चयनित लेख

mukhaprishth par chayanit alekhoan ki soochi

rasakhan ki bhasha rasakhan ke dohe mahavan, mathura|right|100px|link=rasakhan ki bhasha|border         rasakhan ki bhasha solahavian shatabdi mean brajabhasha ke sahityik asan par pratishthit ho chuki thi. bhakt-kavi sooradas ise sarvadeshik kavy bhasha bana chuke the kintu unaki shakti bhasha saushthav ki apeksha bhav dyotan mean adhik rami. isilie baboo jagannathadas 'ratnakar' brajabhasha ka vyakaran banate samay rasakhan, bihari lal aur ghananand ke kavyadhyayan ko sooradas se adhik mahattv dete haian. rasakhan ko 'ras ki khan' kaha jata hai. inake kavy mean bhakti, shrriangar ras donoan pradhanata se milate haian. rasakhan krishna bhakt haian aur prabhu ke sagun aur nirgun nirakar roop ke prati shraddhalu haian. rasakhan ki bhasha ki visheshata usaki svabhavikata hai. unhoanne brajabhasha ke sath khilava d n kar usake madhur, sahaj evan svabhavik roop ko apanaya. sath hi bolachal ke shabdoan ko sahityik shabdavali ke nikat lane ka saphal prayas kiya. ... aur padhean

maury kal maury kalin bharat ka manachitr|right|100px|link=maury kal|border         maury kal (322-185 eesa poorv) bharat ke itihas mean ati mahattvapoorv sthan rakhata hai. eesa poorv 326 mean sikandar ki senaean panjab ke vibhinn rajyoan mean vidhvansak yuddhoan mean vyast thian. madhy pradesh aur bihar mean nand vansh ka raja dhananand shasan kar raha tha. sikandar ke akraman se desh ke lie sankat paida ho gaya tha. dhananand ka saubhagy tha ki vah is akraman se bach gaya. yah kahana kathin hai ki desh ki raksha ka mauqa p dane par nand samrat yoonaniyoan ko pichhe hatane mean samarth hota ya nahian. magadh ke shasak ke pas vishal sena avashy thi, kintu janata ka sahayog use prapt nahian tha. praja usake atyacharoan se pi dit thi. asahy kar-bhar ke karan rajy ke log usase asantusht the. desh ko is samay ek aise vyakti ki avashyakata thi, jo magadh samrajy ki raksha tatha vriddhi kar sake. videshi akraman se utpann sankat ko door kare aur desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ko ek shasan-sootr mean baandhakar chakravarti samrat ke adarsh ko charitarth kare. shighr hi rajanitik manch par ek aisa vyakti prakat bhi hua. is vyakti ka nam tha- 'chandragupt maury'. chandragupt ki mrityu ke pashchath usaka putr 'bindusar' samrat bana. bindusar ka putr tha 'ashok mahan' jisaka janm lagabhag 304 ee. poorv mean mana jata hai. ... aur padhean

holi holi ke vibhinn drishy|right|100px|link=holi|border         holi bharat ka pramukh tyohar hai. puranoan mean varnit hai ki hiranyakashipu ki bahan holika varadan ke prabhav se nity agni snan karati thi. hiranyakashipu ne apani bahan holika se prahlad ko god mean lekar agnisnan karane ko kaha. usane samajha ki aisa karane se prahlad agni mean jal jaega tatha holika bach jaegi. holika ne aisa hi kiya, kiantu holika jal gayi, prahlad bach gaye. is parv ko 'navanneshti yajnaparv' bhi kaha jata hai, kyoanki khet se aye navin ann ko is din yajn mean havan karake prasad lene ki parampara bhi hai. us ann ko 'hola' kahate hai. isi se isaka nam 'holikotsav' p da. sabhi log apasi bhedabhav ko bhulakar ise harsh v ullas ke sath manate haian. holi parasparik saumanasy ekata aur samanata ko bal deti hai. ... aur padhean

vimudrikaran right|border|120px|link=vimudrikaran           vimudrikaran ek arthik gatividhi hai jisake aantargat sarakar purani mudra ko samapt kar nee mudra ko prachalit karati hai. jab desh mean kala dhan badh jata hai aur arthavyavastha ke lie khatara ban jata hai to ise door karane ke lie is vidhi ka prayog kiya jata hai. bharat ki azadi ke bad pradhanamantri moraraji desaee ke pradhanamantritv kal mean janavari 1978 mean ₹1000, ₹5000 aur ₹10000 ke not ko pahali bar vimudrikrit kiya gaya. 8 navanbar, 2016 ko bharatiy pradhanamantri nareandr modi ne ₹500 aur ₹1000 ke notoan ko usi rat 12 baje se band kie jane ki ghoshana ki. bharat mean mudra sanbandhi kary bharatiy rizarv baiank sanbhalati hai. bharat sarakar, rizarv baiank ki salah par jari kiye jane vale vibhinn moolyavarg ke baiankanotoan ke sanbandh mean nirnay leti hai. ... aur padhean

bharatiy sanskriti right|border|90px|link=bharatiy sanskriti           bharatiy sanskriti bharat ke vistrit itihas, sahity, vilakshan bhoogol, vibhinn dharmoan tatha unaki paramparaoan ka sammishran hai. bharatiy sanskriti ko 'dev sanskriti' kahakar bhi sammanit kiya gaya hai. bharat ke nivasi aur unaki jivan shailiyaan, unake nrith‍y aur sangit shailiyaan, kala aur hash‍takala jaise anh‍y anek vidhaean bharatiy sansh‍kriti aur virasat ke vibhinh‍n varnoan ko prastut karati haian, jo desh ki rashtriyata ka sachh‍cha chitr prash‍tut karate haian. bharatiy sanskriti vishv ki pradhan sanskriti hai, yah koee garvokti nahian, balki vastavikata hai. hazaroan varshoan se bharat ki saanskritik prathaoan, bhashaoan, riti-rivazoan adi mean vividhata bani rahi hai jo ki aj bhi vidyaman hai aur yahi anekata mean ekata bharatiy sanskriti ki mahanh visheshata hai. ... aur padhean

svatantrata divas adhi rat ko svatantrata|right|100px|link=svatantrata divas         svatantrata divas ek aisa din hai jab ham apane mahanh rashh‍triy netaoan aur sh‍vatantrata senaniyoan ko apani shraddhaanjali dete haian jinh‍hoanne videshi niyantran se bharat ko azad karane ke lie anek balidan die aur apane jivan nh‍yauchhavar kar die. mee 1857 mean dilli ke kuchh samachar patroan mean yah bhavishyavani chhapi ki plasi ke yuddh ke pashchath 23 joon 1757 ee. ko bharat mean jo aangrezi rajy sthapit hua tha vah 23 joon 1857 ee. tak samapt ho jaega. yah bhavishyavani sare desh mean phail gee aur logoan mean svatantrata prapt karane ke lie josh ki lahar dau d gee. 14 agast, 1947 ko rat ko 11 baje sanghatak sabha dvara bharat ki sh‍vatantrata ko manane ki ek baithak aranbh huee, jisamean adhikar pradan kie ja rahe the. jaise hi gh di mean rat ke 12 baje bharat ko azadi mil gee aur bharat ek sh‍vatantr desh ban gaya. pratyek varsh 15 agast ko bharatiy pradhanamantri pratah 7 baje lal qile par jhanda laharate haian aur apane deshavasiyoan ko apane desh ki niti par bhashan dete haian. ... aur padhean

bharatiy kraanti divas govaliya taiank maidan|right|100px|border|link=bharatiy kraanti divas         bharatiy kraanti divas prativarsh 9 agast ko manaya jata hai. yah din 'agast kraanti divas' ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai. dvitiy vishv yuddh mean samarthan lene ke bavazood jab aangrez bharat ko svatantr karane ko taiyar nahian hue to rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ne bharat chho do aandolan ke roop mean azadi ki aantim jang ka ailan kar diya jisase britaniya huqoomat mean dahashat phail gee. 9 agast, sanh 1942 mean is aandolan ki shuruat huee thi, isilie 9 agast ke din ko itihas mean agast kraanti divas ke roop mean jana jata hai. yah aandolan mumbee ke jis park se shuroo hua use ab agast kraanti maidan ke nam se jana jata hai. gaandhiji ne ahiansak roop se aandolan chalane ka ahvan kiya tha lekin aangrezoan ko bhagane ka deshavasiyoan mean aisa junoon paida ho gaya ki kee sthanoan par bam visphot hue, sarakari imaratoan ko jala diya gaya, bijali kat di gee tatha parivahan aur sanchar sevaoan ko bhi dhvast kar diya gaya. ... aur padhean

hiroshima divas right|80px|link=hiroshima divas|border         hiroshima divas 6 agast ko kaha jata hai. amerika ne 6 agast, 1945 ke din japan ke hiroshima nagar par ‘litil b aauy’ namak yooreniyam bam giraya tha. is bam ke prabhav se 13 varg ki.mi. mean tabahi mach gayi thi. hiroshima ki 3.5 lakh ki abadi mean se ek lakh chalis hazar log ek jhatake mean hi mare ge. ye sab sainik nahian the. inamean se adhikaansh sadharan nagarik, bachche, boodhe tatha striyaan thian. isake bad bhi anek varshoan tak anaginat log vikiran ke prabhav se marate rahe. is amanaviy vinash ke tin din bad hi 9 agast ko ‘fait main’ namak plootoniyam bam nagasaki par giraya gaya, jisamean anumanit 74 hazar log visphot v garmi ke karan mare ge. inamean bhi adhikaansh nirih nagarik the. ... aur padhean

rang right|100px|link=rang|border         rang [shuddh: ranh‌g] athava varn ka hamare jivan mean bahut mahattv hai. rang hazaroan varshoan se hamare jivan mean apani jagah banae hue haian. prachinakal se hi rang kala mean bharat ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. mugal kal mean bharat mean rang kala ko atyadhik mahattv mila. rangoan se hamean vibhinn sthitiyoan ka pata chalata hai. ham apane charoan taraf anek prakar ke rangoan se prabhavit hote haian. rang, manavi aankhoan ke varnakram se milane par chhaya sambandhi gatividhiyoan se utpann hote haian. mool roop se iandradhanush ke sat rangoan ko hi rangoan ka janak mana jata hai, ye sat rang lal, narangi, pila, hara, asamani, nila tatha baiangani haian. rang se vibhinn prakar ki shreniyaan evan bhautik vinirdesh vastu, prakash srot ityadi ke bhautik gunadharm jaise prakash vilayan, samaveshan, paravartan ju de hote haian ... aur padhean

siandhu ghati sabhyata sindh mean mohanajoda do mean h dappa sanskriti ke avashesh|right|120px|link=siandhu ghati sabhyata|border         siandhu ghati sabhyata vishv ki prachin nadi ghati sabhyataoan mean se ek pramukh sabhyata thi. aj se lagabhag 84 varsh poorv pakistan ke 'pashchimi panjab praant' ke 'mantagomari zile' mean sthit 'hariyana' ke nivasiyoan ko shayad is bat ka kianchitmatr bhi abhas nahian tha ki ve apane as-pas ki zamin mean dabi jin eetoan ka prayog itane dh dalle se apane makanoan ke nirman mean kar rahe haian, vah koee sadharan eetean nahian, balki lagabhag 5,000 varsh purani aur poori tarah vikasit sabhyata ke avashesh haian. is ajnat sabhyata ki khoj ka shrey 'rayabahadur dayaram sahani' ko jata hai. unhoanne hi puratattv sarvekshan vibhag ke mahanideshak 'sar j aaun marshal' ke nirdeshan mean 1921 mean is sthan ki khudaee karavayi. lagabhag ek varsh bad 1922 mean 'shri rakhal das banarji' ke netritv mean pakistan ke siandh prant ke 'larakana' zile ke mohanajoda do mean sthit ek bauddh stoop ki khudaee ke samay ek aur sthan ka pata chala. ...aur padhean

dipavali right|120px|link=dipavali|border         dipavali athava 'divali' bharat ke pramukh tyoharoan mean se ek hai. tyoharoan ka jo vatavaran dhanateras se prarambh hota hai, vah aj ke din poore charam par ata hai. dipavali ki ratri ko gharoan tatha dukanoan par bhari sankhya mean dipak, momabattiyaan aur balb jalae jate haian. prachalit manyataoan ke anusar kartik amavasya ko bhagavan shriram chaudah varsh ka vanavas katakar ayodhya laute the, tab ayodhyavasiyoan ne shriram ke rajyarohan par dipamalaean jalakar mahotsav manaya tha. is din lakshmi ke poojan ka vishesh vidhan hai. ratri ke samay pratyek ghar mean dhanadhany ki adhishthatri devi mahalakshmi, vighn-vinashak ganesh ji aur vidya evan kala ki devi mateshvari sarasvati ki pooja-aradhana ki jati hai. brahm puran ke anusar is ardharatri mean mahalakshmi svayan bhoolok mean ati haian aur pratyek sadgrihasth ke ghar mean vicharan karati haian. jo ghar har prakar se svachchh, shuddh aur suandar tariqe se susajjit aur prakashayukt hota hai, vahaan aansh roop mean thahar jati haian. ... aur padhean

ramalila right|border|100px|ramalila         ramalila uttari bharat mean paramparagat roop se khela jane vala ram ke charit par adharit natak hai. yah prayah vijayadashami ke avasar par khela jata hai. dashahara utsav mean ramalila bhi mahatvapoorn hai. ramalila mean ram, sita aur lakshman ke jivan ka vrittaant ka varnit kiya jata hai. ramalila natak ka manchan desh ke vibhinn kshetroan mean hota hai. yah desh mean alag-alag tariqe se manaya jata hai. bangal aur madhy bharat ke alava dashahara parv desh ke any rajyoan mean kshetriy vishamata ke bavajood ek saman utsah aur shauq se manaya jata hai. ... aur padhean

shraddh right|border|100px|shraddh         shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. hindoo dharm ke anusar, pratyek shubh kary ke prarambh mean mata-pita, poorvajoan ko namaskar ya pranam karana hamara kartavy hai, hamare poorvajoan ki vansh parampara ke karan hi ham aj yah jivan ji rahe haian. brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha is prakar ki hai- 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', vah shraddh kahalata hai. shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake pind banate haian, use 'sapindikaran' kahate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai, jise vijnan bhi manata hai ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. ... aur padhean

gaandhi yug right|border|100px|mahatma gaandhi|link=gaandhi yug         'gaandhi yug' mahatma gaandhi ke apane saty, ahiansa evan satyagrah ke sadhanoan se bharatiy rajanitik manch par 1919 ee. se 1948 ee. tak ke karyakal ko mana jata hai. je. ech. homs ne gaandhi ji ke bare mean kaha ki- "gaandhi ji ki ganana vigat yugoan ke mahanh vyaktiyoan mean ki ja sakati hai. ve alfred, vashiangatan tatha laifte ki tarah ek mahanh rashtr nirmata the. unhoanne bilabar fors, gairisan aur liankan ki bhaanti bharat ko dasata se mukt karane ka mahattvapoorn kary kiya. ve seant fraansis evan t aaulastay ki ahiansa ke upadeshak aur buddh, eesa tatha jarathrust ki tarah adhyatmik neta the." gaandhi ji bharat ke un kuchh chamakate hue sitaroan mean se ek the, jinhoanne desh ki svatantrata evan rashtriy ekata ke lie apana poora jivan samarpit kar diya. ... aur padhean

chaitany mahaprabhu right|border|100px|link=chaitany mahaprabhu           chaitany mahaprabhu bhaktikal ke pramukh santoan mean se ek haian. inhoanne vaishnavoan ke gau diy sanpraday ki adharashila rakhi. bhajan gayaki ki ek nayi shaili ko janm diya tatha rajanitik asthirata ke dinoan mean hindoo-muslim ekata ki sadbhavana ko bal diya, jati-paant, ooanch-nich ki bhavana ko door karane ki shiksha di tatha vilupt vrindavan ko phir se basaya aur apane jivan ka aantim bhag vahian vyatit kiya. balyavastha mean inaka nam vishvanbhar tha, parantu sabhi inhean 'nimaee' kahakar pukarate the. gauravarn ka hone ke karan log inhean 'gauraang', 'gaur hari', 'gaur suandar' adi bhi kahate the. mahaprabhu chaitany ke jivan charit ke lie vrindavanadas dvara rachit 'chaitany bhagavat' aur krishnadas kaviraj dvara 1590 mean rachit 'chaitany charitamrit' namak granth pramukh haian. chaitany mahaprabhu ne 'achinty bhedabhedavad' ka pravartan kiya, kintu pramanik roop se inaka koee granth upalabdh nahian hota. inake kuchh shishyoan ke matanusar 'dashamool shlok' inake rache hue haian. ... aur padhean

bharatiy sanskriti right|border|100px|link=bharatiy sanskriti           bharatiy sanskriti bharat ke vistrit itihas, sahity, vilakshan bhoogol, vibhinn dharmoan tatha unaki paramparaoan ka sammishran hai. bharatiy sanskriti ko 'dev sanskriti' kahakar bhi sammanit kiya gaya hai. bharat ke nivasi aur unaki jivan shailiyaan, unake nrith‍y aur sangit shailiyaan, kala aur hash‍takala jaise anh‍y anek vidhaean bharatiy sansh‍kriti aur virasat ke vibhinh‍n varnoan ko prastut karati haian, jo desh ki rashtriyata ka sachh‍cha chitr prash‍tut karate haian. bharatiy sanskriti vishv ki pradhan sanskriti hai, yah koee garvokti nahian, balki vastavikata hai. hazaroan varshoan se bharat ki saanskritik prathaoan, bhashaoan, riti-rivazoan adi mean vividhata bani rahi hai jo ki aj bhi vidyaman hai aur yahi anekata mean ekata bharatiy sanskriti ki mahanh visheshata hai. ... aur padhean

svastik right|100px|link=svastik           svastik hindoo dharm ka pavitr, poojaniy chihn aur prachin dharm pratik hai. puratan vaidik sanatan sanskriti ka param mangalakari pratik chihn svastik apane ap mean vilakshan hai. yah maangalik chihn anadi kal se sampoorn srishti mean vyapt raha hai. atyant prachin kal se hi bharatiy sanskriti mean svastik ko mangal-pratik mana jata raha hai. vighnaharta ganesh ki upasana dhan, vaibhav aur aishvary ki devi lakshmi ke sath bhi shubh labh, svastik tatha bahikhate ki pooja ki parampara hai. svastik aryatv ka chihn mana jata hai. vaidik sahity mean svastik ki charcha nahian haian. yah shabd ee. sanh ki prarambhik shatabdiyoan ke granthoan mean milata hai, jabaki dharmik kala mean isaka prayog shubh mana jata hai. ... aur padhean

chay right|100px|link=chay|border           chay ek mahattvapoorn pey padarth hai aur sansar ke adhikaansh log ise pasand karate haian. kahate haian ki ek din chin ke samrat 'shain nuang' ke samane rakhe garm pani ke pyale mean, kuchh sookhi pattiyaan akar girian, jinase pani mean rang aya aur jab unhoanne usaki chuski li to unhean usaka svad bahut pasand aya. bas yahian se shuroo hota hai chay ka safar. ye bat eesa se 2737 sal pahale ki hai. sanh 350 mean chay pine ki paranpara ka pahala ullekh milata hai. sanh 1610 mean dach vyapari chin se chay yoorop le ge aur dhire-dhire ye samoochi duniya ka priy pey ban gaya. ... aur padhean

buddh right|100px|link=buddh|border           buddh sansar prasiddh bauddh dharm ke sansthapak mane jate haian. bauddh dharm bharat ki shraman parampara se nikala dharm aur darshan hai. buddh ka mool nam 'siddharth' tha. kharavel ke abhilekh, ashok ke sianhasanarohan ki tithi, kaintan ke abhilekh adi ke adhar par mahatma buddh ki janm tithi 563 ee.poo. svikar ki gayi hai. inaka janm shakyavansh ke raja shuddhodan ki rani mahamaya ke garbh se vaishakh poornima ke din shaky ganarajy ki rajadhani kapilavastu ke nikat lumbini namak gram mean hua tha. bodhagaya mean bodhavriksh (pipal) ke niche 'siddharth' jnan prapt kar 'gautam buddh' kahalae the. aj bauddh dharm ko paiantis karo d se adhik log manate haian aur yah duniya ka chautha sabase b da dharm hai. ... aur padhean

navaratr right|durga devi|100px|link=navaratr|border         navaratr hindoo dharm granth-puranoan ke anusar mata bhagavati ki aradhana ka shreshth samay hota hai. bharat mean navaratr ka parv, ek aisa parv hai jo hamari sanskriti mean mahilaoan ke garimamay sthan ko darshata hai. manyata hai ki navaratr mean mahashakti ki pooja kar shriram ne apani khoee huee shakti paee, isalie is samay adishakti ki aradhana par vishesh bal diya gaya hai. varsh mean char navaratr chaitr, ashadh, ashvin aur magh mahine ki shukl pratipada se navami tak nau din ke hote haian, parantu prasiddhi mean chaitr aur ashvin ke navaratr hi mukhy mane jate haian. ... aur padhean

shraddh right|botom|100px|shraddh|link=shraddh|border         shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. hindoo dharm ke anusar, pratyek shubh kary ke prarambh mean mata-pita, poorvajoan ko namaskar ya pranam karana hamara kartavy hai, hamare poorvajoan ki vansh parampara ke karan hi ham aj yah jivan ji rahe haian. brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha is prakar ki hai- 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', vah shraddh kahalata hai. ... aur padhean

yojana ayog right|100px|link=yojana ayog|border         yojana ayog bharat sarakar ki pramukh svatantr sansthaoan mean se ek hai. isaka mukhy kary 'panchavarshiy yojanaean' banana hai. is ayog ki sthapana 15 march, 1950 mean huee thi. yojana ayog ke paden adhyaksh bharat ke pradhanamantri hote haian. isake bad yojana ayog ka upadhyaksh sanstha ke kamakaj ko mukhy roop se dekhata hai. vittamantri aur rakshamantri yojana ayog ke paden sadasy hote haian. yojana ayog kisi prakar se bharat ki sansad ke prati uttaradayi nahian hota hai. ... aur padhean

krishna janmashtami right|100px|link=krishna janmashtami|border         krishna janmashtami bhagavan shrikrishna ka janmotsav hai. krishna janmashtami ko bharat mean hian nahian balki videshoan mean base bharatiy bhi poori astha v ullas se manate haian. shrikrishna ne apana avatar bhadrapad mah ki krishna paksh ashtami ko madhyaratri mean apane mama kans ka vinash karane ke lie mathura mean liya tha. is avasar par desh–videsh se lakhoan shraddhaluoan ki bhi d um dati hai aur poore din vrat rakhakar nar-nari tatha bachche ratri 12 baje mandiroan mean abhishek hone par panchamrit grahan kar vrat kholate haian. krishna janmabhoomi ke alava dvarakadhish, baanke bihari ji evan any sabhi mandiroan mean isaka bhavy ayojan hota hai. ... aur padhean

rakshabandhan rakhi|right|130px|link=rakshabandhan|border         rakshabandhan shravan mas ki poornima ko poore bharatavarsh mean manaya jata hai. yah bhaee-bahan ke prem v raksha ka pavitr tyohar hai. savan mean manae jane ke karan ise 'savani' ya 'saloono' bhi kahate haian. rakshabandhan ka arth hai (raksha+bandhan) arthath kisi ko apani raksha ke lie baandh lena. madhyakalin itihas mean chittau d ki hindoo rani karnavati ne dilli ke mugal badashah humayooan ko apana bhaee manakar usake pas rakhi bheji thi. humayooan ne usaki rakhi svikar kar li aur usake samman ki raksha ke lie gujarat ke badashah bahadurashah se yuddh kiya. ... aur padhean

jaisalamer jaisalamer nagar ka ek drishy|right|130px|link=jaisalamer|border         jaisalamer anupam vastushilp, madhur lok sangit, vipul saanskritik evan aitihasik virasat ko apane mean sanjoye hue 'svarn nagari' ke roop mean vikhyat hai. pile bhoore pattharoan se nirmit bhavanoan ke lie vikhyat jaisalamer ki sthapana 1156 ee. mean rajapootoan ke saradar raval jaisal ne ki thi. raval jaisal ke vanshajoan ne yahaan bharat ke ganatantr mean parivartan hone tak bina vansh kram ko bhang kie hue 770 varsh satat shasan kiya, jo apane ap mean ek mahattvapoorn ghatana hai. saltanat kal ke itihas se gujarata hua yah rajy mugal samrajy mean bhi lagabhag 300 varshoan tak apane astitv ko banae rakhane mean saksham raha. bharat mean aangrezi rajy ki sthapana se lekar samapti tak bhi isane apane vansh, gaurav aur mahattv ko yathavat rakha. ... aur padhean

holi holi ke vibhinn drishy|right|120px|link=holi|border         holi bharat ka pramukh tyohar hai. puranoan mean varnit hai ki hiranyakashipu ki bahan holika varadan ke prabhav se nity agni snan karati thi. hiranyakashipu ne apani bahan holika se prahlad ko god mean lekar agnisnan karane ko kaha. usane samajha ki aisa karane se prahlad agni mean jal jaega tatha holika bach jaegi. holika ne aisa hi kiya, kiantu holika jal gayi, prahlad bach gaye. is parv ko 'navanneshti yajnaparv' bhi kaha jata hai, kyoanki khet se aye navin ann ko is din yajn mean havan karake prasad lene ki parampara bhi hai. us ann ko 'hola' kahate hai. isi se isaka nam 'holikotsav' p da. sabhi log apasi bhedabhav ko bhulakar ise harsh v ullas ke sath manate haian. holi parasparik saumanasy ekata aur samanata ko bal deti hai. ... aur padhean

basant panchami sarasvati devi|right|120px|link=basant panchami|border         basant panchami prasiddh bharatiy tyohar hai. is din vidya ki devi sarasvati ki pooja ki jati hai. yah pooja sampoorn bharat mean b de ullas ke sath ki jati hai. is din striyaan pile vastr dharan karati haian. basant panchami ke parv se hi 'basant rritu' ka agaman hota hai. basant ko 'rrituoan ka raja' arthath sarvashreshth rritu mana gaya hai. shaant, thandi, mand vayu, katu shit ka sthan le leti hai tatha sab ko navapran v utsah se sparsh karati hai. basant panchami ke din vagdevi sarasvati ji ko pila bhog lagaya jata hai aur gharoan mean bhojan bhi pila hi banaya jata hai. is din visheshakar mitha chaval banaya jata hai jisamean badam, kishamish, kajoo adi dalakar khir adi vishesh vyanjan banaye jate haian. ... aur padhean

ganatantr divas ganatantr divas ke vibhinn drishy |right|120px|link=ganatantr divas|border         ganatantr divas bharat mean 26 janavari ko manaya jata hai aur yah bharat ka ek rashtriy parv hai. 26 janavari, 1950 ko bharatiy sanvidhan lagoo hone ke bad sarakar ke sansadiy roop ke sath ek sanprabhutashali samajavadi lok‍taantrik ganatantr ke roop mean bharat desh samane aya. sabase pahali bar 21 topoan ki salami ke sath bharatiy rashh‍triy dhh‍vaj ko d aau. rajendr prasad ne phaharakar 26 janavari, 1950 ko bharatiy ganatantr ke aitihasik janh‍m ki gho‍shana ki thi. yah ayojan hamean desh ke sabhi shahidoan ke ni:sh‍varth balidan ki yad dilata hai, jinh‍hoanne azadi ke sangharsh mean apane jivan balidan kar die aur videshi akramanoan ke viruddh anek l daiyaan jiti. ... aur padhean

rasakhan rasakhan ke dohe|right|120px|link=rasakhan|border         saiyyad ibrahim 'rasakhan' ka hindi sahity mean krishna bhakt tatha ritikalin kaviyoan mean mahattvapoorn sthan hai. rasakhan ko 'ras ki khan(qan)' kaha jata hai. inake kavy mean bhakti, shrriangar ras donoan pradhanata se milate haian. unhoanne apane kavy ki simit paridhi mean in asimit lilaoan ka bahut sookshm varnan kiya hai. bharatendu harishchandr ne jin muslim haribhaktoan ke liye kaha tha, in musalaman harijanan par kotin hindoo varie unamean "rasakhan" ka nam sarvopari hai. rasakhan ki kavitaoan ke do sangrah prakashit hue haian- 'sujan rasakhan' aur 'premavatika'. 'sujan rasakhan' mean 139 savaiye aur kavitt hai. 'premavatika' mean 52 dohe haian, jinamean prem ka b da anootha niroopan kiya gaya hai. ... aur padhean

alam ara right|120px|link=alam ara|border         alam ara bharat ki pahali bolati film hai jisaka nirdeshan 'ardeshir eerani' ne kiya tha. alam ara ka pradarshan 14 march 1931 ko hua tha. film ke nayak ki bhoomika mastar vitthal aur nayika ki bhoomika zubaida ne nibhaee thi. film mean prithviraj kapoor ki bhi ek mahattvapoorn bhoomika thi. rajakumar aur banjarin ki prem kahani par adharit yah film ek parasi natak se prerit thi. isaki lanbaee 2 ghante 4 minat ki thi. bharat mean kahian bhi ab is film ka koee priant nahian bacha hai. alam ara ka akela priant 2003 mean pune ke neshanal film arkaiv mean lagi ag mean bhasm ho gaya. ... aur padhean

dipavali right|botom|120px|lakshmi, ganesh, sarasvati|link=dipavali|border         dipavali athava 'divali' bharat ke pramukh tyoharoan mean se ek hai. tyoharoan ka jo vatavaran dhanateras se prarambh hota hai, vah aj ke din poore charam par ata hai. dipavali ki ratri ko gharoan tatha dukanoan par bhari sankhya mean dipak, momabattiyaan aur balb jalae jate haian. prachalit manyataoan ke anusar kartik amavasya ko bhagavan shriram chaudah varsh ka vanavas katakar ayodhya laute the, tab ayodhyavasiyoan ne shriram ke rajyarohan par dipamalaean jalakar mahotsav manaya tha. is din lakshmi ke poojan ka vishesh vidhan hai. ratri ke samay pratyek ghar mean dhanadhany ki adhishthatri devi mahalakshmi, vighn-vinashak ganesh ji aur vidya evan kala ki devi mateshvari sarasvati ki pooja-aradhana ki jati hai. brahm puran ke anusar is ardharatri mean mahalakshmi svayan bhoolok mean ati haian aur pratyek sadgrihasth ke ghar mean vicharan karati haian. jo ghar har prakar se svachchh, shuddh aur suandar tariqe se susajjit aur prakashayukt hota hai, vahaan aansh roop mean thahar jati haian. ... aur padhean

vijay dashami right|botom|120px|dashahara, ramalila maidan, mathura|link=vijay dashami|border         vijay dashami athava 'dashahara' bharat ka rashtriy tyohar hai. yah ashvin shukl dashami ko b di dhoomadham se manaya jata hai. is din bhagavan shriram ne sita ka haran karane vale ravan ka vadh kiya tha. vijay dashami ke avasar par poore bharat mean jagah–jagah ayojit ramalila mean ravan dahan ka pradarshan hota hai. is din nilakanth ka darshan bahut shubh mana jata hai. vijay dashami sabhi jatiyoan ke logoan ke lie mahattvapoorn din hai, kiantu rajaoan, samantoan evan kshatriyoan ke lie yah vishesh roop se shubh din hai. ... aur padhean

shraddh right|botom|100px|shraddh|link=shraddh|border         shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. hindoo dharm ke anusar, pratyek shubh kary ke prarambh mean mata-pita, poorvajoan ko namaskar ya pranam karana hamara kartavy hai, hamare poorvajoan ki vansh parampara ke karan hi ham aj yah jivan ji rahe haian. brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha yoan di hai, 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', vah shraddh kahalata hai. ... aur padhean

hiandi right|80px|border|hiandi varnamala|link=hiandi         hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy evan madhy bharatiy ary bhasha hai. hiandi shabd ki vyupatti bharat ke uttar–pashchim mean pravahaman sindhu nadi se sambandhit hai. hiandi ki pramukh boliyoan mean avadhi, bhojapuri, braj bhasha, chhattisagadhi, gadhavali, hariyanavi, kumaanooni, magadhi aur marava di shamil haian. hiandi ki adi janani sanskrit hai. sanskrit pali, prakrit bhasha se hoti huee apabhransh tak pahuanchati hai. 'kendriy hiandi nideshalay' ne lipi ke manakikaran par adhik dhyan diya aur 'devanagari lipi' tatha 'hiandi vartani ka manakikaran' ka prakashan kiya. .... aur padhean

svatantrata divas right|120px|border|15 agast 1947 svatantrata divas ka avasar |link=svatantrata divas         svatantrata divas bharatavasiyoan ke lie ek aisa din hai jab ham apane mahanh rashh‍triy netaoan aur sh‍vatantrata senaniyoan ko apani shraddhaanjali dete haian jinh‍hoanne videshi niyantran se bharat ko azad karane ke lie anek balidan die aur apane jivan nh‍yauchhavar kar die. 15 agast 1947 ko bharat ke nivasiyoan ne lakhoan kurbaniyaan dekar british shasan se svatantrata prapt ki thi. yah rashtriy parv bharat ke gaurav ka pratik hai. isi mahanh din ki yad mean bharat ke pradhanamantri pratyek varsh lal qile ki prachir par rashtriy dhvaj tiranga phaharakar desh ko sambodhit karate haian. ... aur padhean

kalidas right|100px|border|link=kalidas         kalidas sanskrit bhasha ke sabase mahanh kavi aur natakakar the. kalidas apani alankar yukt suandar saral aur madhur bhasha ke liye vishesh roop se jane jate haian. unake rritu varnan advitiy haian aur unaki upamaean bemisal. sangit unake sahity ka pramukh aang hai aur ras ka srijan karane mean unaki koee upama nahian. kalidas shiv ke bhakt the. kalidas nam ka shabdik arth hai, 'kali ka sevak'. kalidas dikhane mean bahut suandar the aur vikramadity ke darabar ke navaratnoan mean ek the. lekin kaha jata hai ki praranbhik jivan mean kalidas anapadh aur moorkh the. kalidas ki shadi vidyottama nam ki rajakumari se huee. ... aur padhean

meva d right|130px|kumbhalagadh durg, udayapur|border|link=meva d      meva d rajasthan ke dakshin madhy mean sthit ek prasiddh riyasat thi. saik doan saloan tak yahaan rajapootoan ka shasan raha. gahalaut tatha sisodiya vansh ke rajaoan ne 1200 sal tak meva d par raj kiya tha. 17vian aur 18vian shatabdi mean meva d ki chitrakala bharatiy laghu chitrakala ki mahattvapoorn shailiyoan mean se ek hai. meva d ki jatigat samajik vyavastha paramparagat roop se ooanch-nich, pad-pratishtha tatha vanshotpann jatiyoan ke adhar par sangathit thi. meva di samaj mean striyoan ko adhik svatantrata prapt thi. isake sath hi nirnay adi ke kee mahattvapoorn adhikar bhi unhean prapt the. ... aur padhean

braj right|130px|braj ke vibhinn drishy|border|link=braj      braj shabd ka prayog vedoan, ramayan aur mahabharat ke kal mean goshth- 'go-sthan’ jaise laghu sthal ke liye hota tha, vahian pauranik kal mean ‘gop-basti’ jaise kuchh b de sthanoan ke liye kiya jane laga. bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar chaurasi kos ka mana jane laga tha. aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar mean palaval, hariyana, dakshin mean gvaliyar, madhy pradesh, pashchim mean bharatapur, rajasthan aur poorv mean eta uttar pradesh ko chhooti haian. ... aur padhean

holi right|120px|link=holi|border      holi bharat ka pramukh tyohar hai. holi jahaan ek or samajik evan dharmik hai, vahian rangoan ka bhi tyohar hai. bal-vriddh, nar-nari sabhi ise b de utsah se manate haian. isamean jatibhed-varnabhed ka koee sthan nahian hota. sanskrit shabd holakka se holi shabd ka janm hua hai. vaidik yug mean 'holakka' ko aisa ann mana jata tha, jo devoan ka mukhy roop se khady-padarth tha. basant ki anandabhivyakti rangin jal evan lal rang, abir-gulal ke parasparik adan-pradan se prakat hoti hai. kuchh pradeshoan mean yah rang yukt vatavaran 'holika ke din' hi hota hai, kintu dakshin bharat mean yah paanchavean din (rang panchami) tak manaee jati hai. ... aur padhean

kumbh mela right|botom|120px|kumbh mela, ilahabad|link=kumbh mela|border      kumbh mela hindoo dharm ka ek mahattvapoorn parv hai, jisamean karo doan shraddhalu kumbh parv sthal- haridvar, prayag, ujjain aur nasik mean snan karate haian. inamean se pratyek sthan par prati barahavean varsh mean is parv ka ayojan hota hai. prayag (ilahabad) mean sangam ke tat par hone vala ayojan sabase bhavy aur pavitr mana jata hai. is mele mean karo doan ki sankhya mean shraddhalu sammilit hote hai. aisi manyata hai ki sangam ke pavitr jal mean snan karane se atma shuddh ho jati hai. ... aur padhean

maisoor right|botom|100px|tipoo sultan|link=maisoor|border      maisoor shahar ka itihas atyant prachin hai. isake prachinatam shasak kadamb vansh ke the, jinaka ullekh prakhyat bhoogolavetta t aaulami ne kiya hai. kadamboan ko cheroan, pallavoan aur chalukyoan se yuddh karana p da tha. 12vian shatabdi mean jakar maisoor ka shasan kadamboan ke hathoan se hoyasaloan ke hathoan mean aya, jinhoanne dvarasamudr athava adhunik halebid ko apani rajadhani banaya tha. 18vian shatabdi mean aangrezoan aur maisoor ke shasakoan ke bich char sainy muthabhe d huee thian. aangrezoan aur haidar ali tatha usake putr tipoo sultan ke bich samay-samay par yuddh hue jo maisoor yuddh nam se jane jate haian. ... aur padhean

dilli right|botom|130px|bharat ki rajadhani dilli ke vibhinn drishy|link=dilli|border      amir khusaro aur galib ki rachanaoan ko gunagunati huee dilli nadirashah ki loot ki chikhoan se saham bhi jati hai. chaandani chauk-jama masjid ki sakari galiyoan se guzarakar chau de rajapath par 26 janavari ki pared ko niharati huee dilli 30 janavari ko un tin goliyoan ki avaz ko nahian bhula pati jo rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ke sine mean dhans gayi thi. dilli ne daulatabad jane ke tugalaki faramanoan ko bhi suna aur lal qile se pradhanamantri ke abhibhashanoan par taliyaan bhi bajayi. kabhi raghuray ne dilli ki rayasina paha di ko apane kaimare mean qaid kar liya to kabhi husain ke rangoan ne dilli ko rang diya. dilli kabhi kutubaminar ki manziloan ko chadhane mean pasina bahati rahi to kabhi humayooan ke maqabare mean pattharoan ko tarashati rahi. nau bar loote jane se bhi dilli ke shrriangar mean koee kami nahian ayi. ... aur padhean

ashok right|botom|130px|bharatiy sanvidhan ki mool sulekhit pratilipi mean pradarshit ashok ke chitr ki pratilipi |link=ashok|border ashok mahanh ne kaha hai:-      har dasha mean doosare sampradayoan ka adar karana hi chahie. aisa karane se manushy apane sampraday ki unnati aur doosare sampradayoan ka upakar karata hai. isake viparit jo karata hai, vah apane sampraday ki j d katata hai aur doosare sampradayoan ka bhi apakar karata hai ... . ... isalie samavay (paraspar melajol se rahana) hi achchha hai, arthath log ek-doosare ke dharm ko dhyan dekar sunean aur usaki seva karean -samrat ashok mahan ... aur padhean

shravasti right|botom|130px|jetavan math, shravasti|link=shravasti|border shravasti n keval bauddh aur jain dharmoan ka ek mahattvapoorn keandr tha apitu yah brahman dharm evan ved vidya ka bhi ek mahattvapoorn keandr tha. buddh ke jivan kal mean shravasti koshal desh ki rajadhani thi. ek bauddh granth ke anusar vahaan 57 hazar kul rahate the aur kosal-nareshoan ki amadani sabase zyada isi nagar se hua karati thi. gautam buddh ke samay mean bharat ke 6 b de nagaroan mean shravasti ki ganana hua karati thi. ... aur padhean

shraddh right|botom|100px|shraddh|link=shraddh|border shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. hindoo dharm ke anusar, pratyek shubh kary ke prarambh mean mata-pita, poorvajoan ko namaskar ya pranam karana hamara kartavy hai, hamare poorvajoan ki vansh parampara ke karan hi ham aj yah jivan ji rahe haian. brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha yoan di hai, 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', vah shraddh kahalata hai. ... aur padhean

rang right|botom|100px|lal hara v nila rang pratiroop|link=rang|border rang hazaroan varshoan se hamare jivan mean apani jagah banae hue haian. prachinakal se hi rang kala mean bharat ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. ullekhaniy hai ki mohanajod do aur h dappa ki khudaee mean siandhu ghati sabhyata ki jo chizean milian unamean aise bartan aur moortiyaan bhi thian, jin par rangaee ki gee thi. unamean ek lal rang ke kap de ka tuk da bhi mila. ... aur padhean

varanasi right|botom|100px|varanasi ke vibhinn drishy |link=varanasi|border varanasi ke vyapari samudri vyapar bhi karate the. kashi se samudr yatra ke lie navean chhootati thian. is nagar ke dhani vyapariyoan ka vyapar ke uddeshy se samudr par jane ka ullekh hai. jatakoan mean bhi vyapar ke uddeshy se bahar jane ka ullekh milata hai. ek jatak mean ullekh hai ki banaras ke vyapari dishakak lekar samudr yatra ko ge the. ... aur padhean

bagh right|150px|bagh|border|link=bagh rashtriy pashu 'bagh' pile rangoan aur dharidar lomacharm vala ek pashu hai. bagh ki ath prajatiyoan mean se bharat mean paee jane vali prajati ko r aauyal bangal taigar ke nam se jana jata hai. desh ke sabhi abhayarany mean lagatar inaki sankhya kam hoti ja rahi hai. baghoan ki is tarah girati sankhya par kendr sarakar ne 1973 mean nau taigar rizarv ilaqoan mean 'bagh bachao yojana' shuroo ki. vany jivoan ke lie kam karane valoan ka manana hai ki sal 2025 tak baghoan ke vilupt ho jane ka khatara hai. baghoan ki kul abadi ke 40 fisadi bagh bharat mean pae jate haian. bharat ke 17 pradeshoan mean baghoan ke 23 sanrakshit kshetr haian. .... aur padhean

hindi bhasha right|110px|border|hindi varnamala|link=hindi bhasha hindi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ee. ki janaganana ke anusar, 25.79 karo d bharatiy hindi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. hindi ki pramukh boliyoan mean avadhi, bhojapuri, braj bhasha, chhattisagadhi, gadhavali, hariyanavi, kumaanooni, magadhi aur marava di shamil haian. hindi ki adi janani sanskrit hai. sanskrit pali, prakrit bhasha se hoti huee apabhransh tak pahuanchati hai. kendriy hindi nideshalay ne lipi ke manakikaran par adhik dhyan diya aur 'devanagari lipi' tatha 'hindi vartani ka manakikaran' (1983 ee.) ka prakashan kiya. .... aur padhean

braj right|130px|braj ke vibhinn drishy|border|link=braj braj shabd ka prayog vedoan, ramayan aur mahabharat ke kal mean goshth- 'go-sthan’ jaise laghu sthal ke liye hota tha, vahian pauranik kal mean ‘gop-basti’ jaise kuchh b de sthanoan ke liye kiya jane laga. bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar chaurasi kos ka mana jane laga tha. aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar mean palaval, hariyana, dakshin mean gvaliyar, madhy pradesh, pashchim mean bharatapur, rajasthan aur poorv mean eta uttar pradesh ko chhooti haian. mathura-vrindavan braj ke kendr haian. braj ke van–upavan, kunj-nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo-pioo ki avaz se vatavaran guanjayaman rahata hai. braj ke prachin sangitajnoan ki pramanik janakari 16vian shatabdi ke bhaktikal se milati hai. is kal mean anekoan sangitajn vaishnav sant hue. sangit shiromani svami haridas ji, inake guru ashudhir ji tatha unake shishy tanasen adi ka nam sarvavidit hai. brajabhoomi parvoan evan tyoharoan ki bhoomi hai. yahaan ki sanskriti utsav pradhan hai. yahaan har rritu mah evan dinoan mean parv aur tyohar chalate haian. holi braj ka vishesh tyohar hai. isamean yajn roop mean navin ann ki balean bhooni jati hai. .... aur padhean

kolakata right|130px|kolakata ke vibhinn drishy|border|link=kolakata j aaub charanak ne 1690 ee. mean tin gaanvoan; kolikata, sutanati tatha govinh‍dapuri namak jagah par kolakata ki nianv rakhi thi. kolakata shahar, pashchim bangal rajy ki rajadhani hai aur britishakalin bharat (1772-1912) ki rajadhani tha. kolakata bharat ke sabase b de nagaroan aur pramukh bandaragahoan mean se ek haian. pauranik manyataoan ke anusar hianduoan ki devi kali ke nam se 'kolakata' shahar ke nam ki utpatti huee hai. 19 vian sadi ke uttarardh aur 20 vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean prakhyat baangla sahityakar bankimachandr chaitarji, jinaka likha 'anandamath' ka git 'vande mataramh' aj bharat ka rashtr git hai. netaji subhashachandr bos jaise neta aur gurudev raviandranath taigor jaise mahanh rachanakar se lekar saik doan svadhinata ke sipahiyoan ka ghar hone ka gaurav prapt hai. 1814 mean sthapit kolakata ka 'iandiyan myooziyam' bharat ka sabase purana aur apani tarah ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratattv aur mudra vishayak khandoan ka yahaan sabase moolyavan sangrah haian. kolakata mean sthit viktoriya memoriyal mugal sthapaty aur pashchimi shastriy prabhav ke mishran ke prayas ko pradarshit karata hai. .... aur padhean

bharat rath‍n right|130px|bharat rath‍n|border|link=bharat rath‍n 'bharat rath‍n uchh‍chatam nagarik samh‍man hai, jo kala, sahith‍y, vijnan, rajanitijn, vicharak, vaijnanik, udyogapati, lekhak aur samajasevi ko asadharan seva ke lie tatha uchch lok seva ko manh‍yata dene ke lie bharat sarakar ki or se diya jata hai. is purash‍kar ke roop mean die jane vale samh‍man ki mool roop - rekha 35 milimitar vh‍yas vala golakar sh‍varn padak hai jis par soory aur oopar hindi bhasha mean bharat rath‍n aur niche ek phooloan ka guladash‍ta bana hota hai. yah puraskar 2 janavari 1954 ko prarambh kiya gaya tha. yah puraskar bharat ke pratham rashtrapati d aauktar rajendr prasad dvara ghoshit kiya gaya tha. bharat ratn 26 janavari ko bharat ke rashtrapati dvara diya jata hai. sabase pahala purash‍kar prasiddh vaijnanik chandrashekhar veankataraman ko diya gaya tha. ab tak 41 logoan ko bharat ratn se sammanit kiya gaya hai. .... aur padhean

moorti kala mathura right|70px|buddh|border|link=buddh chini yatri huenasaang ke lekhanusar yahaan par ashok ke banavaye huye kuchh stoop 7vian shatabdi mean vidyaman the. parantu aj hamean inake vishay mean kuchh bhi jnan nahian hai. lok-kala ki drishti se dekha jay to mathura aur usake asapas ke bhag mean isake mauryakalin namoone vidyaman haian. lok-kala ki ye moortiyaan yakshoan ki haian. yakshapooja tatkalin lokadharm ka ek abhinn aang thi. sanskrit, pali aur prakrit sahity yakshapooja ke ullekhoan se bhara p da hai . puranoan ke anusar yakshoan ka kary papiyoan ko vighn karana, unhean durgati dena aur sath hi sath apane kshetr ka sanrakshan karana tha. mathura se is prakar ke yaksh aur yakshaniyoan ki chhah pratimaean mil chuki haian . .... aur padhean

right|100px|border|krishna|link=krishna krishna chhaandogy upanishad, jisamean devaki putr krishna ka ullekh hai aur unhean ghor aangiras ka shishy kaha hai. paravarti sahity mean shrikrishna ko dev ya vishnu roop mean pradarshit karane ka bhav milata hai. mahabharat tatha harivansh, vishnu, brahm, vayu, bhagavat, padm, devi bhagavat agni tatha brahmavart puranoan mean unhean pray: bhagavan ke roop mean hi dikhaya gaya hai. in grantho mean yadyapi krishna ke alaukik tattv ki pradhanata hai to bhi unake manav ya aitihasik roop ke bhi darshan yatr-tatr milate haian. puranoan mean krishna-sanbandhi vibhinn varnanoan ke adhar par kuchh pashchaty vidvanoan ko yah kalpana karane ka avasar mila ki krishna aitihasik purush nahian the. is kalpana ki pushti mean anek dalilean di gee haian, jo thik nahian siddh hoti. yadi mahabharat aur puranoan ke atirikt, brahman-granthoan tatha upanishadoan ke ullekh dekhe jayean to krishna ke aitihasik tattv ka pata chal jayaga. bauddh-granth ghat jatak tatha jain-granth uttaradhyayan sootr se bhi shrikrishna ka aitihasik hona siddh hai. yah mat bhi bhramak hai ki braj ke krishna, dvaraka ke krishna tatha mahabharat ke krishna ek n hokar alag-alag vyakti the.