जल
thumb|300px|bahata hua jal jal prithvi par paya jane vala prakriti dvara pradatt ek taral padarth hai, jo sabhi praniyoan ke jivan ka bhautik adhar hai. isake bina prithvi par jivan ki kalpana nahian ki ja sakati. yah ek am rasayanik padarth hai, jisaka anu do haidrojan paramanu aur ek aauksijan paramanu se bana hota hai. vijnan mean jal ka rasayanik sootr 'H2O' hota hai.
darshanik vyakhya
sootrakar kanad ke anusar roop, ras, sparsh namak gunoan ka ashray tatha snigdh dravy hi jal hai.[1] prashastapad ne prithvi ke saman jal mean bhi samavay sambandh se chaudah gunoan ke paye jane ka ullekh kiya hai. jal ka rang apakaj aur abhasvar shukl hota hai. yamuna ke jal mean jo nilapan hai, vah yamuna ke srot mean paye jane vale parthiv kanoan ke sanyog ke karan aupadhik hai. jal mean sneh ke sath-sath saansiddhik dravatv haian.[2] jal ka shaity hi vastavik hai. usamean keval madhur ras hi paya jata hai.[3] usake avantar svad kharapan, khattapan adi parthiv paramanuoan ke karan hote haian. adhunik vijnan ke anusar jal sarvatha svadarahit hota hai, at: jal ke madhury ke sambandh mean vaisheshikoan ka mat chinty hai.[4] prithvi ki tarah jal bhi paramanu roop mean nity aur karyaroop mean anity hota hai. karyaroop jal mean sharir, indriy (rasana) aur vishay-bhed se tin prakar ka dravyarambhakatv samavayikaranatv mana jata hai. arthath jal sharirarambhak, indriyarambhak aur vishayarambhak hota hai. sarita, him, karaka adi vishay roop jal hai. jal ka jnan pratyaksh praman se hota hai.
avasthaean
jal tin avasthaoan mean paya jata hai. yah un kuchh padarthoan mean se hai, jo prithvi par prakritik roop se sabhi tin avasthaoan mean milate haian. jal prithvi par kee alag alag roopoan mean milata hai- asaman mean jal vashp aur badal; samudr mean samudri jal aur kabhi-kabhi himashail; paha doan mean himanad aur nadiyaan; aur taral roop me bhoomi par ekviphar ke roop mean. jal mean kee prakar ke padarthoan ko ghola ja sakata hai, jo ise ek alag svad aur gandh pradan karate haian. vastav mean manav aur any janavaroan mean samay ke sath ek drishti vikasit ho gayi hai, jisake madhyam se ve jal ke pine aur yogyata ka moolyaankan karane mean saksham hote haian aur vah bahut namakin ya s da hua jal nahian pite. manushy thande se gunaguna jal pina pasand karate haian; thande jal me roganuoan ki sankhya kafi kam hone ki sanbhavana hoti hai. shuddh pani H2O svad me phika hota hai, jabaki jharane ke pani ya lavanit jal[5] ka svad iname mile khanij lavanoan ke karan hota hai. jharane ke pani ya lavanit jal ki gunavatta se abhipray inamean vishaile tatvoan, pradooshakoan aur roganuoan ki anupasthiti se hota hai.
sagar ka jal
thumb|200px|nal se ata jal soory ke prakash mean sat rang hote haian. koee vastu kis rang ki dikhaee degi, yah is bat par nirbhar karata hai ki vah soory ke prakash mean mile sat rangoan mean se kis rang ko paravartit karati hai. yah us vastu ya padarth ki sanrachana par nirbhar karata hai ki vah kis rang ko paravartit karegi. samanyat: samudr ke pani ki visheshata hoti hai ki vah sirf nile rang ko hi paravartit karata hai, isalie sabhi samudroan ka jal nila dikhaee deta hai. aandh mahasagar ke tal par hare paudhe bahutayat mean haian. in paudhoan ke nasht hone ke karan pila rang mahasagar ke pani mean ghulata rahata hai. is karan mahasagar ka pani hara dikhaee deta hai, jo nile aur pile rang se milakar bana hai. chooanki bhoomadhy sagar ke jal mean pila rang nahian ghulata, isalie vah any sagaroan ki tarah sirf nile rang ko hi paravartit karata hai aur pani nila dikhaee deta hai. bhoomadhy sagar aur aandh mahasagar ki visheshata hai ki inhean inake rang ke adhar par pahachana ja sakata hai.
bhautik tatha rasayanik gun
jal ke kuchh mahattvapoorn bhautik tatha rasayanik gun nimnalikhit haian-
- jal paradarshi hota hai, isalie jaliy paudhe isamean jivit rah sakate haian, kyoanki unhean soory ki roshani milati rahati hai. keval shaktishali parabaiangani kiranoan ka hi kuchh had tak yah avashoshan kar pata hai.
- aauksijan ki vaidyut rrinatmakata haidrojan ki tulana mean uchch hoti hai, jo jal ko ek dhruviy anu banati hai. aauksijan kuchh rrinaveshit hoti hai, jabaki haidrojan kuchh dhanaveshit hoti hai, jo anu ko dvi-dhruviy banati hai. pratyek anu ke vibhinn dvi-dhruvoan ke bich parasparik sanpark ek shuddh akarshan bal ko janm deta hai, jo jal ko uchch prisht tanav pradan karata hai.
- jal ka kvathanaank sidhe bairomitar ke dabav se sanbandhit hota hai. udaharan ke lie, evarest ke shirsh par, jal 68°C par ubal jata hai, jabaki samudr tal par yah 100°C ubalata hai. isake viparit gahare samudr me bhoo-ushmiy chhidroan ke nikat jal ka tapaman saik doan digri tak pahuanch sakata hai aur isake bavajood yah dravavastha me rahata hai.
- apani dhruviy prakriti ke karan jal me uchch asanjak gun bhi hote haian.
- jal ek bahut prabal vilayak hai, jise sarv-vilayak bhi kaha jata hai. ve padarth jo jal me bhali bhaanti ghul jate hai, jaise- lavan, sharkara, aml, kshar, aur kuchh gaisean vishesh roop se aauksijan, karban daiaauksaid unhean haidrophilik kaha jata hai, jabaki doosari or jo padarth achchhi tarah se jal ke sath mishran nahian bana pate haian, jaise- vasa aur tel, haidrophobik kahalate haian.
- shuddh jal ki vidyut chalakata kam hoti hai, lekin jab isamean ayanik padarth sodiyam kloraid mila dete haian, tab yah ashcharyajanak roop se badh jati hai.
- jal ko haidrojan aur aauksijan mean vidyut apaghatan dvara vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai.
- jal ek eeandhan nahian hai. yah haidrojan ke dahan ka aantim utpad hai.
- jal ko vidyut apaghatan dvara vapas haidrojan aur aauksijan mean vibhajan karane ke lie avashyak oorja, haidrojan aur aauksijan ko punarsanyojan se utsarjit oorja se adhik hoti hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh