चौपाई

chaupaee matrik sam chhand ka ek bhed hai. prakrit tatha apabhransh ke 16 matra ke varnanatmak chhandoan ke adhar par vikasit hindi ka sarvapriy aur apana chhand hai. gosvami tulasidas ne ramacharitamanas mean chaupaee chhand ka bahut achchha nirvah kiya hai. chaupaee mean char charan hote haian, pratyek charan mean 16-16 matraean hoti haian tatha ant mean guru hota hai. 'prakritapaiankalamh' ka chupiya 15 matraoan ka bhinn chhand hai. isaka vikas padakulak ke chaukaloan ke niyam ke shithil hone se sambhav jan p data hai. bhanu ne chaupaee ke 16 matra ke charanoan mean n to chaukaloan ka koee kram mana hai aur n hi laghu-guru ka. unhoanne sam ke pichhe sam aur visham ke pichhe visham kal ke prayog ko achchha mana hai tatha ant mean jagan (.a.) aur tagan (aa.) ko varjit mana hai.

• sam-sam ka prayog-

"guru-pad-raj-mridu-man-jul-aan-jan".

• visham-visham, sam-sam ka prayog-

"nity-bhajiy-taji-man-kuti-la-ee".

• visham-visham sam, visham-visham sam ka prayog-

"kahahu-ram-ki-katha-suha-ee."

• do visham sam ke saman prayukt-

"bandauan-ram-nam-raghu-barako." tulasi ne in niyamoan ka 'ramacharitamanas' mean bahut achchha nirvah kiya hai aur unake chhand pravah ka saundary bhi yahi hai. chand, jayasi, sundar, soor, nandadas tatha jodharaj adi ne in niyamoan mean shithilata dikhalaee hai. kabhi-kabhi 15 matra ke charanoan ka prayog milata hai aur kabhi laghuguru (.a) se ant kiya gaya hai. yadyapi 15 matra ka 'chaupee chhand' alag hai, parantu usake ant mean g l (a.) avashyak hai. charan ke ant mean l g (.a) ka prayog is chhand mean svatantrata se milata hai. jayasi mean aise anek chhand haian tatha nandadas ne apani tinoan manjariyoan mean aise bahut prayog kiye haian- "chale-chale tum jaiyo tahaan. baithe hoan saanvare jahaan.". inako chaupaee hi mana jayega, yadyapi 15 matra ke charan haian. sundar mean 15 matra ke l g (.a) tatha g g (aa) donoan prakar ke ant paye jate haian, jo chaupee ke g l (a.) se bhinn haian- "ye chaupaee trayodas kahi. atam sakshi janau sahi." vastut: anek kaviyoan mean chaupaee tatha chaupee chhand ke prayog mean bhram ki sthiti payi jati hai.

visheshata

hindi mean yah chhand chandr ke kavy se hi milata hai. yah samanyat: varnanatmak hai, jisamean kisi bhi prakar ki sthiti a jati hai. sabhi rasoan ka nirvah isamean ho jata hai. katha-kavyoan mean is chhand ki lokapriyata ka mukhy karan yahi hai. virakavy ke kaviyoan mean keshav, jatamal, gorelal, soodan, gulab tatha jodharaj adi ne chaupaee ka prayog prasanganukool kiya hai, par premakhyanak kaviyoan mean kutuban, jayasi, usaman, nooramuhammad adi sabhi ne is chhand ko doha ke sath apanaya hai. soor ne 'soorasagar' ke kathatmak aanshoan ko jo dane ke lie is chhand ka ashray liya hai. nandadas ne manjariyoan mean prayog kiya hai. katha-kavy ke lie is chhand ki upayuktata ke karan krishna-katha bhi is shaili mean kee kaviyoan ne likhi hai. adhunik kal mean dvarakaprasad mishr ne 'krishnaayan' mean isaka prayog kiya hai. lal kavi ka 'chhatr-prakash' isi shaili mean hai. sant kaviyoan mean sundaradas ne bhi granthoan ki rachana doha-chaupaee-shaili mean ki hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

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sanbandhit lekh

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1. REDIRECT saancha:sahityik shabdavali