ग्राम

gram ko 'gaanv' bhi kaha jata hai. poorv ki sabhyata gaanvoan ki hai aur pashchim ki sabhyata nagaroan ki. karan yah hai ki poorv ki prachin sabhyataoan mean gram aur gramin dhandhoan ka pradhany raha hai. poorvi desh, jaise- bharat, pakistan, barma, chin, eeran, malay abhi bhi gaanvoan ke desh kahe jate haian. in deshoan ki pray: 80 pratishat janata gaanvoan mean rahati hai aur vahaan nagaroan ki unnati visheshakar pichhale 200 varsho mean hi huee hai.

samajik sangathan

manushy jab vany jivan se alag ho samudayik prayatnoan ki or akrisht hua, tab usane apane adyavadhi paraspar virodhi vanajivan ke pratikool sah-astitv ki disha mean sath basane ke jo upakram kie, usi samajik sangathan ki pahali ikaee 'gram' bana. sansar mean sarvatr isi kriya ke anuroop prayatn hue aur jaise-jaise sabhyata ki manjilean manushy sar karata gaya, avagaman aur yatayat ke sadhan adhikadhik aur tivratar hote ge, vaise hi gramoan se nagaroan ki or bhi pragati hoti gee. jahaan yah pragati tivratar thi, vahaan gramoan ka uttarottar hras aur nagaroan ka utkarsh hota gaya.

svatantr sthiti

bharat mean uparyukt sadhanoan ke abhav mean gaanvoan ki gramy sthiti hal tak pray: svatantr bani rahi. isi karan vahaan gaanv paramukhapekshi n hokar pray: svabalanbi raha hai. usaka svavalanban anivaryat: svechchha se nahian, uparokt karanoan ke parinamasvaroop hua hai. is svavalanban ke parinamasvaroop apani niji vritti chalane vale badhee, lohar, naee, kumhar adi sthaniy avashyakataoan ki poorti karate rahe. vaidik kal mean gaanv ke badhee athava rathakar ka b da mahatv tha. gram adhikatar rajasatta ke adhin rahate hue bhi apane aantarik shasan mean pray: svatantr the aur jaisa dakshin ke chol, pandy adi ke saanvaidhanik abhilekhoan se prakat hai, gramoan ke mandiroan, talaboan, bhoomi ke kray-vikray, khetoan ki sianchaee, s dakoan adi ke prabandh ke liye bhinn-bhinn samitiyaan hoti thian. sar charls maitakaf ne bharatiy gaanv ki svatantr vyavastha ko bahut saraha. parantu aj ke bharatiy gaanv daridra, ajnan, aandhavishvas, samajik roodhiyoan aur bimariyoan ke gadh ban ge haian, phir bhi nagaroan se yatayat ke ne sadhanoan dvara sanpark badhane se unamean asadharan parivartan ho chala hai aur bharat sarakar ki nirman yojanaoan ke prabhav se asha ki jati hai, unamean uttarottar pragatishil parivartan hote jayeange.

gram ki bharatiy paribhasha

rajakiy janaganana ke liye paribhasha ke roop mean bharat mean un naivasik ikaiyoan ko gram man liya gaya hai, jinaki janasankhya 5,000 se kam hai aur jo kisi nagar ke aang nahian hai. parantu vaijnanik roop se nishchitat: yah kahana kathin hai ki gaanv kab khatm hote haian aur nagar kahaan shuroo hote haian. krishi, pashupalan ya hast udyog ki suvidha ke karan sau pachas ghar kisi jagah bas jate haian, bas gaanv ban jata hai. dhire-dhire yah gaanv unnati karata hai, usamean bijali, pakki s dakean aur imaratean banatian tatha vyapar badhata hai, aur vah gaanv qasba ban jata hai. qasbe mean jab logoan ko adhunik suvidha prapt hone lagati haian, tab ye qasbe dhire-dhire shahar ban jate haian. aise hi prachin kal ke anek prasiddh nagar patan hone ke pashchath‌ aj keval gaanvoan ke roop mean shesh haian.

gramin jivan

samaj vaijnanik ke liye gaanv adarsh kalpanatmak paimane ka ek chhor hai, jisaka doosara chhor hai- 'mahanagar'. in donoan ke bich nagarikaran ke vibhinn star haian, jaise- chhote qasbe, b de qasbe, zile ka nagar, praantiy rajadhani aur keandriy nagar. gaanv ki abadi sadharanat: kam hi hoti hai. graminajan mitti ya patthar ya ghas-phoos ke purane tarike ke makan banakar paranparagat roop se rahate haian. ve kheti karate haian ya kheti se sanbandhit kuchh udyog dhandhe. unaki kheti adhikatar apane upayog ke liye hoti hai. keval bacha khucha mal ve mandiyoan mean bech dete haian, aur prapt dhan se apane dainik upayog ki chijean kharid lete haian, jo unake gaanv mean nahian banatian. gaanv mean aksar bazar nahian hote, kee gaanvoan ke bich ek bazar hota hai. gaanv ka samajik jivan sidha-sada hota hai. logoan ke sanbandh prathamik hote haian. samaj aur samuday ka logoan ke dainik jivan mean adhik mahatv hota hai. sab milakar kam karate haian. ek sath chhutti ya tyohar manate haian. gaanv ki samasyaoan ka samadhan sab koee milakar karane ka prayatn karate haian. khushi, gami mean sab milakar kam karate haian.

pashchim ke yoorop, amarika adi deshoan mean gaanv lak di ke gharoan se bane hote haian, ek manjila ya domanjila, ek doosare se door door aur yadyapi ve vahaan ke nagaroan ki kee manjili attalikaoan se sarvatha bhinn hote haian. hamare gaanvoan mean nagaroan ki chahal-pahal aur ga diyoan ki bhi d-bha d to nahian hoti, lekin akhabar, pustakalay adi sarvatr hote haian. teliphon adi ki suvidhaean bhi gaanv valoan ko prapt hoti haian. jayan aandonal ke anukool yoorop ke pravasi yahoodi jo ab isarayal laut rahe haian, unake liye vahaan ne-ne gaanv ke lak di ke bane makanoan aur unake charo or khet adi banakar taiyar ho rahe haian. yadi gaanvoan mean nagar ki jnanavardhini kuchh suvidhaean ho jayan to nissandeh unaki svachchh hava ka jivan nagaroan se behatar ho jay.

ikaee

samajashastriy adhyayan ke liye kya gaanv ko 'ikaee' mana ja sakata hai? is prashn par vaijnanikoan mean kafi matabhed hai. kuchh ka kahana hai ki gaanv nishchit roop se ikaee hai. usaki apani satta hoti hai. usaka apana nam hota hai aur gramajan apasi parichay mean apane ko amuk gaanv ka kahakar batalate haian. dakshin bharat ke kuchh pradeshoan mean to vyakti ke nam ke sath usake gaanv ka nam bhi ju da hota hai. visheshakar purane gaanv ke vishay mean yah bat mahatvapoorn hai. gramajan apane ko aise purane gaanv ka sadasy manane mean garv ka anubhav karate haian. gaanv ki sima pavitr mani jati hai aur usaka atikraman karane ka matalab hota hai gaanvoan ke bich jhag de. bharat mean sarvabhaum satta ki sthapana se poorv gaanv ke log qiloan mean rahate the aur apasi jhag de kabhi-kabhi bhayanak yuddh ka roop le lete the.

samuday

gaanv ki apani arthik aur rajanitik satta bhi hai. pratyek gaanv ka samuday is prakar sangathit hota hai ki usamean pradhan aansh khetiharoan ka hota hai, aur shesh un khetiharoan ko suvidha pahuanchane vali jatiyoan ka, jaise- brahman, lohar, badhee, kumhar, sunar, naee, valmiki, chamar, teli, dholi, adi. inaka jivan gram ke khetiharoan ke sath sanbanddh hota hai aur unake den-len ke sanbandh paranpara se nirdharit hote haian. vyaktigat pasand ya napasandagi ka adhik mahatv nahian hota. isi prakar rajanitik roop se bhi gaanv ka alag astitv hota hai. usaki bhoomi alag hoti hai, panchayat aur adhikari alag hote haian.

gaanvoan ke apasi sanbandh

samajik sangathan aur dharm ke kshetr mean gaanvoan ke apasi sanbandh pratyaksh aur mahatvapoorn hote haian. uttar bharat ke adhikatar gaanvoan mean gaanv ke bahar vivah karane ki pratha hai. gaanv ke ek varn ke log apas mean ek-doosare ko rakt sanbandhi dayad manate haian. dharmik vishvas ke mamale mean bhi gaanv mean bhed pae jate haian. unake vishvas aur ritiyaan unake apane hi hote haian, jo kabhi-kabhi dharmagranthoan mean varnit vishvasoan aur ritiyoan se bahut alag hote haian. lok jivan sarvatr shastroan ki vyavastha se door chala jaya karata hai.

sabhyata ka abhinn aang

yah sab hote hue bhi gaanv sabhyata ke abhinn aang haian. prachin sabhyataoan ka nirman isi adhar par hua tha ki gaanvoan aur janapadoan ka anokhapan bhi mitane n pae, parantu sath hi oopari taur se ve manaviy sabhyata ke rang mean rang jaean. gramin ya janapad sanskriti aur nagarik sanskriti ke bich vishvasoan aur ritiyoan ka adan pradan hota raha hai. adhik abadi vale krishi pradhan deshoan mean yah to sanbhav nahian, kiantu gaanvoan ka roop avashy hi badalega. shiksha aur rajanitik chetana ke sath gramin jan bhi un sevaoan aur suvidhaoan ko prapt karane ke ichchhuk ho rahe haian, jo abhi tak nagar ke jivan mean hi prapt thian. samajik vighatan rokane ke liye aur gaanv tatha nagar ki samajik doori ko kam karane ke liye gaanvoan ko unnat karana avashyak hai. jo samudayik vikas yojana bharat ke gaanvoan mean chaloo ki gee hai, usaka yahi mahatv hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh