चावल
thumb|chaval chaval vishv ki doosari sarvadhik kshetraphal par ugaee jane vali fasal hai. vishv mean lagabhag 15 karo d hekteyar bhoomi par 45 karo d tan chaval ka utpadan hota hai. bharat vishv mean chaval ka doosara b da utpadak desh hai. yahaan par vishv ke kul utpadan ka 20% chaval paida kiya jata hai. bharat mean 4.2 karo d hekteyar bhoomi par 9.2 karo d mitrik tan chaval ka utpadan kiya jata hai. chaval bharat ki sarvadhik matra mean utpadit ki jane vali fasal hai. yahaan lagabhag 34% bhoo-bhag par mote anaj ki kheti ki jati hai. bharat mean chaval utpadak rajyoan mean pashchim bangal, uttar pradesh, andhr pradesh, bihar, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, tamilanadu, karnatak, u disa, asam tatha panjab hai. yah dakshini aur poorvi bharat ke rajhyoan ka mukhhy bhojan hai.
mitti
chaval uthpadan ke lie upayukht mitti 6.0 pratishat ph aausphoras vali hoti hai. isamean vhyapak qism ki mitti hoti hai. achhchhi upaz pane ke lie bhoomi ki kam se kam char bar jutaee honi chahie. prathyek tisare varsh kisanoan ko choona bij bone ke ek ya do saphtah pahale lagana chahie.
vishv utpadan
vishv mean kul chaval utpadan ka 90% chaval dakshin-poorvi eshiya mean prapt kiya jata hai. eshiya mean pramukh utpadan desh chin, bharat, japan, baangladesh, pakistan, hindeshiya, taivan, myaanmar, maleshiya, philipians, viyatanam tatha koriya adi haian. eshiya se bahar chaval ke pramukh utpadak desh misr, brazil, arjentina, sanyukt rajy amarika, itali, spen, turki ginikost tatha malagasi haian. left|250px|thumb|chaval ke khet
- chin
chin vishv ka sabase b da chaval utpadak desh hai. yahaan par 3.2 karo d hekteyar bhoomi par 17.1 karo d mitrik tan chaval paida kiya jata hai jo vishv ke kul utpadan ka lagabhag ek tihaee hai.
- bharat
bharat vishv mean chaval ka doosara b da utpadak desh hai.
- indoneshiya
indoneshiya vishv ka tisara b da utpadak desh hai jo kul utpadan ka 8% chaval utpadan karata hai. yahaan par java dvip mean sabase adhik chaval ka utpadan hota hai.
| tapaman | 200 se 270 °C |
| varsha | 150 sentimitar 200 sentimitar |
| mitti | chikani (jalodh) |
| khad | supar ph aausphet v amoniya, naitrojan, potaishiyam adi. |
- baangladesh
vishv ka 5% chaval utpadan kar baangladesh vishv ka chautha b da utpadak desh hai. yahaan par bhoomi ke 60% bhag mean chaval ka utpadan kiya jata hai. yahaan varsh mean chaval ki tin fasalean ugaee jati haian.
isake atirikt thaeelaind, japan, myaanmar tatha koriya chaval ke pramukh utpadak desh haian. chaval ka sabase b da niryatak desh thaeelaind hai. isake atirikt myaanmar, viyatanam, sanyukt rajy amerika, sanyukt arab ganarajy, paqistan, itali, brajil, peroo tatha astreliya adi b de niryatak deshoan mean shamil haian. chaval ka aantarrashtriy shodh sansthan manila (philipians) mean tatha rashtriy chaval shodh sansthan katak (u disa) mean sthit hai.
prajatiyaan
harit kraanti ke dauran bharat mean chaval ki anek prajatiyaan vikasit ki gee jinamean vijaya, padma, kaanchi adi pramukh haian. bharat mean lagabhag 2,00,000 qishm ke chaval haian. bharat ke vibhinhn bhagoan mean upajaye jane vale chaval ke prakar hava, mitti sanrachana, visheshataoan par nirbhar karate haian. vishhv mean chaval ka sabase b da kataee kshetr bharat mean sthit haian. chaval ki kheti poore bharat mean ki jati hai. 1965 se lagabhag 600 unhnat qishm ke iandika chaval kheti ke lie jari kie jate rahe haian. chaval ki qishmoan ke lie paripakhvata avadhi 130 se 160 dinoan ke bich hai. yah chaval ke prakar aur jis kshetr mean upajaya jata hai, par nirbhar karati hai.
- vishisht qismean
| rajy | phasal evan samay | buvaee ka samay | kataee ka samay |
|---|---|---|---|
| uttar pradesh evan uttarakhand | 1. 'kuanvari' (sharadakalin phasal) 2. 'agahani (shitakalin phasal) |
joon se julaee joon se agast |
sitambar se aktoobar aktoobar se disambar |
| bihar | 1. 'madoee' (sharadakalin phasal) 2. 'agahani (shitakalin phasal) |
mee se julaee tak joon se agast tak |
agast se aktoobar tak navambar se disambar tak |
| asam | 1. 'adoo' ya 'aus' (sharadakalin phasal) 2.'bao' ya 'sali' (shitakalin phasal) 3. 'bodo' (basant kalin phasal) |
aprail se julaee tak mee se julaee tak aktoobar se janavari tak |
julaee se aktoobar tak aktoobar se janavari tak pharavari se aprail tak |
| pashchim bangal | 1. 'aus' (sharadakalin phasal) 2.'aman' (shitakalin phasal) 3. 'bodo' ya 'boro' (basant kalin phasal) |
march se julaee tak mee se julaee tak aktoobar se janavari tak |
joon se sitambar tak aktoobar se janavari tak pharavari se aprail tak |
ar si pi el 1-28 aur ar si pi el 1-29 chaval ki do qismean hai jo samudr tal se 800 se 1300 mitar ki ooanchaee par ugayi jati haian aur ve visphot rodhi haian. ar si pi el 1-81-8 chaval ki aisi qism hai jo madhhyam ooanchaee mean upajayi jati hai jo lauh vishakhtata ke prati sahanashil hai. vibhinn rajyoan mean paida ki jane vali chaval ki kuchh vishesh kismean is prakar haian - gahiakooloo, metasanaloo (andhr pradesh), samba, karuvaee, china, kicha di, (tamilanadu), champaboo, mela. kochoovih (keral), dilapasand, samudrasokh, hiranaki (madhy pradesh), ambemohar, jiresal (maharashtr), kamini, govindabhog, kalajira (pashchim bangal), jarisal (gujarat), basamati (uttar pradesh v uttarakhand), kali kamod, sutan, navari, kolaman (rajasthan) adi. vartaman mean isaki adhik upaj dene vali tatha any visheshataoan vali avishkrit evan vikasit ki gayi pramukh kismean haian - aee. ar. 8, aee. ar. 5, aee. ar. 20, si. o. 29, ti. en. 1, si. o. 34, aee. ee. ti. 1039, aee. ee. ti. 1136, taichuang netiv, tinan 3, chiyachuang 242, jaya, poosa 2-21 bhavani, saphari, sabaramati, bala, ratna, karuna, yamuna, jagannath, krishnaa, kaveri, padma, hansa, annapoorna, vijay, pankaj, saket, masoori adi.
- desh mean chaval ki tin fasalean
desh mean chaval ki tin fasalean 'aman (shitakalin), aus (sharadakalin) tatha boro (ya grishmakalin)' paida ki jati haian.
- desh ke pramukh chaval utpadak kshetr
poorvi bharat ka maidani pradesh jisamean poorvi uttar pradesh, bihar tatha pashchimi bangal ate haian. matra ki drishti se ghatate kram mean pramukh chaval utpadak rajy haian- pashchim bangal, aandhr pradesh, uttar pradesh, panjab, tamilanadu tatha bihar. pashchim bangal evan tamilanadu mean chaval ki tin fasale- aaus, aman, evan boro ugayi jati haian. desh mean sabase adhik aman ka utpadan hota hai, jo joon se agast tak bokar navambar, se janavari tak kat li jati hai. chaval dvara hi hamare desh ki adhikaansh janasankhya ke bhojan ki apoorti ki jati hai, jisase yah mahattvapoorn khadyann ban gaya hai. [[chitr:Rice-Fields.jpg|thumb|250px|left|chaval ke khet, tamilanadu]]
sianchaee
kisi bhi kshetr mean ropi jane vali chaval ki qism kshetr ki ooanchaee par nirbhar karati hai. ooanchaee ki bhoomi sookhi ya ardh sookhi hoti haian. yahaan kisan apana khet sianchane ke lie varsha par nirbhar rahate haian. jutaee karane ke bad saman roop se khet se khad buaee ke 2 se 3 saphtah pahale vitarit kiya jata hai. bij buaee, hal ke pichhe bij bona ya boriang ka prasaran karake manoosan ki barish hone ke turanht bad bij boya jata hai. bij panktiyoan mean 2 sentimitar ki doori par boya jana chahie. gili ya nichali bhoomi kheti aise kshetroan mean ki jati hai jahaan sunishchit taur par paryapht matra mean jal ki apoorti hoti hai chahe vah varsha se ho ya sianchaee dvara. gili jutaee karane ke bad bhoomi ko jal aur arvarak ke saman vitaran ke lie samatal kiya jata hai.
mausam
buaee aur ropan ke lie do mausam hote haian:- rabi aur kharif mausam. chaval ek kharif fasal hai. chaval ki kataee aktoobar-navanbar mean ki jati hai. chaval ek ushn katibandhiy fasal hai evan bharat ki manasooni jalavayu mean isaki krishi ki jati hai. yah hamare desh ki mukhy khadyann fasal bhi hai. garm evan ardr jalavayu ki upayukta ke karan ise kharif ki fasal ke roop mean ugaya jata hai. desh mean khadyannoan ke aantargat ane vale kul kshetr mean 47% bhag par chaval ki krishi ki jati hai. vishv mean chaval ke aantargat ane vala sarvadhik kshetr bharat mean (28%) hai jabaki utpadan mean isaka chin ke bad doosara sthan hai. bharat mean vishv ke kul chaval utpadan ka lagabhag 21% chaval paida hota hai.
chaval ki kheti
thumb|250px|chaval ki fasal keral mean chaval ki kheti tatiy naharoan or laigoonoan ke khetoan mean ki jati hai. yah (bhe d) daik ke nirman karane ke bad kiya jata hai jo dal-dal ko sookhata hai. dakshini rajhy jaise karnatak aur aandhr pradesh apane khet sianchane ke lie manasoon par nirbhar hote haian. panjab aur hariyana mean chaval ke khetoan ko nahar jaise adhunik pranali se siancha jata hai. yahaan chaval vanijyik fasal ke roop mean upajaya jata hai. yah uchhch domatiy mitti par ki jati hai jo paranparik chaval upajane vale kshetroan ki mitti se bhinhn hoti hai.[1] desh mean chaval ka prati hekteyar utpadan abhi bhi vikasit deshoan ki tulana mean bahut kam (matr 2026 kilogram) hai, jabaki japan mean 6240 kilogram prati hekteyar chaval ka utpadan kiya jata hai. 2006- 07 ke dauran kul 934 lakh tan chaval ka utpadan hua, jo 1990-91 ki tulana mean 1.55% ki varshik vriddhi ko darshata hai.
dharmik mahattv
chaval dharmik drishti se bhi atyant mahattvapoorn hai. koee bhi pooja, yajn adi anushthan bina chaval ke poorn nahian ho sakata. chaval arthath akshat ka matalab jisaka kshay nahian hua hai. shastroan ke anusar akshat hi ek aisa anaj hai jise poorn svaroop mana jata hai. poorn svaroop hone ke karan ise sabhi devi-devataoan ko arpit kiya jata hai. mana jata hai ki akshat chadhane ka bhav yahi hota hai ki jis prakar ham devi ko poorn svaroop chaval chadha rahe haian usi prakar devi bhi ham par poorn kripa aur ashirvad banae rakhean. hamari shraddha aur bhakti khandit na ho, sadaiv badhati jae. chaval dhan-dhany ka pratinidhitv karata hai at: ise devi-devataoan ko chadhane ka ek bhav yah bhi hai ki hamare ghar aur samaj mean dhan-dhany ki koee kami na ho. devi annapoorna ki kripa sadaiv bani rahe.[2]
- maangalik kary
- har maangalik kary mean chaval ka vishesh mahattv hota hai. navaratri mean ghat sthapana ke sath-sath har devi pooja mean isaka upayog kiya jata hai.
- hinduoan mean kisi bhi shubh karyoan par mathe par roli ke sath chaval lagakar tilak kiya jata hai.
any bhashaoan mean nam
| any bhashaoan mean nam | |||||||
| bhasha | asamiya | u diya | urdoo | kann d | kashmiri | sanskrit | gujarati |
| shabd | chaul | chauळ, bhat | chaval | akki | t aaumul | akshat | chokha |
| bhasha | dogari | tamil | telugu | nepali | panjabi | baangla | bodo |
| shabd | arisi | biyyum | chaul | chaul | |||
| bhasha | manipuri | marathi | malayalam | maithili | santhali | siandhi | aangrezi |
| shabd | taanduळ, bhat | ari | chaanvar | Rice | |||
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ chaval (hindi) bharat d aaut jiovi d aaut in. abhigaman tithi: 28 janavari, 2011.
- ↑ chaval kyoan chadhate haian mataji ko (hindi) (ech.ti,em.el) dainik bhaskar. abhigaman tithi: 28 janavari, 2011.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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