जैन दर्शन और उसका उद्देश्य

*'karmaratinh jayatiti jin:' is vyutpatti ke anusar jisane rag dvesh adi shatruoan ko jit liya hai vah 'jin' hai.

• arhat, arahant, jinendr, vitarag, parameshthi, apt adi usi ke paryayavachi nam haian. unake dvara upadisht darshan jainadarshan haian.
• achar ka nam dharm hai aur vichar ka nam darshan hai tatha yukti-pratiyukti roop hetu adi se us vichar ko sudridh karana nyay hai.
• jain darshan ka nirdesh hai ki achar ka anupalan vicharapoorvak kiya jaye. dharm, darshan aur nyay-in tinoan ke sumel se hi vyakti ke adhyatmik unnayan ka bhavy prasad kh da hota hai. *at: jain dharm ka jo 'atmoday' ke sath 'sarvoday'- sabaka kalyan uddisht hai. usaka samarthan karana jain darshan ka lakshy haian jain dharm mean apana hi kalyan nahian chaha gaya hai, apitu sare rashtr, rashtr ki janata aur vishv ke janasamooh, yahaan tak ki pranimatr ke sukh evan kalyan ki kamana ki gee hai.

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jain darshan ke pramukh aang

1. dravy-mimaansa
2. tattv-mimaansa
3. padarth-mimaansa
4. panchastikay-mimaansa
5. anekant-vimarsh
6. syadvad vimarsh
7. saptabhangi vimarsh

dravy-mimaansa

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vaisheshik, bhatt aur prabhakar darshanoan mean dravy aur padarth donoan ko svikar kar unaka vivechan kiya gaya hai. tatha saankhy darshan aur bauddh darshanoan mean kramash: tattv aur ary satyoan ka kathan kiya gaya hai, vedant darshan mean keval brahm (atmatatv) aur charvak darshan mean bhoot tattvoan ko mana gaya hai, vahaan jain darshan mean dravy, padarth, tattv, aur astikay ko svikar kar un sabaka prithakh-prithakh vistrit niroopan kiya gaya hai.

• jo jney ke roop mean varnit hai aur jinamean hey-upadey ka vibhajan nahian hai par tattvajnan ki drishti se jinaka janana zaroori hai tatha gun aur paryayoan vale haian evan utpad, vyay, dhrauvy yukt haian, ve dravy haian.
• tattv ka arth matalab ya prayojan hai. jo apane hit ka sadhak hai vah upadey hai aur jo atmahit mean badhak hai vah hey hai. upadey evan hey ki drishti se jinaka pratipadan ke unhean tattv kaha gaya hai.
• bhasha ke padoan dvara jo abhidhey hai ve padarth haian. unhean padarth kahane ka ek abhipray yah bhi hai ki 'arthyateabhilashyate mumukshubhirityarth:' mumukshuoan ke dvara unaki abhilasha ki jati hai, at: unhean arth ya padarth kaha gaya hai.
• astikay ki paribhasha karate hue kaha hai ki jo 'asti' aur 'kay' donoan hai. 'asti' ka arth 'hai' hai aur 'kay' ka arth 'bahupradeshi' hai arthat jo dravy hai' hokar kayavale- bahupradeshi haian, ve 'astikay' haian. aise paanch dravy haian-

1. pudgal
2. dharm
3. adharm
4. akash
5. jiv
6. kaladravy ek pradeshi hone se astikay nahian hai.

tattv mimaansa

mukhy lekh : tattv mimaansa -jain darshan

tattv ka arth hai prayojan bhoot vastu. jo apane matalab ki vastu hai aur jisase apana hit athava svaroop pahachana jata hai vah tattv hai. 'tasy bhav: tattvamh' arthat vastu ke bhav (svaroop) ka nam tattv hai. rrishiyoan ya shastroan ka jitana upadesh hai usaka kendr jiv (atma) raha hai. upanishadoan mean atma ke darshan, shravan, manan aur dhyan par adhik bal diya gaya hai aur inake madhyam se atma ke sakshatkar ki bat kahi gayi hai. jain darshan to poori tarah adhyatmik hai. at: isamean atma ko tin shreniyoan mean vibhakt kiya gaya hai.

1. bahiratma,
2. antaratma aur
3. paramatma.

• moodh atma ko bahiratma, jagrit atma ko antaratma aur ashesh gunoan se sampann atma ko paramatma kaha gaya hai. ye ek hi atma ke unnayan ki vikasit tin shreniyaan haian. jaise ek arambhik abodh balak shikshak, pustak, pathashala adi ki sahayata se sarvochch shiksha pakar subodh ban jata hai vaise hi ek moodhatma satsangati, sadachar-anupalan, jnanabhyas adi ko prapt kar antaratma (mahatma) ban jata hai aur vahi jnan, dhyan tap adi ke nirantar abhyas se karm-kalank se mukt hokar paramatma (arahant v siddh roop eeshvar) ho jata hai. is disha mean jain chintakoan ka chintan, atm vidya ki or lagav apoorv hai.

padarth mimaansa

mukhy lekh : padarth mimaansa -jain darshan

ukt sat tattvoan mean puny aur pap ko sammilit kar dene par nau padarth kahe ge haian.

panchastikay mimaansa

mukhy lekh : panchastikay mimaansa -jain darshan

jain darshan mean ukt dravy, tattv aur padarth ke alava astikayoan ka niroopan kiya gaya hai. kaladravy ko chho dakar shesh paanchoan dravy (pudgal, dharm, adharm, akash aur jiv) astikay haian.

anekant vimarsh

'anekant' jainadarshan ka ullekhaniy siddhant hai. vah itana vyapak hai ki vah lok (logoan) ke sabhi vyavaharoan mean vyapt hai. usake bina kisi ka vyavahar chal nahian sakata. achary siddhasen ne kaha hai ki logoan ke us advitiy guru anekantavad ko ham namaskar karate haian, jisake bina unaka vyavahar kisi tarah bhi nahian chalata. amritachandr usake vishay mean kahate hai ki anekant paramagam jainagam ka pran he aur vah vastu ke vishay mean utpann ekantavadiyoan ke vivadoan ko usi prakar door karata hai jis prakar hathi ko lekar utpann janmandhoan ke vivadoan ko usi prakar door karata hai jis prakar hathi ko lekar utpann janmandhoan ke vivadoan ko sachakshu: (netravala) vyakti door kar deta hai. samantabhadr ka kahana hai ki vastu ko anekant manana kyoan avashyak hai? ve kahate haian ki ekant ke agrah se ekant samajhata hai ki vastu utani hi hai, any roop nahian hai, isase use ahankar a jata hai aur ahankar se use rag, dvesh adi utpann hote haian, jisase use vastu ka sahi darshan nahian hota. par anekanti ko ekanat ka agrah n hone se use n ahankar paida hota hai aur n rag, dvesh adi utpann hote haian. phalat: use us anantadharmatmak anekant roop vastu ka samyakdarshan hota hai, kyoanki ekant ka agrah n karana doosare dharmoan ko bhi usamean svikar karana samyagdrishti ka svabhav hai. aur is svabhav ke karan hi anekanti ke man mean paksh ya kshobh paida nahian hota, vah samy bhav ko lie rahata hai.

• anekant ke bhed- yah anekant do prakar ka hai-

1. samyaganekant aur
2. mithya anekant.

paraspar viruddh do shaktiyoan ka prakashan karane vala samyaganekant hai athava sapeksh ekantoan ka samuchchay samyaganekant hai nirapeksh nana dharmoan ka samooh mithya anekant hai. ekant bhi do prakar ka hai-

1. samyak ekant aur
2. mithya ekant.

sapeksh ekant samyak ekant hai. vah itar dharmoan ka sangrahak hai. at: vah nay ka vishay hai aur nirapeksh ekant mithya ekant hai, jo itar dharmoan ka tiraskarak hai vah dunary ya nayabhas ka vishay hai. anekant ke any prakar se bhi do bhed kahe gaye haian.

1. sahanekant aur
2. kramanekant.

ek sath rahane vale gunoan ke samuday ka nam sahanekant hai aur kram mean hone vale dharmoan-paryayoan ke samuchchay ka nam kramanekant hai. in do prakar ke anekantoan ke udbhavak jain darshanik achary vidyanand haian. unake samarthak vadibhasianh haian. unhoanne apani syadvadasiddhi mean in donoan prakar ke anekantoan ka do parichchhedoan mean vistrit pratipadan kiya hai. un ke nam haian- sahanekantasiddhi aur kramanekant siddhi. anekant ko manane mean koee vivad hona hi nahian chahie. jo hetu svapaksh ka sadhak hota hai vahi sath mean parapaksh ka dooshak bhi hota hai. is prakar usamean sadhakatv evan dooshakatv donoan viruddh dharm ek sath rooparasadi ki tarah vidyaman haian. saankhyadarshan, prakriti ko sattv, raj aur tamogun roop trayatmak svikar karata hai aur tinoan paraspar viruddh hai tatha unake prasad-laghav, shoshan-tap, avaran-sadan adi bhinn-bhinn svabhav haian aur sab pradhan roop haian, unamean koee virodh nahian hai. vaisheshik dravyagun adi ko anuvritti-vyavritti pratyay karane ke karan samany-vishesh roop manate haian. prithvi adi mean 'dravyamh' is prakar ka anuvritti pratyay hone se dravy ko samany aur 'dravyamh n gun:, n karm, adi vyavritti pratyay ka karan hone se use vishesh bhi kahate haian aur is prakar dravy ek sath paraspar viruddh samany-vishesh roop mana gaya hai. chitraroop bhi unhoanne svikar kiya hai, jo paraspar viruddh roopoan ka samuday hai. bauddh darshan mean bhi ek chitrajnan svikrit hai, jo parasparaviruddh niladi jnanoan ka samooh hai.

syadvad vimarsh

syadvad usi prakar anekant ka vachak athava vyavasthapak hai jis prakar jnan us anekant ka vyapak athava vyavasthapak hai. jab jnan ke dvara vah jana jata hai to donoan mean jnan-jney ka sanbandh hota hai aur jab vah syadvad ke dvara kaha jata hai to unamean vachy-vachak sanbandh hota hai. jnan ka mahattv yah hai ki vah jney ko janakar un jneyoan ki vyavastha banata hai- unhean mishrit nahian hone deta hai. yah amuk hai, yah amuk nahian hai is prakar vah jnata ko us us jney ki parichchhitti karata hai. syadvad ka bhi vahi mahattv hai. vah vachanaroop hone se vachy ko kahakar usake any dharmoan ki maun vyavastha karata hai. jnan aur vachan mean aantar yahi hai ki jnan ek sath anek jneyoan ko jan sakata hai par vachan ek bar mean ek hi vachy dharm ko kah sakata hai, kyoanki 'sakriduchcharit shabd: ekamevarth gamayati' is niyam ke anusar ek bar bola gaya vachan ek hi arth ka bodh karata hai.

• samantabhadr ki 'apt-mimaansa', jise 'syadvad-mimaansa' kaha ja sakata hai, aisi kriti hai, jisamean ek sath syadvad, anekant aur saptabhangi tinoan ka vishad aur vistrit vivechan kiya gaya hai. akalankadev ne us par 'ashtashati' (apt mimaansa- vivriti) aur vidyanand ne usi par 'ashtasahastri' (aptamimaansalankriti) vyakhya likhakar jahaan aptamimaansa ki karikaoan evan unake pad-vakyadikoan ka vishad vyakhyan kiya hai vahaan in tinoan ka bhi advitiy vivechan kiya hai.

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nyay vidya

• 'niyate parichchhidyate vastutattvan yen s nyay:' is vyutpatti ke anusar nyay vah vidya hai jisake dvara vastu ka svaroop nirnit kiya jae. is vyutpatti ke adhar par koee praman ko, koee lakshan aur praman ko, koee lakshan, praman, nay aur nikshep ko tatha koee panchavayav-vaky ke prayog ko nyay kahate haian kyoanki inake dvara vastu-pratipatti hoti hai.
• nyayadipikakar abhinav dharmabhooshan ka mat hai ki nyay praman aur nayaroop hai. apane is mat ka samarthan ve achary griddhapichchh ke tattvarthasootragat us sootr se karate haian, jisamean kaha gaya hai ki vastu (jivadi padarthoan) ka adhigam pramanoan tatha nayoan se hota hai. praman aur nay in do ko hi adhigam ka upay sootrakar ne kaha hai. unaka ashay hai ki chooanki pratyek vastu akhand (dharmi) aur sakhand (dharm) donoan roop hai. use akhandaroop mean grahan karane vala praman hai aur khandaroop mean janane vala nay hai. at: in do ke sivay kisi tisare jnapakopay ki avashyakata nahian hai.
• nyayavidya ko 'amrit' bhi kaha gaya hai. isaka karan yah ki jis prakar 'amrit' amaratv ko pradan karata hai usi prakar nyayavidya bhi tattvajnan prapt karakar atma ko amar (mithyajnanadi se mukt aur samyagjnan se yukt) bana deti hai.

agamoan mean nyay-vidya

• shatkhandagam mean shrut ke paryay-namoan ko ginate hue ek nam 'hetuvad' bhi diya gaya hai, jisaka arth hetuvidya, nyayavidya, tark-shastr aur yukti-shastr kiya hai.
• sthanaangasootr mean 'hetu' shabd prayukt hai, jisake do arth kiye gaye haian-
• praman-samany; isake pratyaksh, anuman, upaman aur agam-ye char bhed haian. akshapad gautam ke nyayasootr mean bhi in char ka pratipadan hai. par unhoanne inhean praman ke bhed kahe haian. yadyapi sthanaangasootrakar ko bhi hetushabd praman ke arth mean hi yahaan vivakshit hai.
• hetu shabd ka doosara arth unhoanne anuman ka pramukh aang hetu (sadhan) kiya hai. usake nimn char bhed kiye haian-

1. vidhi-vidhi (sadhy aur sadhan donoan sadbhav roop)
2. vidhi-nishedh (sadhy vidhiroop aur sadhan nishedharoop)
3. nishedh-vidhi (sadhy nishedharoop aur hetu vidhiroop)
4. nishedh-nishedh (sadhy aur sadhan donoan nishedharoop)

inhean ham kramash: nimn namoan se vyavahrit kar sakate haian-

1. vidhisadhak vidhiroop aviruddhopalabdhi
2. vidhisadhak nishedharoop viruddhanupalabdhi
3. nishedhasadhak vidhiroop viruddhopalabdhi
4. nishedhasadhak nishedharoop aviruddhanupalabdhi

inake udaharan nimn prakar diye ja sakate haian-

1. agni hai, kyoanki dhoom hai. yahaan sadhy aur sadhan donoan vidhi (sadbhav) roop haian.
2. is prani mean vyadhi vishesh hai, kyoanki svasthacheshta nahian hai. sadhy vidhiroop hai aur sadhan nishedharoop hai.
3. yahaan shitasparsh nahian hai, kyoanki ushnata hai. yahaan sadhy nishedharoop v sadhan vidhiroop hai.
4. yahaan dhoom nahian hai, kyoanki agni ka abhav hai. yahaan sadhy v sadhan donoan nishedharoop hai.

anuyogasootr mean anuman aur usake bhedoan ki vistrit charcha upalabdh hai, jisase jnat hota hai ki agamoan mean nyayavidya ek mahattvapoorn vidya ke roop mean varnit hai. agamottaravarti darshanik sahity mean to vah uttarottar vikasit hoti gee hai.
praman aur nay

• tattvamimaansa mean hey aur upadey ke roop mean vibhakt jiv adi sat tattvoan ka vivechan haian. tattv ka doosara arth vastu hai. yah vasturoop tattv do prakar ka hai- 1. upey aur 2. upay. upey ke do bhed haian- ek jnapy (jney) aur doosara kary. jo jnan ka vishay hota hai vah jnapy athava jney kaha jata hai aur jo karanoan dvara nishpady ya nishpann hota hai vah kary hai.
• upay tattv do tarah ka hai-

1. karak,
2. jnapak.

• karak vah hai jo kary ki utpatti karata hai arthat kary ke utpadak karanoan ka nam karak hai. kary ki utpatti do karanoan se hoti hai-

1. upadan aur
2. nimitt (sahakari).

• upadan vah hai jo svayan karyaroop parinat hota hai aur nimitt vah hai jo usamean sahayak hota hai. udaharanarth gh de ki utpatti mean mritpind upadan aur dand chakr, chivar, kuanbhakar prabhriti nimitt haian.
• nyayadarshan mean in do karano ke atirikt ek tisara karan bhi svikrit hai vah hai asamavayi par vah samavayi karanagat roopadi aur sanyogaroop hone se use any darshanoan mean us se bhinn nahian mana.
• jnapakatattv bhi do prakar ka hai-

1. praman aur
2. nay

praman-bhed

• vaisheshik darshan ke praneta kanad ne praman ke pratyaksh aur laiangik- ye do bhed svikar kiye haian. unhoanne in do ke sivay n any pramanoan ki sanbhavana ki hai aur n nyayasootrakar akshapad ki tarah svikrit pramanoan mean antarbhav adi ki charcha hi ki hai. isase pratit hota hai ki praman ke ukt do bhedoan ki manyata prachin hai. isake atirikt charvak ne pratyaksh ko mana aur matr anuman ki samiksha ki hai,any upaman, agam adi ki nahian. jabaki nyay sootrakar ne *pratyaksh, anuman, upaman aur agam (shabd)- in char pramanoan ko svikar kiya hai tatha aitihy, arthapatti, sanbhav aur abhav-in char ka spasht roop se ullekh karake unaki atirikt pramanata ki alochana ki hean sath hi shabd mean aitihy ka aur anuman mean shesh tinoan ka antarbhav pradarshit kiya hai.
• kanad ke vyakhyakar prashastapad ne avashy unake many pratyaksh aur laiangik in do pramanoan ka samarthan karate hue ullikhit shabd adi pramanoan ka inhian do mean samavesh kiya hai tatha cheshta, nirnay, arsh (pratibh) aur siddh darshan ko bhi inhian do ke antargat siddh kiya hai. yadi vaisheshik darshan se poorv nyayadarshan ya any darshan ki praman bhed parampara hoti, to charvak usake pramanoan ki avashy alochana karata. isase vidit hota hai ki vaisheshik darshan ki praman-dvay ki manyata sab se prachin hai.
• vaisheshikoan kitarah bauddhoan ne bhi pratyaksh aur anuman- in do pramanoan ki svikar kiya hai.
• shabd sahit tinoan ko saankhyoan ne, upaman sahit charoan ko naiyayikoan neaur arthapatti tatha abhav sahit chhah pramanoan ko jaiminiyoan (mimaansakoan) ne many kiya hai. kuchh kal bad jaiminiy do sampradayoan mean vibhakt ho gaye-

1. bhatt (kumaril bhatt ke anugami) aur
2. prabhakar (prabhakar ke anuyayi).

bhattoan ne chhahoan pramanoan ko mana. par prabhakaroan ne abhav praman ko chho d diya tatha shesh paanch pramanoan ko aangikar kiya. is tarah vibhinn darshanoan mean praman-bhed ki manyataean darshanik kshetr mean charchit haian.
jain nyay mean praman-bhed

• jain nyay mean praman ke shvetambar parampara mean many bhagavati sootr aur sthanaang sootr mean char pramanoan ka ullekh hai-

1. pratyaksh,
2. anuman,
3. upaman aur
4. agam.

• sthanaang sootr mean vyavasay ke tin bhedoan dvara pratyaksh, anuman aur agam in tin pramanoan ka bhi nirdesh hai.
• sanbhav hai siddhasen aur haribhadr ke tin pramanoan ki manyata ka adhar yahi sthanaang sootr ho.
• shri pan. dalasukh malavaniya ka vichar hai ki uparyukt char pramanoan ki manyata naiyayikadi sammat aur tin pramanoan ka kan saankhyadi svikrit parampara moolak hoan to ashchary nahian. yadi aisa ho to bhagavati sootr aur sthanaang sootr ke kramash: char aur tin pramanoan ki manyata lokanusaran ki soochak hone se arvachin hona chahie.
• digambar parampara ke shadkhandagam mean matr tin jnanamimaansa upalabdh hoti hai. vahaan tin prakar ke mithya jnan aur paanch prakar ke samyagjnan ko ginakar ath jnanoan ka niroopan kiya gaya hai. vahaan pramanabhas ke roop mean jnanoan ka vibhajan nahian hai aur n praman tatha pramanabhas shabd hi vahaan upalabdh hote haian.
• kundakund ke granthoan mean bhi jnanamimaansa ki hi charcha hai, praman mimaansa ki nahian. isaka tatpary yah hai ki us prachinakal mean samyak aur mithya manakar to jnan ka kathan kiya jata tha, kintu praman aur pramanabhas manakar nahian, par ek varg ke jnanoan ko samyak aur doosare varg ke jnanoan ko mithya pratipadan karane se avagat hota hai ki jo jnan samyak kahe gaye haian ve samyak parichchhitti karane se praman tatha jinhean mithya bataya gaya hai ve mithya pratipatti karane se apraman (pramanabhas) isht hai. isaki sanpushti tattvarthasootrakar ke nimn pratipadan se bhi hoti hai-

matishrutavadhiman:paryayakevalanijnanamh.
tatpramane'. 'matishrutavadhayo viparyayashch. -tattvarthasootr 1-9, 10, 31 .

is prakar samyagjnan ya praman ke mati, shrut, avadhi adi paanch bhedoan ki parampara agam mean upalabdh hoti hai, jo atyant prachin hai aur jis par lokanusaran ka koee prabhav nahian hai.

tarkashastr mean paroksh ke bhed

tarkashastr mean paroksh ke paanch bhed mane gaye haian-

1. smriti,
2. pratyabhijnan,
3. tark,
4. anuman aur
5. agam. yadyapi agam mean arambh ke char jnanoan ko matijnan aur agam ko shrutajnan kahakar donoan ko paroksh kaha hai aur is tarah tarkashastr tatha agam ke niroopanoan mean antar nahian hai.

smriti

poorvanubhoot vastu ke smaran ko smriti kahate haian. yatha 'vah' is prakar se ullikhit hone vala jnan. yah jnan avisanvadi hota hai, isalie praman hai. yadi kadachith usamean visanvad ho to vah smrityabhas hai. ise apraman nahian mana ja sakata, anyatha vyapti smaranapoorvak hone vala anuman praman nahian ho sakata aur bina vyapti smaran ke anuman sanbhav nahian hai. at: smriti ko praman manana avashyak hi nahian, anivary hai.

pratyabhijnan

anubhav tatha smaranapoorvak hone vala jo d roop jnan pratyabhijnan hai ise pratyabhijna, pratyavamarsh aur sanjna bhi kahate haian. jaise- 'yah vahi devadatt he, athava yah (gavay) gau ke saman hai, yah (mahish) gau se bhinn hai, adi. pahala ekatv pratyabhijnan ka udaharan hai, doosara sadrishy pratyabhijnan aur tisara vaisa drishy pratyabhijnan ka hai. sankalanatmak jitane jnan haian ve isi pratyabhijnan mean samahit hote haian. upaman praman isi ke sadrishy pratyabhijnan mean antarbhoot hota hai, anyatha vaisa drishy adi pratyabhijnan bhi prithakh praman manana p deange. yah bhi pratyakshadi ki tarah avisanvadi hone se praman hai, apraman nahian. yadi koee pratyabhijnan visanvad (bhramadi) paida karata hai to use pratyabhijnanabhas janana chahie.

tark jo jnan anvay aur vyatirekapoorvak vyapti ka nishchay karata hai vah tark hai. ise ooh, ooha aur chinta bhi kaha jata hai. 'isake hone par hi yah hota hai', yah anvay hai aur 'isake n hone par yah nahian hota', yah vyatirek hai, in donoan poorvak yah jnan sadhy ke sath sadhan mean vyapti ka nirman karata hai. isaka udaharan hai- 'agni ke hone par hi dhoom hota hai, agni ke abhav mean dhoom nahian hota' is prakar agni ke sath dhoom ki vyapti ka nishchay karana tark hai. isase samyak anuman ka marg prashast hota hai.

anuman

nishchit sadhyavinabhavi sadhan se hone vala sadhy ka jnan anuman kahalata hai. jaise dhoom se agni ka jnan karana.

anuman ke aang:- sadhy aur sadhan

is anuman ke mukhy ghatak (aang) do haian-

1. sadhy aur
2. sadhan.

• sadhy to vah hai, jise siddh kiya jata hai aur vah vahi hota hai jo shaky (abadhit), abhiprat (vadi dvara isht) aur asiddh (prativadi ke lie amany) hota hai tatha isase jo viparit (badhit, anisht aur siddh) hota hai vah sadhyabhas hai, kyoanki vah sadhan dvara vishay (nishchay) nahian kiya jata. akalankadev ne sadhy aur sadhyabhas ka lakshan karate hue yahi likha hai-

sadhyan shakyamabhipretamaprasiddhan tatoaparamh.
sadhyabhasan viruddhadi, sadhanavishayatvat:॥ nyayavinishchay 2-172

• sadhan vah hai jisaka sadhy ke sath avinabhav nishchit hai- sadhy ke hone par hi hota hai, usake abhav mean nahian hota. aisa sadhan hi sadhy ka gamak (anumapak) hota hai. sadhan ko hetu aur ling bhi kaha jata hai. manikyanandi sadhan ka lakshan karate hue kahate haian-

sadhyavinabhavitven nishchito hetu:.' sadhy ke sath jisaka avinabhav nishchit hai vah hetu hai.

avinabhav-bhed

avinabhav do prakar ka hai-

1. sahabhav niyam aur
2. kramabhav niyam.

• jo sahachari aur vyapy-vyapak hote haian unamean sahabhav niyam avinabhav rahata hai. jaise roop aur ras donoan sahachari haian- roop ke sath ras aur ras ke sath roop niyam se rahata hai. at: donoan sahachari haian aur isalie unamean sahabhav niyam avinabhav hai tatha shianshapatv aur vrikshatv in donoan mean vyapy-vyapak bhav hai. shianshapatv vyapy hai aur vrikshatv vyapak hai. shianshapatv hone par vrikshatv avashy hota hai. kintu vrikshatv ke hone par shianshapatv ke hone ka niyam nahian hai. atev sahachariyoan aur vyapy-vyapak mean sahabhav niyam avinabhav hota hai, jisase roop se ras ka aur shianshapatv se vrikshatv ka anuman kiya jata hai.

hetu-bhed

in donoan prakar ke avinabhav se vishisht hetu ke bhedoan ka kathan jain nyayashastr mean vistar se kiya gaya hai, jise hamane 'jain tarkashastr mean anuman-vichar' granth mean vishadataya diya hai. at: us sabaki punaravritti n karake matr manikyanandi ke 'parikshamukh' ke anusar unaka digdarshan kiya jata hai.

• manikyanandi ne akalankadev ki tarah arambh mean hetu ke mool do bhed batalaye haian-

1. upalabdhi aur
2. anupalabdhi.

• tatha in donoan ko vidhi aur pratishedh ubhay ka sadhak kaha hai aur is tarah donoan ke unhoanne do-do bhed kahe haian. upalabdhi ke-

1. aviruddhopalabdhi aur
2. viruddhopalabdhi

• anupalabdhi ke-

1. aviruddhanupalabdhi aur
2. viruddhanupalabdhi

• inake pratyek ke bhed is prakar pratipadit kiye haian-
• aviruddhopalabdhi chhah-

1. vyapt,
2. kary,
3. karan,
4. poorvachar,
5. uttarachar aur
6. sahachar.

• viruddhopalabdhi ke bhi aviruddhopalabdhi ki tarah chhah bhed haian-

1. viruddh vyapy,
2. viruddh kary,
3. viruddh karan,
4. viruddh poorvachar,
5. viruddh uttarachar aur
6. viruddh-sahachar.

• aviruddhanupalabdhi pratishedh roop sadhy ko siddh karane ki apeksha 7. prakar ki kahi hai-

1. aviruddhasvabhavanupalabdhi,
2. aviruddhavyapakanupalabdhi,
3. aviruddhakaryanupalabdhi,
4. aviruddhakarananupalabdhi,
5. aviruddhapoorvacharanupalabdhi,
6. aviruddhuttaracharanupalabdhi aur
7. aviruddhasahacharanupalabdhi.

• viruddhanupalabdhi vidhi roop sadhy ko siddh karane mean tin prakar ki kahi gayi hai-

1. viruddhakaryanupalabdhi,
2. viruddhakarananupalabdhi aur
3. viruddhasvabhavanupalabdhi.

• is tarah manikyanandi ne 6+6+7= 22 hetubhedoan ka sodaharan niroopan kiya hai, parampara hetuoan ki bhi unhoanne sanbhavana karake unhean yathayogy ukt hetuoan mean hi antarbhav karane ka iangit kiya hai. sath hi unhoanne apane poorvaj akalank ki bhaanti karan, poorvachar, uttarachar aur sahachar-in naye hetuoan ko prithakh manane ki avashyakata ko bhi sayuktik batalaya hai.

agam (shrut)

shabd, sanket, cheshta adi poorvak jo jnan hota hai vah agam hai. jaise- 'meru adik hai' shabdoan ko sunane ke bad sumeru parvat adi ka bodh hota hai. shabd shravanadi matijnan poorvak hone se yah jnan (agam) bhi paroksh praman hai. is tarah se smrityadi paanchoan jnan jnanantarapeksh haian. smaran mean dharana roop anubhav (mati), pratyabhijnan mean anubhav tatha smaran, tark mean anubhav, smriti aur pratyabhijnan, anuman mean liangadarshan, vyapti smaran aur agam mean shabd, sanketadi apekshit haian- unake bina unaki utpatti sanbhav nahian hai. atev ye aur is jati ke any sapeksh jnan paroksh praman mane gaye haian.

nay-vimarsh

nay-svaroop— abhinav dharmabhooshan ne nyay ka lakshan karate hue kaha hai ki 'praman-nayatmako nyay:'- praman aur nay nyay haian, kyoanki in donoan ke dvara padarthoan ka samyakh jnan hota hai. apane is kathan ko pramanit karane ke lie unhoanne achary griddhapichchh ke tattvarthasootr ke, jise 'mahashastr' kaha jata hai, us sootr ko prastut kiya hai, jisamean praman aur may ko jivadi tattvarthoan ko janane ka upay bataya gaya hai aur vah hai- 'pramananayairadhigam:'. vastut: jain nyay ka bhavy prasad isi mahattvapoorn sootr ke adhar par nirmit hua hai.

nay-bhed

uparyukt prakar se mool nay do haian-

1. dravyarthik aur
2. paryayarthik.

• inamean dravyarthik tin prakar ka haian-

1. naigam,
2. sangrah,
3. vyavahar. tatha

• paryayarthik nay ke char bhed haian-

1. rrijusootr,
2. shabd,
3. samabhiroodh aur
4. evambhoot.

naigam nay jo dharm aur dharmi mean ek ko pradhan aur ek ko gaun karake praroopan karata hai vah naigam nay hai. jaise jiv ka gun sukh hai, aisa kahana. isamean 'sukh' dharm ki pradhanata aur 'jiv' dharmi ki gaunata hai athava yah sukhi jiv hai, aisa kahana. isamean 'jiv' dharmi ki pradhanata hai, kyoanki vah visheshy hai aur 'sukh' dharm gaun hai, kyoanki vah visheshan hai. is nay ka any prakar se bhi lakshan kiya gaya hai. jo bhavi kary ke sankalp ko batalata hai vah naigam nay hai.

sangrah nay jo pratipaksh ki apeksha ke sath 'sanmatr' ko grahan karata hai vah sangrah nay hai. jaise 'sath' kahane par chetan, achetan sabhi padarthoan ka sangrah ho jata hai, kintu sarvatha 'sath' kahane par 'chetan, achetan visheshoan ka nishedh hone se vah sangrahabhas hai. vidhivad is koti mean samavisht hota hai.

vyavahar nay sangrahanay se grahan kiye 'sath' mean jo nay vidhipoorvak yathayogy bhed karata hai vah vyavaharanay hai. jaise sangrahanay se grihit 'sath' dravy he ya paryapt hai ya gun hai. par matr kalpana se jo bhed karata hai vah vyavaharanayabhas hai.

rrijusootr nay bhoot aur bhavishyat paryayoan ko gaun kar keval vartaman paryay ko jo nay grahan karata hai vah rrijusootranay hai. jaise pratyek vastu prati samay parinamanashil hai. vastu ko sarvatha kshanik manana rrijusootranay hai, kyoanki isamean vastu mean hone vali bhoot aur bhavishyat ki paryayoan tatha unake adharabhoot anvayi dravy ka lop ho jata hai.

shabd nay

jo kal, karak aur ling ke bhed se shabd mean kathan chith arthabhed ko batalata hai vah shabdanay hai. jaise 'naktan nisha' donoan paryayavachi haian, kintu donoan mean liang bhed hone ke kathan chith arthabhed hai. 'naktan' shabd nanpusak liang hai aur 'nisha' shabd striliang hai. 'shabdabhedath dhruvoarthabhed:' yah nay kahata hai. arthabhed ko kathan chith mane bina shabdoan ko sarvatha nana batalakar arth bhed karana shabdanayabhas haian

samabhiroodh nay

jo paryay bhed padarth ka kathanchith bhed niroopit karata hai vah samabhiroodh nay hai. jaise indr, shakr, purandar adi shabd paryay shabd hone se unake arth mean kathan chith bhed batana. paryay bhed mane bina unaka svatantr roop se kathan karana samabhiroodh nayabhas hai.'

evanbhoot nay

jo kriya bhed se vastu ke bhed ka kathan karata hai vah evanbhoot nay haian jaise padhate samay hi pathak ya adhyapak athava pooja karate samay hi pujari kahana. yah nay kriya par nirbhar hai. isaka vishay bahut sookshm hai. kriya ki apeksha n kar kriya vachak shabdoan ka kalpanik vyavahar karana evanbhootanayabhas hai.

jain darshan ka udbhav aur vikas

udbhav

• achary bhootabali aur pushpadant dvara nibaddh 'shatkhandagam' mean, jo drishtivad aang ka hi aansh hai, 'siya pajjatta', 'siya apajjata', 'manus apajjatta davvapamanen kevadiya', 'akhankhejja* 'jaise 'siya' (syath) shabd aur prashnottari shaili ko lie prachur vaky pae jate haian.
• 'shatkhandagam' ke adhar se rachit achary kundakund ke 'panchastikay', 'pravachanasar' adi arsh granthoan mean bhi unake kuchh aur adhik udgamabij milate haian. 'siy atthinatthi uhayan', 'jamha' jaise yukti pravan vakyoan evan shabd prayogoan dvara unamean prashnottar poorvak vishayoan ko dridh kiya gaya hai.

vikas

kal ki drishti se unake vikas ko tin kalakhandoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai aur un kalakhandoan ke nam nimn prakar rakhe ja sakate haian :-

• adikal athava samantabhadr-kal (ee. 200 se ee. 650).
• madhyakal athava akalank-kal (ee. 650 se ee. 1050).
• uttaramadhyayug (antyakal) athava prabhachandr-kal (ee. 1050 se 1700). age vistar mean padhean:- jain darshan ka udbhav aur vikas

jain darshan ke pramukh granth

achary jinasen aur gunabhadr : ek parichay

• ye donoan hi achary us panchastoop namak anvay mean hue haian jo age chalakar senanvay ka senasangh ke nam se prasiddh hua hai. jinasen svami ke guru virasen ne bhi apana vansh patrchastoopanvay hi likha hai. parantu gunabhadrachary ne senanvay likha hai. indranandi ne apane shrutavatar mean likha hai ki jo muni panchastoop nivas se aye unamean se kinhian ko sen aur kinhian ko bhadr nam diya gaya. tatha koee achary aisa bhi kahate haian ki jo guhaoan se aye unhean nandi, jo ashok van se aye unhean dev aur jo panchastoop se aye unhean sen nam diya gaya. shrutavatar ke ukt ullekh se pratit hota hai ki senant aur bhadrant nam vale muniyoan ka samooh hi age chalakar senanvay ya sena sangh se prasiddh hua hai.

jinasenachary siddhantashastroan ke mahanh jnata the. inhoanne kashayaprabhrit par 40 hazar shlok praman jayadhaval tika likhi hai. achary virasen svami us par 20 hazar shlok praman tika likh paye the aur ve divangat ho gaye the. tab unake shishy jinasenachary ne 40 hazar shlok praman tika likhakar use poorn kiya. age vistar mean padhean:- jain darshan ke pramukh granth

jain darshan mean adhyatm

'adhyatm' shabd adhi+atm –in do shabdoan se bana hai, jisaka arth hai ki atma ko adhar banakar chintan ya kathan ho, vah adhyatm hai. yah isaka vyutpatti arth he. yah jagat jain darshan ke anusar chhah dravyoan ke samudayatmak hai. ve chhah dravy haian-

• jiv,
• pudgal,
• dharm,
• adharm,
• akash aur
• kal. age vistar mean padhean:- jain darshan mean adhyatm

jain tarkik aur unake nyayagranth

bisavian shati ke jain tarkik

bisavian shati mean bhi katipay darshanik evan naiyayik hue haian, jo ullekhaniy haian. inhoanne prachin acharyoan dvara likhit darshan aur nyay ke granthoan ka n keval adhyayan-adhyapan kiya, apitu unaka rashtrabhasha hindi mean anuvad evan sampadan bhi kiya hai. sath mean anusandhanapoorn vistrit prastavanaean bhi likhi haian, jinamean granth evan granthakar ke aitihasik parichay ke sath granth ke pratipady vishayoan ka bhi tulanatmak evan samikshatmak akalan kiya gaya hai. kuchh maulik granth bhi hindi bhasha mean likhe gaye haian. santapravar nyayachary pan. ganeshaprasad varni nyayachary, pan. manikachandr kaundey, pan. sukhalal sanghavi, da. pan. mahendrakumar nyayachary, pan. kailash chandr shastri, pan. dalasukh bhair malavaniya evan is lekh ke lekhak da. pan. darabari lala kothiya nyayachary adi ke nam vishesh ullekh yogy haian. age vistar mean padhean:- jain tarkik aur unake nyayagranth

tribhangi tika

1. asravatribhangi,
2. bandhatribhangi,
3. udayatribhangi aur
4. sattvatribhangi-in 4 tribhangiyoan ko sankalit kar tikakar ne in par sanskrit mean tika ki hai.

• asravatribhangi 63 gatha praman hai.
• isake rachayita shrutamuni haian.
• bandhatribhangi 44 gatha praman hai tatha usake karta nemichand shishy madhavachandr haian. age vistar mean padhean:- tribhangi tika

panchasangrah tika

mool panchasangrah namak yah moolagranth prakrit bhasha mean hai. is par tin sanskrit-tikaean haian.

1. shripalasut daddha virachit panchasangrah tika,
2. achary amitagati rachit sanskrit-panchasangrah,
3. sumatakirtikrit sanskrit-panchasangrah.

• pahali tika digambar prakrit panchasangrah ka sanskrit-anushtupoan mean parivartit roop hai. isaki shlok sankhya 1243 hai. kahian kahian kuchh gadyabhag bhi paya jata hai, jo lagabhag 700 shlok praman hai. is tarah yah lagabhag 2000 shlok praman hai. yah 5 prakaranoan ka sangrah hai. ve 5 prakaran nimn prakar haian-

1. jivasamas,
2. prakritisamutkirtan,
3. karmastav,
4. shatak aur
5. saptatika.

• isi tarah any donoan sanskrit tikaoan mean bhi saman varnan hai.
• vishesh yah hai ki achary amitagati krit panchasangrah ka pariman lagabhag 2500 shlok praman hai. tatha sumatakirti krit panchasangrah ati saral v spasht hai.
• is tarah ye tinoan tikaean sanskrit mean likhi gee haian aur saman hone par bhi unamean apani apani visheshataean paee jati haian.
• karm sahity ke visheshajnoan ko in tikaoan ka bhi adhyayan karana chahie. age vistar mean padhean:- panchasangrah tika

mandraprabodhini

• shauraseni prakrit bhasha mean achary nemichandr si0 chakravarti dvara nibaddh gommatasar moolagranth ki sanskrit bhasha mean rachi yah ek vishadh aur saral vyakhya hai. isake rachayita abhayachandr siddhantachakravarti haian. yadyapi yah tika apoorn hai kintu karmasiddhant ko samajhane ke lie ek atyant pramanik vyakhya hai. keshavavarni ne inaki is tika ka ullekh apani kannadatika mean, jisaka nam karnatakavritti hai, kiya hai. isase jnat hota hai ki keshavavarni ne unaki is mandaprabodhini tika se labh liya hai.
• gommatasar achary nemichandr siddhantachakravarti dvara likha gaya karm aur jiv vishayak ek prasiddh evan mahattvapoorn prakrit-granth hai. isake do bhag haian-

1. ek jivakand aur
2. doosara karmakand.

jivakand mean 734 aur karmakand mean 972 shauraseni-prakrit bhashabaddh gathaean haian. karmakand par sanskrit mean 4 tikaean likhi gee haian. ve haian-

1. gommat panjika,
2. mandaprabodhini,
3. kann d sanskrit mishrit jivatattvapradipika,
4. sanskrit mean hi rachit any nemichandr ki jivatattvapradipika. in tikaoan mean vishayasamy hai par vivechan ki shaili inaki alag alag haian. bhasha ka pravah aur saralata inamean dekhi ja sakati hai.

age vistar mean padhean:- mandraprabodhini

tika tippani aur sandarbh

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