छन्द
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chhand shabd 'chadh' dhatu se bana hai jisaka arth hai 'ahladit karana', 'khush karana'. yah ahlad varn ya matra ki niyamit sankhya ke vinyas se utpann hota hai. is prakar, chhand ki paribhasha hogi 'varnoan ya matraoan ke niyamit sankhya ke vinyas se yadi ahlad paida ho, to use chhand kahate haian'. chhand ka sarvapratham ullekh 'rrigved' mean milata hai. jis prakar gady ka niyamak vyakaran hai, usi prakar pady ka chhand shastr hai.
chhand ke aang
chhand ke aang nimnalikhit haian?
- charan/ pad/ pad
- varn aur matra
- sankhya aur kram
- gan
- gati
- yati/ viram
- tuk
1.charan/ pad/ pad
- chhand ke prayah 4 bhag hote haian. inamean se pratyek ko 'charan' kahate haian. doosare shabdoan mean chhand ke chaturthaansh (chaturth bhag) ko charan kahate haian.
- kuchh chhandoan mean charan to char hote haian lekin ve likhe do hi panktiyoan mean jate haian, jaise- doha, sorath adi. aise chhand ki pratyek pankti ko 'dal' kahate haian.
- hindi mean kuchh chhand chhah- chhah panktiyoan (daloan) mean likhe jate haian, aise chhand do chhand ke yog se banate haian, jaise- kundaliya (doha + rola), chhappay (rola + ullala) adi.
- charan 2 prakar ke hote haian- sam charan aur visham charan. pratham v tritiy charan ko visham charan tatha dvitiy v chaturth charan ko sam charan kahate haian.
2.varn aur matra
varn/ akshar
- ek svar vali dhvani ko varn kahate haian, chahe vah svar hrasv ho ya dirgh.
- jis dhvani mean svar nahian ho (jaise halant shabd rajanh ka 'nh', sanyuktakshar ka pahala akshar - krishna ka 'shh') use varn nahian mana jata.
- varn ko hi akshar kahate haian.
- varn 2 prakar ke hote haian-
- hrasv svar vale varn (hrasv varn): a, i, u, rri, k, ki, ku, kri
- dirgh svar vale varn (dirgh varn): a, ee, oo, e, ai, o, au, ka, ki, koo, ke, kai, ko, kau
matra
- kisi varn ya dhvani ke uchcharan-kal ko matra kahate haian.
- hrasv varn ke uchcharan mean jo samay lagata hai use ek matra tatha dirgh varn ke uchcharan mean jo samay lagata hai use do matra mana jata hai.
- is prakar matra do prakar ke hote haian-
- hrasv- a, i, u, rri
- dirgh- a, ee, oo, e, ai, o, au
- varn aur matra ki ganana
varn ki ganana
- hrasv svar vale varn (hrasv varn)- a, i, u, rri, k, ki, ku, kri
- dirgh svar vale varn (dirgh varn)- a, ee, oo, e, ai, o, au, ka, ki, koo, ke, kai, ko, kau
matra ki ganana
- hrasv svar- ekamatrik- a, i, u, rri
- dirgh varn- dvimatrik- a, ee, oo, e, ai, o, au
- varnoan mean matraoan ki ginati mean sthool bhed yahi hai ki varn 'svar akshar' ko aur matra 'sirf svar' ko kahate haian.
- laghu v guru varn
- chhandashastri hrasv svar tatha hrasv svar vale vyanjan varn ko laghu kahate haian. laghu ke lie prayukt chihn- ek paee rekha.
- isi prakar, dirgh svar tatha dirgh svar vale vyanjan varn ko guru kahate haian. guru ke lie prayukt chihn- ek vartul rekha- a
- laghu varn ke aantargat shamil kiye jate haian-
a, i, u, rri
k, ki, ku, kri
aan, han (chandr bindu vale varn)
(aansuvar) (hansi)
ty (sanyukt vyanjan vale varn)
(nity)
- guru varn ke aantargat shamil kiye jate haian-
a, ee, oo, e, ai, o, au
ka, ki, koo, ke, kai, ko, kau
ian, vian, tah, dhah (anusvar v visarg vale varn)
(iandu) (biandu) (atah) (adhah)
agr ka a, vakr ka v (sanyuktakshar ka poorvavarti varn)
rajanh ka j (halanh varn ke pahale ka varn)
3.sankhya aur kram
- varnoan aur matraoan ki ganana ko sankhya kahate haian.
- laghu-guru ke sthan nirdharan ko kram kahate haian.
- varnik chhandoan ke sabhi charanoan mean sankhya (varnoan ki) aur kram (laghu-guru ka) donoan saman hote haian.
jabaki matrik chhandoan ke sabhi charanoan mean sankhya (matraoan ki) to saman hoti hai lekin kram (laghu-guru ka) saman nahian hote haian.
4.gan (keval varnik chhandoan ke mamale mean lagoo)
- gan ka arth hai 'samooh'.
- yah samooh tin varnoan ka hota hai. gan mean 3 hi varn hote haian, n adhik n kam.
- atah gan ki paribhasha hogi 'laghu-guru ke niyat kram se 3 varnoan ke samooh ko gan kaha jata hai'.
- ganoan ki sankhya 8 hai-
yagan, magan, tagan, ragan, jagan, bhagan, nagan, sagan
- ganoan ko yad rakhane ke lie sootr-
yamatarajabhanasalaga
isamean pahale ath varn ganoan ke soochak haian aur antim do varn laghu (l) v guru (g) ke.
- sootr se gan prapt karane ka tarika-
bodhak varn se aranbh kar age ke do varnoan ko le lean. gan apane-ap nikal aega.
- udaharan- yagan kise kahate haian
yamata
- | a a
atah yagan ka roop hua-adi laghu (| a a)
5.gati
- chhand ke padhane ke pravah ya lay ko gati kahate haian.
- gati ka mahattv varnik chhandoan ki apeksha matrik chhandoan mean adhik hai. bat yah hai ki varnik chhandoan mean to laghu-guru ka sthan nishchit rahata hai kintu matrik chhandoan mean laghu-guru ka sthan nishchit nahian rahata, poore charan ki matraoan ka nirdesh nahian rahata hai.
- matraoan ki sankhya thik rahane par bhi charan ki gati (pravah) mean badha p d sakati hai.
- jaise-
- 'divas ka avasan tha samip' mean gati nahian hai jabaki 'divas ka avasan samip tha' mean gati hai.
- chaupaee, arill v paddhari - in tinoan chhandoan ke pratyek charan mean 16 matraean hoti haian par gati bhed se ye chhand paraspar bhinn ho jate haian.
- atev, matrik chhandoan ke nirdosh prayog ke lie gati ka parijnan atyant avashyak hai.
- gati ka parijnan bhasha ki prakriti, nad ke parijnan evan abhyas par nirbhar karata hai.
6.yati/ virom
- chhand mean niyamit varn ya matra par saans lene ke lie rukana p data hai, isi rookane ke sthan ko yati ya virom kahate haian.
- chhote chhandoan mean sadharanatah yati charan ke ant mean hoti hai; par b de chhandoan mean ek hi charan mean ek se adhik yati ya viram hote haian.
- yati ka nirdesh prayah chhand ke lakshan (paribhasha) mean hi kar diya jata hai. jaise malini chhand mean pahali yati 8 varnoan ke bad tatha doosari yati 7 varnoan ke bad p dati hai.
7.tuk
- chhand ke charanant ki akshar-maitri (saman svar-vyanjan ki sthapana) ko tuk kahate haian.
- jis chhand ke aant mean tuk ho use tukant chhand aur jisake ant mean tuk n ho use atukant chhand kahate haian. atukant chhand ko aangrezi mean blaiank vars kahate haian.
- varnik chhand (ya vrit) - jis chhand ke sabhi charanoan mean varnoan ki sankhya saman ho.
- matrik chhand (ya jati) - jis chhand ke sabhi charanoan mean matraoan ki sankhya saman ho.
- mukt chhand - jis chhand mean varnik ya matrik pratibandh n ho.
varnik chhand
- varnik chhand ke sabhi charanoan mean varnoan ki sankhya saman rahati hai aur laghu-guru ka kram saman rahata hai.
- pramukh varnik chhand : pramanika (8 varn); svagata, bhujangi, shalini, indravajra, dodhak (sabhi 11 varn); vanshasth, bhujangaprayag, drutavilambit, totak (sabhi 12 varn); vasantatilaka (14 varn); malini (15 varn); panchachamar, chanchala (sabhi 16 varn); mandakranta, shikharini (sabhi 17 varn), shardool vikridit (19 varn), stragdhara (21 varn), savaiya (22 se 26 varn), ghanakshari (31 varn) roopaghanakshari (32 varn), devaghanakshari (33 varn), kavitt / manaharan (31-33 varn).
matrik chhand
- matrik chhand ke sabhi charanoan mean matraoan ki sankhya to saman rahati hai lekin laghu-guru ke kram par dhyan nahian diya jata hai.
- pramukh matrik chhand
- sam matrik chhand : ahir (11 matra), tomar (12 matra), manav (14 matra); arill, paddhari/ paddhatika, chaupaee (sabhi 16 matra); piyooshavarsh, sumeru (donoan 19 matra), radhika (22 matra), rola, dikpal, roopamala (sabhi 24 matra), gitika (26 matra), sarasi (27 matra), sar (28 matra), harigitika (28 matra), taantak (30 matra), vir ya alha (31 matra).
- arddhasam matrik chhand : baravai (visham charan mean - 12 matra, sam charan mean - 7 matra), doha (visham - 13, sam - 11), soratha (doha ka ulta), ullala (visham - 15, sam - 13).
- visham matrik chhand : kundaliya (doha + rola), chhappay (rola + ullala).
mukt chhand
- jis vishay chhand mean varnit ya matrik pratibandh n ho, n pratyek charan mean varnoan ki sankhya aur kram saman ho aur matraoan ki koee nishchit vyavastha ho tatha jisamean nad aur tal ke adhar par panktiyoan mean lay lakar unhean gatishil karane ka agrah ho, vah mukt chhand hai.
udaharan : nirala ki kavita 'joohi ki kali' ityadi.
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sanbandhit lekh
- REDIRECT saancha:sahityik shabdavali