खरोष्ठी

kharoshthi lipi

• kharoshthi lipi gandhari lipi ke nam se jani jati hai . jo gandhari aur sanskrit bhasha ko lipivaddh prayog karane mean ati hai . isaka prayog tisari shatabdi eesa poorv se tisari shatabdi tak pramukh roop se eshiya mean hota raha hai . kushan kal mean isaka prayog bharat mean bahutayat mean hua . bauddh ullekhoan mean kharoshthi lipi prarambh se bhi prayog mean ayi . kahian-kahian satavi shatabdi mean bhi isaka prayog hua hai.

1. REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksa

sikandar ke bharat-akraman (326 ee॰poo॰) ke bad pashchimottar pradesh tatha balkh par yoonaniyoan ka shasan sthapit hua to unhoanne bhi apane sikkoan par kharoshthi lipi ke aksharoan ka upayog kiya. yoonaniyoan se bhi pahale eerani shasakoan ke chaandi ke sikkoan par kharoshthi ke aksharoan ke thappe dekhane ko milate haian.

1. REDIRECT saancha:baksaband

• ek prachin bharatiy lipi jo arabi lipi ki tarah daanye se baanye ko likhi jati thi. chauthi-tisari shatabdi ee॰poo॰ mean bharat ke uttar-pashchimi sima praantoan mean is lipi ka prachalan tha. shesh bhagoan mean brahmi lipi ka prachalan tha jo baanye se daanye ko likhi jati thi. is lipi ke prasar ke karan kharoshthi lipi lupt ho gee is lipi mean likhe hue kuchh sikke aur ashok ke do shilalekh prapt hue haian.
• bharat mean islami shasan ke sath jis prakar arabi-farasi lipi ke adhar par daeean or se baeean or likhi jane vali ek lipi urdoo ke lie rachi gayi, usi prakar bharat ke pashchimottar pradesh par eeraniyoan ka adhikar ho jane par vahaan ee॰poo॰ paanchavi shatabdi mean arameee lipi ke adhar par dahini or se baeean or likhi jane vali ek nee lipi kharoshthi ka nirman kiya gaya tha.
• samrat ashok (272-232 ee॰ poo॰) ke manasehara (hazara zila, sarahadi sooba, pakistan) tatha shahabazagadhi (peshavar zila, panjab, pakistan) ke shilalekh is kharoshthi mean hi haian. in do ko chho dakar ashok ke any sare lekh brahmi lipi mean haian.
• sikandar ke bharat-akraman (326 ee॰poo॰) ke bad pashchimottar pradesh tatha balkh par yoonaniyoan ka shasan sthapit hua to unhoanne bhi apane sikkoan par kharoshthi lipi ke aksharoan ka upayog kiya. yoonaniyoan se bhi pahale eerani shasakoan ke chaandi ke sikkoan par kharoshthi ke aksharoan ke thappe dekhane ko milate haian.
• yoonaniyoan ke bad shak, kshatrap, pahlav, kushan tatha auduanbar rajaoan ne bhi is lipi ka prayog kiya.
• kharoshthi ke adhikatar lekh prachin gandhar desh mean hi mile haian.
• takshashila ke dharmarajika stoop ki khudaee se san 78 ka ek kharoshthi ka lekh mila hai, jo rajatapatr par aankit hai. vahian se tamrapatr par aankit san 76 ka ek aur lekh prapt hua hai. prachin pushkalavati (charasadda, sarahadi sooba, pakistan) tatha afganistan ke vardak aur hdda namak sthanoan se bhi kharoshthi ke lekh mile haian. mathura se bhi mahakshatrap rajul ki rani ka sianhakriti par khuda hua kharoshthi lekh upalabdh hua hai.
• patana se bhi kharoshthi ek lekh mila hai, parantu vah pashchimottar ke kisi yatri dvara laya gaya hoga. isake alava siddapur (zila chitradurg, karnatak) ke ashok ke brahmi ke lekh ki aantim pankti mean 'chapaden likhite' shabdoan ke bad 'lipikaren' shabd ke paanch akshar kharoshthi lipi mean khude hue haian, jisase jnat hota hai ki is lekh ka lekhak pashchimottar bharat ka nivasi raha hoga. lekin in udaharanoan ka arth yah nahian hai ki dakshin mean siddapur aur poorv mean patana tak kabhi kharoshthi lipi ka prachar tha. vastut: gandhar desh mean hi is lipi ne janm liya tha aur vahian par isaka sarvadhik prayog hua.

300px|kharoshthi lipi ashok ke siddapur (zila chitradurg, karnatak) ke pas ke brahmagiri lekh ki aantim pankti. isamean baeean or ke shabd haian chapadene likhite (brahmi mean) aur daeean or ka shabd hai lipakiren (kharoshthi lipi mean), jo daeean or se baeean or padha jaega. 300px|kharoshthi lipi hiand-yavan shasak minaandar (ee॰poo॰ doosari sadi) ke sikke par aankit kharoshthi lekh (daean se baean): maharajas trataras menandras 300px|kharoshthi lipi pashchimottar bharat ke shak shasak moas (lagabhag 90 ee॰ poo॰) ke sikke par aankit kharoshthi lekh (daean se baean) : rajatirajas mahatas moas

• lekin ab hamean chini turkistan ko bhi kharoshthi lipi ka kshetr manana p dega.
• 1892 mean ek phraansisi yatri dyootry d rॅns ne khotan se kharoshthi lipi mean bhojapatr mean likhi huee 'dhammapad' ki ek prati prapt ki thi. yah bhojapatr par likhi huee sabase prachin upalabdh pustak hai.
• prasiddh puratatvavetta aaurel stain (1862-1943) ne madhy eshiya ke masi-majar, niya, lon-lanh adi sthanoan se kashtapattikaoan par likhe hue saiank doan kharoshthi lekh prapt kie haian. in kashtapattikaoan ki lanbaee 7॰5 se 15 ianch aur chau daee 1॰5 se 2॰5 ianch hai. kuchh chaukor pattikaean bhi mili haian. aisi pattikaoan ko jab patr roop mean bheja jata tha, to inhean doosari pattikaoan se dhakakar un par mohar laga di jati thi charmapatt par aankit aankit lekh bhi niya se mile haian.
• kharoshthi lipi ke ye sare lekh prakrit mean haian, jo dhammapad ki prakrit se kafi milati julati hai.
• chini turkistan se hi ek pattika par kharoshthi lipi mean sanskrit ke char shlok prapt hue haian. sanskrit ke lie kharoshthi lipi ke prayog ka yah ek matr upalabdh udaharan hai.
• lon-lanh se kagaj par kharoshthi ke lekh prapt hue haian. hamean chini turkistan ko bhi kharoshthi lipi ka kshetr manana p dega.
• samanyat: eesa poorv tisari shatabdi se eesa ki chauthi shatabdi tak kharoshthi lipi ka vyavahar hota raha.
• kharoshthi ke prachinatam abhilekh ashok ke shahabajagadhi tatha manasehara ke shilalekh haian.
• bharat mean mile kharoshthi ke sabase bad ke abhilekh kushan shasakoan (eesa ki tisari aur chauthi shatabdi) ke haian.
• chini turkistan ke lekh bhi tisari-chauthi shatabdi ke haian. sanbhav hai ki isake bad bhi vahaan ke nivasiyoan ne kuchh samay tak is lipi ka upayog jari rakha ho; parantu bharat mean paanchavian shatabdi mean jab hoonoan ka agaman hota hai to ham kharoshthi ka kahian koee astitv nahian dekhate. jab videshi shasak bharat ki sanskriti mean ghul-mil ge to unhoanne kharoshthi lipi ko tyagakar yahaan ki adhik prachalit brahmi lipi ko apana liya.

is lipi ka nam kharoshthi kyoan p da

isake bare mean vidvanoan mean kafi matabhed hai. kuchh vidvanoan ne ise 'iando-baiktriyan' , 'baiktriyan' 'baiktro-pali', 'kabuli' , 'gaandhari' adi nam bhi die haian. lekin ab isake lie 'kharoshthi' nam hi roodh ho gaya hai. kiantu is nam ki utpatti ke bare mean bhi nana prakar ke mat prachalit haian.

• prasiddh bauddh granth 'lalitavistar' (eesa ki doosari shatabdi mean rachit) ke dasavean adhyay mean 64 lipiyoan ke nam ginae ge haian, jinamean pahala nam 'brahmi' ka aur doosara 'kharoshthi' ka hai. in 64 namoan mean adhikatar nam kalpit yani avastavik hi jan p date haian.
• 668 ee॰ mean likhe ge ek chini bauddh vishvakosh 'pha-van-shu-linh' mean bhi brahmi aur kharoshthi lipiyoan ke ullekh milate haian. usamean kharoshthi lipi ke bare mean likha haian, kia-lu (kia-lu-se-a>k-lu-se-to>kh-ro-s-t> kharoshth) ki lipi daeean or se baeean or ko padhi jati hai. ....brahma aur kharoshth bharatavarsh mean hue. brahma aur kharoshth ne apani lipiyaan devalok se paeean.'
• lalitavistar aur chini vishvakosh ke inhian ullekhoan ke adhar par prasiddh puralipivid byoohlar ne is lipi ko 'kharoshthi' ka nam diya tha.
• kharoshth ka arth 'gadhh ke oth vala' hota hai!
• ek mat ke anusar gadhe ki khal par likhi jane se ise eerani mean kharapost kahate the aur usi ka apabhransh roop kharoshth hai.
• ek any mat yah hai ki arameee bhasha mean 'kharoshth' shabd tha, aur usi ke bhramak samy ke adhar par sanskrit ka 'kharoshth' shabd bana. lekin ye sare mat atakalean hi haian; inamean se kisi ko bhi thos pramanoan se siddh nahian kiya ja sakata.

450px|kharoshthi lipi lipyantar (daean se baean): 1. s 1 100 20 10 4 2 (=136) ayas ashadas masas divase 1 4 1 (=15) ish divase pradistavit bhagavato dhatuo uras 2. ken lot phriaputran bahalien noache nagare vastaven ten ime pradistavit bhagavato dhatuo dhamar- 3. ie tachhashi (l) e tanuve bodhisatv gahami maharajas rajatirajas devaputras khushanas arog dakshine 4. sarv budhan puye prachag budhan puye arah (t) n puye sarvasan puye matapitu puye mitramach natis 5. lohin puye atvano arog dachhine nivane hotu a (y) de samaparichago takshashila ke dharmarajika stoop se prapt, rajatapatr par aankit kharoshthi lekh (pratham shatabdi ee॰) isamean is bat ka ullekh hai ki ay-varsh 136 (lagabhag 78 ee॰) mean balkh desh ke urasak ne uparyukt stoop ke niji upasana-grih mean apane gurujanoan, sanbandhiyoan aur mitroan ke samman ke lie tatha mahan kushan samrat ke tatha apane svasthy ke lie bhagavan buddh ke asthi-avasheshoan ki pratishthapana ki. 450px|kharoshthi lipi kharoshthi varnamala

• kharoshthi lipi, semetik lipiyoan ki tarah, daeean or se baeean or ko likhi jati thi. isake kuchh akshar hi nahian, balki inake dhvaniman bhi arameee lipi se milate haian. isalie anek vidvan aisa manate haian ki kharoshthi ka nirman arameee lipi ke adhar par hua hai.
• eeran ke hakhamani shasan-kal mean sanpoorn pashchim eshiya mean arameee bhasha tatha lipi ka prachar tha.
• takshashila se bhi arameee lipi mean likha hua ek shilalekh mila hai.
• hakhamani shasakoan ka gandharadesh par bhi shasan tha. arameee lipi semetik bhashaoan ko likhane ke lie to thik thi, parantu bharopiy parivar ki prakrit bhasha ko is lipi mean likhana sanbhav nahian tha. isalie, aisa jan p data hai ki ee.poo. paanchavian shatabdi man gandhar desh mean, arameee lipi ka anukaran karate hue, is nee lipi ko janm diya gaya. arameee lipi mean keval 22 akshar the aur usamean svaroan ki apoornata (jaisa ki sabhi semetik lipiyoan mean dekhane ko milata hai) thi aur usamean hrasv-dirgh ka koee bhed nahian tha. isalie prakrit (pali) ke lie nee lipi ka nirman karate samay kuchh ne svar tatha unaki matraoan ke lie sanket gadhane p de.
• kharoshthi lipi ki varnamala ko dekhane se spasht pata chalata hai ki usake nirman mean brahmi lipi ka prabhav kafi raha hai. itana hone par bhi brahmi ki tarah kharoshthi ke svaroan tatha unaki matraoan mean hrasv-dirgh ka bhed nahian hai. isamean sanyuktakshar bhi bahut kam milate haian. kuchh sanyuktaksharoan ka padhana to ab bhi sandeh se mukt nahian hai. vastut: jis prakar hamare desh mean aj bhi ek kamachalaoo 'mahajani' lipi' chalati hai, usi ki tarah is kharoshthi ka bhi janm mamooli patr-vyavahar, bahi-khatoan ke hisab adi ke lie hi hua tha.

450px|kharoshthi lipi kharoshthi vyanjanoan ke sath svar-matraean jo dane ki vyavastha 450px|kharoshthi lipi ashok ke kharoshthi lekhoan ke kuchh sanyuktakshar, kramash: 1. tr tv thr thri dr dhr dhr kr gran 2. pr pri br br bhye bhr mm my mru 3. shr vran sp spi str str thr

• kharoshthi ke lekh shilaoan, dhatu-phalakoan, kashth-pattikaoan, sikkoan, bhoorjapatroan tatha kagaj par milate haian aur in sabhi lekhan-samagriyoan par is lipi ka samanyat: ek-sa hi svaroop dekhane ko milata hai. yoan yah lipi syahi aur kalam se likhane ke lie adhik upayukt thi.
• pichhali shatabdi ke poorvardh mean karnal jems t aaud, janaral veantura, alekjaiandar barns adi puravidoan ne bakhtri, yoonani, shak, pahlav tatha kushan shasakoan ke dheroan sikkoan ka sangrah kiya tha. in sikkoan mean se kee par ek taraph yoonani lipi ke akshar haian aur doosari taraph kharoshthi lipi ke. aranbh mean kharoshthi lipi ke bare mean kafi atakalean lagaee geean. in sikkoan ke yoonani aksharoan ko asani se padha ja sakata tha.
• afaganistan mean puratatvanveshan mean jute hue mesan mahashay ne sabase pahale sikkoan ke ek taraph ke yoonani namoan ki tulana doosari or ke kharoshthi aksharoan se karake doosari taraph ki ibaratoan ka adhyayan kiya, to unhean 'minaandar' 'epolodotas', 'harmias' , 'besiliyas' (raja) aur 'soteras' (rakshak) shabdoan ke kharoshthi aksharoan ko pahachanane mean saphalata mili. mesan ne apani is khoj ki janakari jems prinsep ko di.

450px|kharoshthi lipi arameee aur kharoshthi aksharoan mean samy

• prinsep (1799-1840) us samay brahmi aur kharoshthi ke anveshan mean jute hue the. unhoanne brahmi lipi ka to udghatan kiya hi, unhean kharoshthi lipi ka bhi udghatan karane ka shrey prapt hai.
• mesan ke aksharamanoan ke adhar par prinsep ko aranbh mean 12 rajaoan ke namoan tatha 6 padaviyoan ko padhane mean saphalata mili. isake sath yah bhi pata chala ki yah lipi daeean or se baeean or ko likhi jati thi. lekin prinsep aranbh mean is lipi ki bhasha ko galati se pahalavi samajh baithe the.
• 1838 mean pahali bar do bakhtri rajaoan ke sikkoan par prakrit (pali) mean lekh dekhane ko mile, to yah siddh ho gaya ki kharoshthi lekhoan ki bhasha pali hai. isake bad to kharoshthi lipi ke aksharoan ko pahachanana aur bhi adhik asan ho gaya.
• svayan prinsep ne is lipi ke 17 akshar pahachane the.
• bad mean janaral kaniangham (1814-93) ne kharoshthi ki sanpoorn varnamala tatha sanyuktaksharoan ko pahachanane ka kam poora kar diya.

400px|kharoshthi lipi kharoshthi lipi mean shahabajagadhi ka saptam shilalekh. daeean or se baeean ko ise yoan padha jata hai: 1. devanan priyo priyashi raj savratr ichhati savr 2. prashand vaseyu save hi te sayame bhavashudhi ch ichhanti 3. jano chu uchavuchachhando uchavucharago te savran v ekadeshan v 4. pi kashanti vipule pi chu dane bas nasti sayam bhav 5. shudhi kitranat dridh bhatit niche padhan arthath, devataoan ke priy priyadarshi raja chahate haian ki sab jagah sab sanpradayoan ke log (ekasath) nivas karean, kyoanki sab sanpraday sanyam aur chitt ki shuddhi chahate haian. parantu bhinn-bhinn manushyoan ki pravritti tatha roochi bhinn-bhinn- ooanchi ya nichi, achchhi ya buri – hoti hai. ve ya to sanpoorn roop se ya keval aanshik roop se (apane dharm ka palan) kareange. kiantu jo bahut adhik dan nahian kar sakata usamean sanyam, chittashuddhi, kritajnata aur dridh bhakti ka hona nitaant avashyak hai.