जल परिवहन
jal parivahan kisi bhi desh ko sabase sasta yatayat pradan karata hai kyoanki isake nirman mean parivahan margo ka nirman nahian karana p data aur keval parivahan ke sadhanoan se hi yatayat kiya jata hai. itana avashy hai ki isake lie prakritik athava kritrim jalapoorn marg avashyak hote haian. hamare desh mean antarik evan samudrik donoan prakar ka jal parivahan kiya jata hai. antarik jal parivahan ki drishti se desh mean prachinakal se hi nadiyoan ke madhyam se yatayat kiya jata tha. vartaman mean desh mean lagabhag 14,500 kimi lamba naugamy jalamarg hai, jisamean nadiyaan, naharean, apravahi jal yatha jhilan adi sankari kh diyaan shamil haian. desh ki pramukh nadiyoan mean 3,700 kimi lambe marg ka hi upayog kiya ja raha hai. jahaan tak naharoan ka prashn haian, 4,300 kimi lambi naugamy naharoan se matr 900 kimi tak ki doori ki naukaoan dvara parivahan ke upayukt hai. vartaman mean antarik jal parivahan ke madhyam se lagabhag 160 lakh tan mal ki dhulaee prativarsh ki ja rahi hai.
rashtriy jalamarg
aj bhi desh ki ganga, hugali, yamuna, brahmaputr, narmada, tapti, mandavi, godavari, krishnaa, mahanadi adi nadiyoan dvara antarik jalamarg ki suvidha upalabdh karaee gayi hai. ganga-bhagirathi-hugali nadi pranali ke haldiya-ilahabad khand ko 22 aktoobar 1986 ko rashtriy jalamarg ghoshit[1] kiya ja chuka hai, jisake vikas evan prabandhan ka poorn dayitv kendr sarakar ke hathoan mean haian. isake lie sampoorn marg ko 3 upakhandoan mean baanta gaya hai.
- haldiya-pharakka
- pharakka-patana
- patana-ilahabad
naugamy naharoan ki drishti se oopari ganga nahar [2], nichali ganganahar [3], kurnool-kudappa nahar [4], bankigham nahar [5]., keral ki pashchim tatiy nahar [6], u disa mean kendrapa da nahar (120 kimi), taladana nahar (90 kimi), u disa tatiy nahar (15 kimi) adi mahattvapoorn hai.
26 disambar, 1980 ko brahmaputr nadi [7], ki sadiya-dhubari sima ko rashtriy jalamarg san. 2 ghoshit kiya gaya hai. sarakar dvara pashchimi tatiy nahar (keral), ke kollam-kottapuram kshetr ko tatha champakara evan udyogamandal naharoan ko bhi rashtriy jalamarg ghoshit karane ka phaisala kiya gaya hai.
antardeshiy jalamargoan ka vikas
bharat ke antardeshiy jalamargoan ke vikas, rakh-rakhav tath niyaman ke lie 27 aktoobar, 1986 ko bharatiy antardeshiy jalamarg pradhikaran ki sthapana ki gayi. 1987 mean kendriy antardeshiy jal parivahan nigam ki sthapana sarvajanik kshetr ke ek sansthan ke roop mean ki gayi. isaka mukhyalay kolakata mean haian. isake dvara baangladesh hokar kolakata tatha asam ke bich evan ildiya-patana jalamarg ki parivahan sevaoan ka prabandhan kiya jata hai.
| jalamarg | kahaan se kahaan tak | doori (kimi) |
|---|---|---|
| en.dablyoo-1 | ilahabad se haldiya | 1,629 |
| en.dablyoo-2 | baangladesh sima se sadiya | 891 |
| en.dablyoo-3 | kottapuram se kollam | 205 |
| en.dablyoo-4 | kakinada se marakkanam | 1,100 |
desh ki adhikaansh nadiyaan varsha kal ke atirikt samay mean prayah jal ki alpata ka shikar ho jati hai, jisake karan unamean parivahan ka kary ruk jata hai. bharat sarakar ke bhootal parivahan mantralay dvara karaye gaye sarvekshan ke anusar desh mean 10 nadi marg aise haian, jahaan varsh bhar paryapt matra mean jal upalabdh rahata hai. aise nadi margo ko hi rashtriy jalamarg ghoshit kiya gaya hai. aisi suvidha vali pramukh nadi ghatiyaan gova, mahanadi, godavari, narmada, krishnaa, tapti tatha pashchimi tat evan sundar van kshetr mean vidyaman haian. inamean se 3 rashtriy jalamarg is samay kriyashil haian -
- ganga (bhagirathi) - hugali nadi par haldiya evan ilahabad ke bich jisaki lambaee 1,620 kimi haian.
- brahmaputr nadi par sadiya tatha dhubari ke bich jisaki lambaee 205 kimi hai
- rashtriy jalamarg - (kollam kottapuram) kollam evan kottapuram ke bich jisaki lambaee 205 kimi haian. desh ka chauthe rashtriy jalamarg, jo ki pashchimi tat par vikasit kiya ja raha hai, usaka kary athavian panchavarshiy yojana ke ant tak poora karane ka lakshy nirdharit kiya gaya tha.
desh ka chautha rashtriy jalamarg - dasavi panchavarshiy yojana ke dauran chautha rashtriy jalamarg en.dablyoo.-4 ko ghoshit karane ka prastav hai. yah jalamarg kakinada se marakkanam tak hoga. isaki kul doori 1100 kimi hogi. yah jalamarg godavari v krishnaa nadiyoan par phaila hua hai. rashtriy jalamarg ke roop mean vikasit karane mean is par 700 karo d rupaye ki lagat ane ka anuman hai.
rashtriy jalamargoan ke vikas evan rakh rakhav ka dayitv inalaind vataravej ath aauriti aauph indiya ka hota hai.
desh ke sabhi rashtriy jalamargoan ka vikas ho jane par anumanatah 3.5 karo d tan mal ka parivahan jalamargoan dvara kiya ja sakega. isake atirikt inaka vikas arthik, paryavaran evan tel ki khapat ki drishti se kafi labhadayak sidv hoga tatha paryatan se videshi mudra ki bhi prapti hogi.
samudrik jalamarg ki drishti se bharat ka sampoorn prayadvipiy tatiy bhag kafi mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai. desh ki mukhy bhoomi ki 5,600 kimi lambi tatarekha par 11 b de tatha 139 chhote bandaragah sthit haian. b de bandaragahoan ka niyantran kendr sarakar kiya dvara kiya jata hai, jabaki chhote evan majhole bandaragah sanvidhan ki samavarti soochi mean shamil haian, jinaka prabandhan tatha prashasan sambandhit rajy sarakaroan dvara kiya jata hai.
vyapar ke lie bandaragahoan ka nirman
smaraniy hai ki bandaragahoan par samudri jahajoan ke rukane, eeandhan lene tatha samanoan ko chadhane-utarane ka kary kiya jata hai, isalie inaka vikas sagaratatiy krikoan, laigoonoan, chhoti kha diyoan, nadiyoan ki eshchuari adi sthanoan par hota hai. ye prakritik tatha kritrim donoan prakar ke ho sakate haian. hamare desh mean poorvi samudr tat par sthit b de bandaragah haian - tootikorin, chennee, vishakhapattanam, paradvip, kolakata, haldiya. isi prakar pashchim tat par sthit bandagahoan mean kaandala, mumbee, nhavasheva, nyoo mangalaur, kochin tatha marmagova ko shamil kiya jata hai. mhashova ka javaharalal neharoo bandaragah atyadhunik suvidhayukt bandaragah hai, jahaan b de paimane par shushk maloan ko chadhane tatha utarane ke lie yantrik kantenar, barth evan sarvis barth ki suvidha pradan ki jati hai.
varsh 1996-1997 ke dauran pramukh pattanoan par sanchalit kul jahaji mal ki matra 227.3 miliyan tan thi, jisane 1996-97 ki tulana mean 5.6 pratishat vriddhi darj ki. isamean sabase adhik urvarak evan kachcha mal (22.7 pratishat) mean vriddhi huee.
kaandala ek jvariy bandaragah hai evan yahaan mukt vyapar kshetr sthapit kiya gaya hai. nyoo mangalor bandaragahako kudremukh se lauh-ayask ke niryat ki vishesh suvidha prapt karayi gayi hai. kochin ek prakritik bandaragah hai aur ise poorv ka sarvashreshth bandaragah mana jata hai. mumbee desh ka sabase b da bandaragah hai jahaan se desh ka sarvadhik samudri yatayat kiya jata hai. marmagova bandaragah juari nadi ka eshchuari par sthapit kiya gaya hai. nhavasheva bandaragah ki sthapana mumbee bandaragah ke yatayat ko kam karane ke lie ki gayi haian.
poorvi tat par sthit chennee ki ganana desh ke sarvadhik prachin bandaragahoan mean ki jati hai, jabaki vishakhapatanam desh ka sarvashreshth prakritik bandaragah haian. yahaan pot nirman evan unake marammat ki bhi suvidha upalabdh karayi gayi hai. paradvip bandaragah u disa tat par mahanadi ke delta kshetr mean sthapit kiya gaya hai. kolakata bandaragah sagar tat se 148 kimi andar hugali nadi ke kinare sthit hai. yahaan se 105 kimi niche haldiya bandaragah ka vikas kiya gaya hai, jisase kolakata bandaragah ka bhar kam kiya ja sake kyoanki yahaan avasad (gad) jama ho jane ki samasya adhik prabhavi rahati hai. haldiya mean poornatah susajjit koyala evan tel kantenar ki suvidha upalabdh hai.
pramukh bandaragah
desh ke pramukh bandaragahoan, chhote bandaragahoan, godiyoan, jahajarani bandaragahoan, nau-sena adi ke rekh-rakhav tatha unaki talahati ki saphaee ki suvidha upalabdh karane ke lie march, 1976 mean drejiang karporeshan aauph indiya ki sthapana ki gayi, jisane 1 aprail, 1977 se apani vyavasayik gatividhiyaan prarambh ki.
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