

chhayavad yug

(1920 ee.–1936 ee. evan usake bad) sahityik kh di boli ke vikas mean chhayavad yug ka yogadan kafi mahattvapoorn hai. prasad, pant, nirala, mahadevi varma aur ram kumar adi ne mahati yogadan kiya. inaki rachanaoan ko dekhate hue yah koee nahian kah sakata ki kh di boli sookshm bhavoan ko abhivyakt karane mean brajabhasha se kam samarth hai. hiandi mean anek bhashayi gunoan ka samavesh hua. abhivyajanna ki vividhata, bianboan ki lakshanikata, rasatmak lality chhayavad yug ki bhasha ki anyatam visheshataean haian. hiandi kavy mean chhayavad yug ke bad pragativad yug (1936 ee.–1946 ee.) prayogavad yug (1943) adi ae. is daur mean kh di boli ka kavy bhasha ke roop mean uttarottar vikas hota gaya.

pady ke hi nahian, gady ke sandarbh mean bhi chhayavad yug sahityik kh di boli ke vikas ka svarn yug tha. katha sahity (upanyas v kahani) mean premachand, natak mean jayashankar prasad, alochana mean achary ramachandr shukl ne jo bhasha–shailiyaan aur maryadaean sthapit kian, unaka anusaran aj bhi kiya ja raha hai. gady sahity ke kshetr mean inake mahattv ka aandaza isi bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki gady–sahity ke vibhinn vidhaoan ke itihas mean kaloan ka namakaran inake nam ko kendr mean rakhakar hi kiya gaya hai. jaise upanyas ke itihas mean premachand– poorv yug, premachand yug, premachandottar yug; natak ke itihas mean prasad– poorv yug, prasad yug, prasadottar yug; alochana ke itihas mean shukl– poorv yug, shukl yug, shuklottar yug.

kh di boli hi kyoan

vastav mean 'kh diboli' mean prayukt 'kh di' shabd gunbodhak visheshan hai aur kisi bhasha ke namakaran mean gun-avagun-pradhan drishtikon adhikaansh: any bhasha-sapekshy hoti hai. apabhransh aur urdoo adi isi shreni ke nam haian, atev 'kh di' shabd any bhasha sapekshy avashy hai, kiantu isaka mool kh di hai athava khari? aur isaka pratham mool arth kya hai? isake lie shabd ke itihas ki khoj avashyak hai. boli ke arth mean is nam ka ullekh hamean madhyamakal mean kahian nahian milata hai. nishrvit roop se is shabd ka prayog 19vian shati ke pratham dashabd mean lallooji lal ne 2 bar, sadal mishr ne 2 bar, gilakaist ne 6 bar kiya hai.

lalloolal ji aur sadal mishr ne 'premasagar' tatha 'nasiketopakhyan' aur 'ramacharitr' nagari lipi mean likha tha. in granthoan mean kh di boli hi shabd milata hai, jisaka uchcharan nishchay hi kh di raha hoga. is prakar hiandoo lekhakoan mean kh diboli shabd hi prachalit raha hoga, kiantu romanalipi mean 'premasagar' ke mukhaprishth par khari (kharee) hi mudrit hai. romanalipi mean hiandi ke dh‌ ya dah ko r ya R se prakat karate haian. isi se hiandi 'kh di' ko khari likha gaya hai. sambhavat: videshi aangrezoan mean 'khari' shabd hi adhik prachalit hua. aj ka samany aangrez 'kh di' shabd ka uchcharan khari ke asapas hi karega. bharatiy dhvani vikas mean bhi r aur dh‌ dhvani mean paraspar vinimay hota raha hai. sambhavat: uchcharan ki drishti se 'kh di' aur 'khari' us samay bahut hi nikat ke shabd the. is shabd ke vastavik arth jnan ke lie hamean lalloolal ji, sadal mishr aur gilakraist ke uddharanoan par pun: gambhirata poorvak vichar karana chahie. in uddharanoan se kisi bhi prakar yah siddh nahian hota ki brajabhasha ki apeksha adhik 'karkash', 'katu' hone ke karan is boli ko yah nam diya gaya. yadi unnisavian shati se bahut poorv hi brajabhasha ke virodh mean yah nam prachalit raha hota to staindard urdoo, hiandi, hiandustani sabake lie yah shabd prayukt hota, kyoanki bhashavaijnanik drishti se tinoan ki mooladhar boli yahi hai aur 'premasagar' tatha 'bago bahar' donoan ko kh di boli ka granth kaha jata hai, kiantu aisa kahian bhi nahian kaha gaya. svayan lalloolal ji ne 'lal chandrika' ki bhoomika mean apane granthoan ki bhasha ke tin bhed kiye haian-

1. braj
2. kh di boli
3. rekhate ki boli (urdoo)

yadi kh di boli ko brajabhasha sapekshy samajhate to lalloolal ji apane granthoan ki bhasha ke do hi bhag karate. vastav mean kh di boli ke lie karkash, katu adi arth bharateandu yug ki den hai, jabaki hiandi kavita ke lie brajabhasha aur kh di boli donoan mean pratiyogita ho rahi thi. sambhavat: brajabhasha pakshavaloan ne usi yug mean 'khadiboli' ka is prakar arth kiya hoga. beli mahoday ke anusar 'kh di' hi mool shabd hai, 'khari' nahian, jo kh da ka striliang roop hai. 'kh di' shabd ka arth hai 'uthi' aur jab yah shabd kisi bhasha ke lie prayukt hota hoga, to tab isaka arth 'prachalit' raha hoga. is prakar isake anusar 'kh di' ka arth hai 'paripakv', 'prachalit' ya susthir. jayashankar prasad ne apani kavy bhasha mean kh di boli ka vyapak roop se prayog kiya hai.

chandrabali pande ne apane lekh 'khadi boli ki nirukti' mean boli le paripakv, prachalit arth ka khandan karate hue yah pratipadan karane ka prayatn kiya hai ki kh di boli sadal mishr ki niji ya unake yahaan ki prachalit boli nahian hai. kiantu unaka khandan many nahian, kyoanki is boli ka prachalan hiandavi roop mean aant:praantiy vyavahar ke lie bahut pahale se tha, anyatha siandh, gujarat ke svami prananath (kulajam svaroop) aur laladas (vitak), patiyala ke ramaprasad niranjani (yogavashishth), rajasthan ke daulataram (padmapuran) aur bihar ke sadal mishr is boli mean rachana nahian kar sakate. atev 'kh di' shabd ka arth paripakv, prachalit man lene mean koee apatti nahian honi chahie. sath hi is boli ko 'kh di' (staindard keval vacharth lekar) isalie manana ki isaki tulana mean uttar pradesh ki 'brajabhasha' adi any boliyaan 'p di' boliyaan thian, bhi nyayasangat nahian hai. kiantu beli ka arth bhi poorn nahian hai. kh di shabd ka arth keval 'staindard', 'karent' arth lene se urdoo se usaka spasht alagav siddh nahian hota hai, kyoanki hiandi samany arth ki urdoo shaili dilli, agara mean bhali bhaanti prachalit aur susthir thi, kiantu urdoo ka jhukav 'yamini' bhasha arthath farasi aur arabi ki or adhik tha, atev mool roop se hiandi ya hiandustani hone par bhi gilakraist ke poorv helahedane is hiandustani ko 'mishrit hiandustani' kaha tha, jab ki usake anusar hiandustani ki hiandavi shaili shuddh hiandustani thi athava shuddh hindi thi. 'premasagar' ke pratham tin sanskaranoan ke mukhaprishth par mudrit pure Hindee language or Kharee Bolee (1805ee.), pun: isake sanskaran mean Hinduwee(1811ee.) aur tisare sanskaran mean Hindee(1842ee.) shabd isi tathy ki or sanket karate haian.

sarvapratham prayog

kh di boli nam sarvapratham hiandi ya hiandustani ki us shaili ke lie diya gaya jo urdoo ki apeksha adhik shuddh hiandi (bharatiy) thi aur jisaka prayog sanskrit parampara athava bharatiy parampara se sambandhit log adhik karate the. adhikaanshat: vah nagarilipi mean likhi jati thi. 1805ee. se hiandi, hiandustani aur urdoo shabd gilakraistake anusar samanarthak the, atev inase alagav siddh karane ke lie 'shuddh' (pure) visheshan jo dane ki avashyakata p di tatha kh diboli nam sarthak hua. is prakar kh diboli ka vastavik arthahoga shuddh, parishkrit ya parinishthit prachalit bhasha. urdoo bhi dilli agara ki bhasha thi, kiantu vah yamini mishrit thi, atev vah dilli agara ki kh di aur prachalit boli nahian thi. kh di boli shabd ka arth 1823 ee. ke bad hiandi hua. yahi karan hai ki "premasagar' ke 1842 ee. ke sanskaran mean hiandi shabd hi mukhaprishth par mudrit hai.

kh di boli shabd ka prayog arambh mean usi bhasha shaili ke lie hua, jise 1823 ee. ke bad 'hiandi' kaha gaya. kiantu jab prachin ya prachalit shabd ne 'kh di boli' ka sthan le liya to kh di boli shabd us shaili ke lie bahut kam prayukt hua, keval sahityik sandarbh mean kabhi kabhi prayukt hota hai. isi prakar jab yah mat prasiddh ho gaya ki hiandi, urdoo aur hiandustani ki mooladhar boli brajabhasha nahian varanh dilli aur merath ki janapadiy boli hai, tab us boli ka any upayukt nam prachalit na hone ke karan use 'kh di boli' hi kaha jane laga. is prakar kh di boli ka prastut bhashashastriy prayog vikasit hua. prachen kuru janapad se sambandh jo dakar kuchh log ab ise 'kauravi boli' bhi kahane lage haian, kiantu jab tak poornaroop se yah siddh na ho jae ki is boli ka vikas us janapad mean prachalit apabhransh se hi hua hai tab tak ise kauravi kahana vaijnanik drishti se yuktiyukt nahian.

kh di boli bahul kshetr

kh di boli nimn likhit sthanoan ke gramin kshetroan mean boli jati hai- merath, bijanaur, muzaffaranagar, saharanapur, deharadoon ke maidani bhag, ambala, kalasiya aur patiyala ke poorvi bhag, ramapur aur muradabad. baangaroo, jataki ya hariyanavi ek prakar se panjabi aur rajasthani mishrit kh di boli hi haian jo dilli, karanal, rohatak, hisar aur patiyala, nabha, jhiand ke gramin kshetroan mean boli jati hai. kh di boli kshetr ke poorv mean brajabhasha, dakshin poorv mean mevati, dakshin pashchim mean pashchimi rajasthani, pashchim mean poorvi panjabi aur uttar mean paha di boliyoan ka kshetr hai. boli ke pradhanat: do roop milate haian-

1. poorvi ya poorvi kh di boli
2. pashchimi ya pashchimi kh di boli.

sahity ke kshetr mean kh di boli ke adi prayog 'gorakhavani' tatha baba farid shararaganj ki baniyoan mean milate haian. musalamanoan ne is boli ko apanakar ise aant:praantiy roop diya. nirgun santoan ne bhi isake prachar mean sahayog diya. dhire dhire is boli mean vyakaran ke kshetr mean tatha shabd kosh mean any bhashaoan ka mishran hone laga, jisase hiandi (adhunik arth), urdoo aur hiandustani ka vikas hua. aj is boli ke kuchh lokagit bhi milate haian, jo prakashit bhi hue haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• kh di boli shabd ko any lekhoan mean khojean

dhireandr, varma “bhag- 1 par adharit”, hiandi sahity kosh (hiandi), 214-215.