गंधर्व

gandharv vedoan mean akela devata tha, jo svarg ke rahasyoan tatha any satyoan ka udghatan kiya karata tha. vah sooryagni ka pratik bhi mana gaya hai. vaidik, jain, bauddh dharm granthoan mean adi mean gandharv aur yakshoan ki upasthiti bataee gee hai. gandharvoan ka apana lok hai. pauranik sahity mean gandharvoan ka ek devopam jati ke roop mean ullekh hua hai.

namakaran

jab gandharv-sanjna jatiparak ho gee, tab gandharvoan ka aantariksh mean nivas mana jane laga aur ve devataoan ke lie som ras prastut karane lage. nariyoan ke prati unaka vishesh anurag tha aur unake oopar ve jadoo-sa prabhav dal sakate the. atharvaved mean hi unaki sankhya 6333 batayi gee hai. som ras ke atirikt unaka sambandh aushadhiyoan se bhi tha. ve devataoan ke gayak bhi the, is roop mean indr ke ve anuchar mane jate the. vishnu puran ke anusar ve brahma ke putr the aur chooanki ve maan vagdevi ka path karate hue janme the, unaka nam gandharv p da.

pauranik ullekh

vishnu puran ka hi ullekh hai ki, ve kashyap aur unaki patni arishta se janme the. harivanshapuran unhean brahma ki nak se utpann hone ka ullekh karata hai. gandharvoan ka pradhan chitrarath tha aur unaki patniyaan apsaraean thian. vishnupuran mean katha ayi hai ki kis prakar gandharvoan ne patal ke nagoan se yuddh kar unaka anant dhan aur nagar chhin liya tha. nagoan ki prarthana par vishnu ne purukuts ke roop mean janm lekar unaki raksha karane ka vachan diya. is par nagoan ne apani bhagini narmada ke sath patal lok jakar gandharvoan ka parabhav kiya.

gandharv shabd ka prayog pauranik vibhinn sandarbhoan mean bhi hua hai, jaise yaksh, rakshas, pishach, siddh, charan, nag, kiannnar adi. aantarabhasatv^[1] mean sthit devayoniyoan mean gandharvo ki bhi ganana hai.^[2] gandharv shabd ki klisht kalpanaoan par ashrit anek vyutpattiyaan prachin aur arvachin vidvanoan ne di haian. sayan ne do sthanoan par ^[3] do prakar ki vyakhyaean ki haian- pratham 'ganudakan dharayatiti gandhavomegh' aur dvitiy 'gavaan rashminaan dhartaran soory.' phreanch vidvanh prijuluski ki 'iandiyan kalchar' pustak mean^[4] mean gandharvoan ka sanbandh gardabhoan se jo da hai, kyoanki 'gandharv gardabhanadinh‌'^[5] haian evan ganrdabhoan ke saman hi gandharvo ki kamukata ka varnan hai.

sangit v lalit kala

gandharvoan ke doosare nam 'gatu' aur 'pulam' bhi haian. mahabharat mean gandharv nam ki ek aisi jati ka bhi ullekh hua hai, jo paha doan aur jangaloan mean rahati thi. gandharvoan ki ragabaddhata aur sanginatay jivan tatha lalit kalaoan se unake sambandh ke ullekh se sanskrit sahity bhara hai, aur ajanta adi ke bhitti chitroan mean gaganachari gandharvoan ka bar-bar chitraankan bhi hua hai. prachin bharatiy janata ka vishvas jaise bhootoan aur yakhoan (yakshoan) mean tha, vaise hi in gandharvoan mean bhi tha. aj bhi nartakiyoan ke sambandhi aur unake yah kalakar apane ko gandharv kahate haian.

mahabharat ke anusar arjun gandharvoan se astr-shastr prapt karata hai. unase ashv prapt karata hai. kichak ka ek gandharv vadh karata hai. yayati se prashn kiya gaya ki, kya vah gandharv hai. chitrarath (aangar parv) mean anek gandharvoan ke nam ginae ge haian.^[6]

mat-matantar

ek paranpara ujjayini ke raja gandharvasen ko 'gardabhill' kahati hai. ye sari vyutpattiyaan dooraroodh kalpanajany haian.^[7] sadharanat: many vyutpatti hai- 'gandh sangit vadyadijanit pramodan arvati prapnoti gandharv: svargagayak:.^[8] gandh aur gandharv ki sagandhata^[9] mean bhi vyanjit hai, phir bhi sangitavadyadijanit pramod gandh ka sadharan arth nahian, isalie yah vyutpatti bhi santoshaprad nahian. kuchh vidvanh grik keantoroan eerani 'gandharav', sanskrit 'gandharv' tatha pali 'gandhabb' ko ek hi srot se ni:srit manate haian.rrigved mean gandharv vayukesh^[10] somarakshak, madhur-bhashi^[11], sangitajn^[12] aur striyoan ke oopar atiprakrit roop se prabhavishnu batalae ge haian. atharvaved^[13] mean gandharvoan ki ganana devajan, prithagdev aur pitaroan ke sath ki gee hai. vivahasookt^[14] mean navavivahit danpati ke lie gandharvoan ke ashirvachan ki yachana ki gee haian. sir par shikhand dharan kie apsaraoan ke pati gandharvoan ke nrityoan ka anekash: varnan hai.^[15] unake hathoan mean lohe ke bhale aur bhim ayudh hai.^[16]

shilalekh varnan

prachin shilalekhoan mean^[17] gandharvoan ke ullekh haian, kiantu pratimaoan se hi kuchh vishisht soochanaean unake vishay mean upalabdh hoti haian. vishnudharmottar puran^[18] mean unake lie shikhar se shobhit kiantu mukut se virahit pratimaoan ka vidhan hai. mathura, gaandhar, gupt, chaluky aur pallav kala keandroan mean inaki pratimaean kuchh vibhinnataoan ke sath milati haian.^[19] manasar^[20] unaki pratimaoan ki visheshataoan ka samahar karata hua likhata hai-

nritan va vaishnanv vapi vaishakhan sthanakantu va.
gitavina-vidhanaishch gandharvashcheti kathyate.

any mat

ramayan, mahabharat aur puranoan mean gandharv devagayakoan ke roop mean chitrit kie ge haian. jain paranpara mean gandharvoan ko 'kianpurush, mahorag' adi ke sath vyantaralok ke devoan ke roop mean svikar kiya gaya.^[21] bauddh avadanoan aur jatakoan mean gandharvoan ke bahuvidh ullekh haian.^[22] sangitashastr se pradhanat: sanbaddh gandharvoan ki kalpana ne takshan aur vastukala mean abhinav sauandaryoanpachayak abhiprayoan ki abhivriddhi ki. mahakavy aur kathaoan mean, visheshat: poorvamadhyayugin jain kathaoan mean, vidyadhar aur yakshoan ke sath gandharvakalpana atiranjit, hriday aur kalpanik kathavrittoan ke sarjan aur guanphan mean sahayak huee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ shashvatakosh, 101
↑ amarakosh,1, 2 ; kshirasvami : gandharvastumburuprabhritay: devayonay:; bhagavat, 3,3,11
↑ rrigved 8,77,5 aur 1,162,2
↑ prijuluski, iandiyan kalchar 3,613-620
↑ atharvaved 8, 6
↑ mahabharat., adiparv, adhyay 73, 10, 170 172, 225, vanaparv, adhyay 233, viratparv, adhyay 22, 23, 71, udayog parv adhyay 121.
↑ a. be. kith : e nyoo eksapleneshan aauv d gandharvaz, jarnal aauph iandiyan sosaiti aauph orieantal art, 5, 32-39
↑ shabdakalpadrum
↑ atharvaved 12,1,2,3
↑ rrigved 3, 38, 6
↑ tulaniy, atharvaved, 20, 128, 3
↑ rrigved 10,11
↑ atharvaved (2,5,2)
↑ atharvaved 14, 2, 34-36
↑ anrityat: shikhandin: gandharvasyapsarapate: atharvaved, 5,37,7
↑ atharvaved, 5,37,8
↑ yatha rajni balashri ka nasik mean upalabdh abhilekh, panktiyaan 8-9, talaguand stanbhabhilekh, pady 33 adi mean
↑ vishnudharmotar puran 3,42
↑ ar. es. panchamukhi, 'gandharvaz aiand kinnaraj in iandiyan aikonografi', 31-49
↑ manasar 58, 9-10
↑ kapadiya, jaigaiantik febulas ainimals in jain litarechar, nyoo iandiyan aiantikveri, 1946
↑ o. ech. d. e. vijesekar : vedik gandharv aiand pali gandhabb, yoonivarsiti aauv silon rivyoo, 3 bhi drashtavy hai

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] shashvatakosh, 101

[2] rakosh,1, 2 ; kshirasvami : gandharvastumburuprabhritay: devayonay:; bhagavat, 3,3,11

[3] rrigved 8,77,5 aur 1,162,2

[4] rijuluski, iandiyan kalchar 3,613-620

[5] tharvaved 8, 6

[6] rat., adiparv, adhyay 73, 10, 170 172, 225, vanaparv, adhyay 233, viratparv, adhyay 22, 23, 71, udayog parv adhyay 121.

[7] . be. kith : e nyoo eksapleneshan aauv d gandharvaz, jarnal aauph iandiyan sosaiti aauph orieantal art, 5, 32-39

[8] shabdakalpadrum

[9] tharvaved 12,1,2,3

[10] rrigved 3, 38, 6

[11] tulaniy, atharvaved, 20, 128, 3

[12] rrigved 10,11

[13] tharvaved (2,5,2)

[14] tharvaved 14, 2, 34-36

[15] rityat: shikhandin: gandharvasyapsarapate: atharvaved, 5,37,7

[16] tharvaved, 5,37,8

[17] yatha rajni balashri ka nasik mean upalabdh abhilekh, panktiyaan 8-9, talaguand stanbhabhilekh, pady 33 adi mean

[18] vishnudharmotar puran 3,42

[19] r. es. panchamukhi, 'gandharvaz aiand kinnaraj in iandiyan aikonografi', 31-49

[20] sar 58, 9-10

[21] ya, jaigaiantik febulas ainimals in jain litarechar, nyoo iandiyan aiantikveri, 1946

[22] . ech. d. e. vijesekar : vedik gandharv aiand pali gandhabb, yoonivarsiti aauv silon rivyoo, 3 bhi drashtavy hai

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