ट्रेन आई और भगदड़ मच गयी -श्रीकृष्ण पांडेय
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28 disambar 1895, peris ke graand kaiphe hotal ke indiana sallon namak kamare mean logoan ki khachakhach bhi d pahali bar parade par chalate phirate bimboan ko dekhane ke lie betab thi. ji haan, lumier bandhuoan ne apane ne upakaran jisaka nam sinaimaitograph tha, se banaee 10 chhoti-chhoti philmoan ka pradarshan karane vale the. yah philmean 20-50 sekeand ki thi. in philmoan mean kuchh dainik ghatanaoan ka philmaankan kiya gaya tha, jaise-bag ki sianchaee karata mali, bachche ko doodh pilati huee maan (botal se), faiktari se bahar nikalate hue log ityadi. inhi philmoan mean ek philm thi jisake drishy mean pletapharm par yatri tren akar rukati hai. jaise hi vishal parade par tren ate dikhi log hal mean uthakar idhar udhar bhagane lage. unhean laga ki tren unake oopar chadh na jaye. kahane ka tatpary hai ki unhean vah drishy itana jivant laga ki vo tren ko sach samajh baithe. to yah tha sinema ka jadoo jise poori duniya ne usake janm ke sath dekh liya. 1895 mean janm liya hua sinema 100 se jyada varsh par kar chuka hai. maje ki bat yah hai ki sinema eejad hone ke matr 6 mah bad bharat pahuanch gaya. bharat mean loomier bandhuoan ka pahala pradarshan muanbee ke vatsan hotal mean 7 julaee 1896 mean kiya gaya tha. is pradarshan mean bharatiy sinema ke pitamah dada sahab phalke bhi upasthit the. chooanki lumier bandhuoan ne vyapar ke uddeshy se is takaniki ki khoj ki thi to unaka irada ise jald se jald poore vishv mean dikhakar jyada se jyada dhan kamana tha. in sau se adhik varshoan mean sinema kahaan se kahaan pahuanch gaya hai kahane ki avashyakata nahian. aj halivud se b aaulivud tak ek se badhakar ek vishesh takanik ki philmean ban rahi hai. lekin sinema ke janm se ju di kuchh dilachasp kahaniyaan jo bahut hi adbhut evan romaanchak hai shayad hi ap janate hoan. to aiye apako sinema ke janm ki ek dastan sunate haian... thumb|right|350px
aranbhik kal se hi manushy ek jijnasu prani raha hai. manavata ke vikas ke kram mean aj jo bhi upalabdhiyaan haian sab jijnasa ke phalasvaroop hi prapt huee haian.manushy ne jijnasa ke shaman ke kram mean jin avishkaro ko paya sinema bhi unhian mean se ek khoj hai. sinema nishchit hi manushy ki vaijnanik jijnasa ki den hai lekin ise bhi vibhinn p davoan se hokar gujarana p da. kaimare ki takaniki evan photographi ke avishkar ke bina sinema ka janm na hota. isalie sinema ke janm ko samajhane ke lie photographi ko samajhana atyant avashyak hai. kaimare evan photographi ki kahani bhi khasi purani hai- takariban shatabdiyoan mean phaili huyi. sinema ki tarah hi isaka bhi avishkar ek satat prakriya evan kee vaijnanikoan ke prayas ka parinam hai.
kaimare evan photographi ka janm fraans mean hua. fraans ki sarakar ne 7 janavari 1839 ek sarvajanik ghoshana karake phreanch chitrakar luee d’daguera ko photographi ke avishkarak ke roop mean manyata di thi. lekin phir bhi yah kisi ka vyaktigat avishkar n hokar ek atyant lanbi prakriya ka parinam tha. isi tarah kaimare ke avishkar ka shrey bhi kee log naisaphor naips ko dete hai. niahsandeh isake dabba kaimare ke ma dal ko samane rakhakar usamean kramashah aur sudhar tatha takaniki parishkar karate-karate bahut sare vaijnanikoan ke mahatvapoorn yogadan ke bad phraiank aur hidaik ne milakar do leanso vala pratham adhunik kaimara banaya.
photographi evan kaimare ke vikas kram jisame kaimara, leans, sthir chitr, sthir chitr ka nigetiv prapt karana, nigetiv se sthayi chitr prapt karane ka bahut lanba itihas hai. phir bhi photographi ke vikas mean atyant mahatvapoorn yogadan amerika ke ek padari revareand hannibal villistan gudavil ka bhi raha. isane 1898 mean rol philm banaee. jaisa ki isaka istemal aj bhi kaimaroan mean hota hai lekin bahut nyoon star par. isaka mahatv isalie hai ki rol philm ke bina chalachitr kaimaroan ki kalpana hi nahian ki ja sakati jo sinema ke adharabhoot tatvoan mean se ek hai. kaimara, photographi evan chitroan ke sthir drishyaankan ke bad chitroan mean gati paida karane ka prayas jari tha. ye alag bat hai ki b di saphalata der se mili. 16vian sadi mean kaimare ki khoj ko lekar kee prayog chal rahe the. jaduee lalaten ka astitv inhi prayogoan ka parinam tha.
shuruati daur mean chitroan mean gatishilata lane ke lie vibhinn tarike prayog mean laye jate rahe. prarambhik avastha mean kaanch ki patti par chitr aankit kar use ek vishesh upakaran ke samane lagakar pichhe se lalaten laga di jati thi, is prakar ek dhuandhala chitr parade par dikhaee dene lagata tha. lalaten hi vah adharabhoot upakaran hai jisase vaijnanikoan ne philm pr aaujektar ka vikas kiya. isake bad gatishil dram tatha disk dvara bhi chitroan mean gatishilata paida karane ki koshish ki gayi jo saphal rahi.
thumb|200px|joetrop thumb|200px|praksinoskop thumb|200px|myootoskop thumb|200px|kainetoskop thumb|200px|sinematograph
- prarambhik daur ke sinema se sanbandhit kuchh pramukh upakaran hai-
joetrop
briten ke vaijnanik viliyam harnar ne joetrop namak adbhut upakaran ki khoj ki. ye ek katorinuma yantr tha jo golaee mean ghoom sakata tha. isake divaroan par chhote-chhote chhidr bane hote the. isame aandar ki satah par ek niyamit doori par chitr aankit hote the. ise ghumane par evan chhidroan se dekhane par chitroan mean gati ka bhram hota tha.
praksinoskop
isaki khoj charls emile ronald dvara fraans mean ki gee. lekin lumier bandhuoan ke photographik philm ane ke bad isaki maang khatm ho gayi.
myootoskop
isame phlaip buk ki tarah 850 ke qarib kards lage hote the in kardoan par aankit chitroan mean ek kramik gatishilata hoti thi. bahar lage ek handal ke dvara ise chalane par isake kard ek-ek kar leans ke samane se gujarate the jinhean dekhane par chitroan mean ek saman gati ka abhas hota tha. ye kard qarib ek minat philmoan ki tarah chalate the.
uparokt sabhi upakaran vijnan ke ek vishesh niyam ke tahat kari karate the jise persistance ofvision kaha jata hai.is siddhant ke tahat ek chhavi ke aankhoan ke samane se hatane ke bad kuchh samay tak usaka bimb aankhoan mean bana rahata hai isi prakriya mean sthir chhaviyoan ki ek kramik shriankhala ko ek nishchit gati dene par chhaviyaan gatishil dikhaee dene lagati hai. left|border|200px
ek adbhut jijnasa
ye kissa is tarah hai ki ameriki reesoan ke bich un dino ye bahas garm thi ki gho da jab dau data hai to kya kabhi aisi sthiti ati hai ki gho de ke charoan pair hava mean hote hai? kuchh log kahate the ki haan aisa hota hai par kuchh log ise nakar diya karate the. kailiphorniya ke gavarnar lileand steanphord ne 1872 mean ye janane ki koshish ki aur inhi ke prayasoan ke phalasvaroop hi is par prayog shuroo hua. gavarnar ne sainaphransisko ke photographar edavard mebrij ko is kam ki zimmedari saupi. mebrij ne koshish ki lekin vah saphal nahi hua. kyoanki shuruat mean lie ge chitr itane dhuandhale aur aspasht the ki kuchh anuman nahi lagaya ja sakata tha. isi bat par 25 hajar d aaular ki shart lag gee aur edavard mebrij is shart ko bhula nahi paya. paanch sal ke k de sangharsh ke bad usane ek eanjiniyar ki madad se ek naya prayog kiya. eanjiniyar ne ek katar mean 24 kaimare lagae aur sabako bijali ke tar se jo d diya. batan dabane par bijali pravahit hoti thi jisase pratyek kaimare ke shatar usi kram mean khulate aur band hote the. ab zaroorat is bat ki thi ki gho de dvara dau date hue prabhavit kshetr mean pravesh karane tatha kaimaroan ko sanchalit karane ka pratham kshan saman ho. batan dabate hi gho de ke gati ke sath sath vidyut pravahit hone ke karan sabhi kaimare ek ke bad ek spasht chhayachitr lene mean saphal ho sake. isilie kaimare us kshanaansh ko pak d sake jab gho de ke charoan pair hava mean the. aur is sthiti ko manushy ki aankh poori koshish ke bad bhi nahian dekh pati thi. mebrij ne ise apane avishkar ke roop mean panjikrit karavaya.
isi kram mean edavard mebrij ne ek lalaten ki khoj ki, jo usaki uparokt khoj jise galloping horse kahate the, ko parade par dikhati thi. mebrij ne ise gatishil vastuoan ko chhayaankit karane aur darshane ki paddhati ke nam se 1882 mean panjikrit karavaya. isi emile ronald ke upakaran praksinoskop ke madhyam se peris ke ek hal mean uparokt chitroan ka pradarshan kiya gaya. manav ki jijnasa ke phalasvaroop anajane mean hi ek bahut b da avishkar ho gaya. sinema ke udbhav mean yah b da kadam sabit huya.
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isi kram mean san 1891 mean ianglaiand ke ek yuva eanjiniyar viliyam diksan jo edisan ki kanpani mean kam karata tha, ek adbhut yantr kainetoskop ka avishkar kiya jise thamas alva edisan ne apane nam se panjikrit kara liya. kainetoskop ek baksenuma yantr hota tha jisase aankh lagakar dekhane par aandar ki ril par sthir chitr gati se chalate the. teji se badalatoan tasviroan ko dekhakar vastavik gati ka bhram hota tha. darasal 1888 mean edavard mebrij ne apane prayog ka khulasa nyoo jarsi shahar mean ek sangoshthi mean kar diya tha. ab kainetograph evan kainetoskop namak yantroan mean viliyam diksan ne usake siddhaanto ka hi prayog kiya tha. kainetograph ek prakar ka kaimara hota hai. isi upakaran ke madhyam se philm patti par chitr aankit kie jate haian aur kainetosko ke madhyam se usaka pradarshan hota tha. is yantr ke madhyam se ek samay mean keval ek vyakti hi philm dekh sakata tha. kyoanki isake dvara chitroan ka prakshepan parade par sanbhav nahian tha. darasal in tamam avishkaroan se gujarate huye hi intermitant motion mechanism yani ‘saviram gati ka niyam’ namak siddhant vikasit hua. isaki khoj fraans ke lumier bandhuoan ke dvara ki gayi thi. is siddhant ke tahat kisi bhi drishy ka age badhane se pahale poori tarah thahar jana avashyak hai. philmaankan evan philm prakshepan ke samay pratyek phrem ka age badhane se pahale poori tarah thahar jana avashyak hota hai. tabhi kaimare dvara philmaankan sanbhav ho pata hai tatha ham parade par prakshepit bimb ko atmasat kar pate hai.
in sare siddhaantoan, upakaranoan, evan prayogoan ko tab manjil mili jab lumier bandhuoan ne uparokt siddhant par adharit apane sinematograph namak yantr ka panjikaran karavaya. sinemetograph ek adbhut yantr tha. yah ek dabbenuma mashin thi jisake mukhy roop se tin bhag the. kaimara, laib evan pr aaujektar. ek taraph kaimara hota tha jisase philm patti par drishyankan kiya jata tha phir yah philm patti svachalit tarike se mashin ke nichale hisse mean jati thi jahaan laib sthit hota tha, vahaan se vikasit hokar mashin ke doosare or jakar svatah hi pr aaujektar mean lag jati thi. yahian se ise parade par prakshepit kiya jata tha. yah itana b da avishkar tha ki jhatake se sinema ko ek disha mil gayi. isi ke avishkar ke sath hi sinema dekhana ek samoohik anubhav mean badak gaya, isake pahale log edisan ke kainetoskop mean akele hi jhaank kar philm dekhane ka maza lete the. lumier bandhuoan ke sinaimaitograph se ek jan samooh ek sath, ek hi samay tatha ek hi sthan par ekatr hokar philm dekh sakata tha.
sinematograph ka pratham sarvajanik pradarshan 28 disambar 1895 ko graand kaiphe namak hotal mean fraans mean kiya gaya. hotal ka ek kamar jisaka nam indian sallon tha pradarshan se poorv hi khachakhach bhar gaya is pradarshan mean lumier bandhuoan ne apani 10 chhoti philmoan ka pradarshan kiya.
thumb|lumier bandhu
lumier bandhuoan ki 10 philmean haian-
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in pradarshanoan ke madhyam se logoan ne kisi ghatana ko dobara ghatit hote dekhane ke anubhav liya, kyoanki ye sari philmean sachchi ghatanaoan ko philmaankit karake banaee gayi thi. inamean koee chhe d-chha d nahian kiya gaya tha. majedar bat ye hai ki ye sabhi dakyoomeantari hi thi. is pradarshan ke bad lumier bandhu isake vyavasayik pradarshan karane lage aur desh-videsh mean isaka prachar hone laga. lumier bandhuoan ki vistaravadi rananiti ke age edisan ka kaeenetoskop asaphal sabit hua. magar dilachasp bat yah hai ki agar saphal ho jata to sinema ka doosara roop hamare samane hota. tab sinema ek vaiyaktik anubhav banakar rah jata banisvat samoohik anubhav ke.
- shrikrishna paandey
mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hindi vishvavidyalay
vardha, maharashtr
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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