तिब्बत
[[chitr:Tibet- Lhasa -Potala-Palace.jpg|thumb|250px|potala mahal, lhasa (tibbat) ]] tibbat madhy eshiya ka pramukh pathar hai. satavian shatabdi mean tibbat ke raja strongachanh-stramh-po (lagabhag 626-98 ee.) ne bauddh dharm grahan kar liya aur thovami-sambhota namak tibbati vidvanh ko bharat bheja, jisane bauddh dharm sambandhi kuchh granth ikatthe kie aur pashchimi gupt lipi ko tibbat le gaya, jo devanagari lipi se kafi milati julati thi. yahi lipi tibbati varnamala ka adhar bani. sambhav hai buddh avalokiteshvar ki chandan ki prasiddh moorti jo ab tak dalaeelama ke rajamahal potala mean pratishthapit hai pooji jati hai, vah sarvapratham thovami ke dvara tibbat le jayi gayi ho. raja strongachanh ne n keval bauddh dharm grahan kiya balki thovami ka shishy banakar vidyadhyayan bhi kiya. satavian shatabdi mean hi tibbat ne nepal par adhipaty sthapit kar liya.
bauddh dharm ka prachar
raja strongachanh tibbati logoan mean bauddh dharm ka prachar karake unamean satyavadita, daya, pavitr evan sada jivan, viddhanoan ka adar aur matribhoomi prem adi gunoan ka vikas kiya. is prakar bauddh dharm ne tibbat ke saanskritik aur arthik vikas mean paryapt yogadan kiya. sanskrit granthoan ke tibbati bhasha mean anuvad ka jo kary strongachanh-stramh-po ke dvara prarambh kiya gaya tha, vah usake uttaradhikariyoan dvara age badhaya gaya aur isase tibbati bhasha praanjal evan samarth sahityik madhyam ke roop mean nikalakar samane ayi. bauddh dharm ke prachar prasar ne tibbat aur bharat ke bich ghanishth sampark sthapit kar diya. [[chitr:Tibet-Lhasa-Prayer-Wheels.jpg|thumb|250px|left|prarthana chakr, lhasa (tibbat)]] tibbati log bauddh dharm ke bharatiy shiksha kendroan, visheshatah nalanda aur vikramashila ane lage aur isi tarah bharatiy log tibbat jane lage. ane jane ka yah silasila tibbat aur bharat ke saanskritik sambandhoan ka ek niyamit aang ban gaya. bauddh dharm ke mahanh acharyoan shantarakshit aur padmasanbhav ne tibbat ki yatraean 8vian shati ke madhy mean aur atisha ne 11 vian shatabdi ke madhy mean kian. is saanskritik sampark se tibbat mean lamavad ki sthapana aur vikas hua. lamavad ne bauddh dharm ke hinayan, mahayan aur tantrayan sampradayoan mean samanvay sthapit karane ka prayas kiya. isane tibbatiyoan ke rashtriy charitr mean parivartan karake unhean dhire-dhire yuddhapriy se shaantipriy dharmabhiru vyakti bana diya. isane unake bich anek adhyatmik guru, prakaand vidvanh, suyogy bhashavidh, aur ooanche sadhak utpann kiye.
sanskrit granthoan ka tibbati bhasha mean anuvad karane ka tibbati aur bharatiy vidvanoan ka prayas atyadhik saphal siddh hua aur bahut se sanskrit granth jinaki mool pratiyaan ab bharat mean nahian payi jati haian, ya to mool roop mean ya tibbati anuvad ke roop mean tibbat mean upalabdh hue haian.
rajanitik sambandh
[[chitr:Tibet-Lhasa-Prayer-Wheels-2.jpg|thumb|250px|prarthana chakr, lhasa (tibbat)]] bhootakal mean tibbat aur bharat ke madhy rajanitik sambandh bahut tho de the. dvitiy gupt samrat samudragupt nepal ke nripati ko apana karad tatha ajnapalak banane par b da garv karata tha. usane apane chauthi shatabdi ke prayag abhilekh mean tibbat ka koee ullekh nahian kiya hai. 7vian shatabdi mean harshavardhan ne, jisaka chin ke sath mitratapoorn sambandh tha, tibbat ke marg se ek doot chin bheja tha, jisase prakat hota hai, ki tibbat ke sath bhi usaka maitri-sambandh tha. harsh ki mrityu ke bad usaka mantri arjun jisane usaki gaddi chhin li thi, tibbati shasak raja strongachanh ka kopabhajan ban gaya, kyoanki usane chini doot vaang-hyoo en-tse-si ko loot liya tha, aur use parast hokar tirahut se hath dhona p da. kintu 1703 ee. mean tirahut ne tibbati shasan ka jua utar pheanka. isake pashchath tibbat ka bharat ke sath kisi bhi prakar ka rajanitik sambandh nahian raha.
akraman
bharat ke musalaman vijeta tibbat ke himaveshtit parvatoan par senaean bhejane se katarate the aur bakhtiyar ke bete ikhtayararuddin mohammad ke siva jisaka tibbat ke oopar akraman 1204 ee. mean buri tarah vifal hua, aur kisi ne use vijay karane ka prayas tak nahian kiya. kintu aangrezoan ka vyaparik lobh simahin tha, aur 1774-75 ee. mean varen hestiangs ne kampani ke yuva adhikari jarj bogal ko tibbat ke dharmik guru evan shasak tashilama se bheant karane ke lie bheja. kintu bogal, jisane apani yatra ka rochak varnan kiya hai, aangrezoan ke lie koee labh prapt nahian kar saka. tibbat atharahavian shatabdi ke prarambh se hi chin ki prabhu-satta ko svikar karane laga tha, aur tibbat ki rajadhani lhasa mean do chini rajapratinidhi, jinhean amban kaha jata tha, nivas karane lage the. chin aur tibbat ne unnisavian shatabdi ke ant tak aangrezoan ko bharat se tibbat mean ghusane nahian diya. tisare barmayuddh ke bad 1886 ee. mean british sarakar ne chin ke sath ek samajhauta kiya, jisake aantargat tibbat par chin ki prabhu-satta ki paroksh svikriti ke badale mean chini sarakar briten ke dvara barma hathiyane par koee apatti n karane ke lie sahamat ho gee. 1887 ee. mean tibbatiyoan ne british surakshit sikkim rajy par hamala kar diya, kintu ve b di asani se pichhe khade d die ge.
samajhauta
[[chitr:Tibet-Lhasa-Potala-Palace2.jpg|thumb|250px|potala mahal, lhasa (tibbat)]] 1890 ee. mean tibbat sikkim ki sima ka nirdharan chin aur briten ke madhy hue samajhaute ke aantargat kiya gaya. 1893 ee. mean aangrezoan ko tibbat mean kuchh vyaparik suvidhaean pradan karane ki bat tay huee, kintu vyavahar roop mean ye suvidhaean upalabdh nahian karayi gee. is prakar bisavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean bhi aangrezoan ke lie tibbat varjit desh bana raha. pratham british nagarik, jisane lhasa mean ghusane ka sahas kiya aur vahaan ki rajanitik aur dharmik avastha ki amooly janakari prapt karake vapas lauta, sharatachandr das namak ek bangali adhyapak tha. bisavian shati ke prarambh mean dalaee lama ne apane shikshak tatha roosi bauddh dorajif ki sahayata se chini prabhu-satta ukha d pheankane ke lie roosi sarakar ke sath kuchh samajhaute ki bat chalaee, jisase british bharatiy sarakar jo us samay dabang vaisaray l aaurd karzan dvara niyantrit thi, sanshakit ho uthi ki tibbat shighr hi roosi sanrakshan mean chala jaega. british bharatiy sarakar ise rokane ke lie kritasankalp thi aur 1903 ee. mean karnal fraansis yangahasabaind ke netritv mean ek dal tibbat bheja gaya. isane julaee 1903 ee. mean bina kisi virodh ke tibbati kshetroan mean pravesh kiya aur march 1904 ee. mean tibbati sena ko guru namak sthan par asani se parast kiya. thumb|250px|left|saparang guj, tibbat aprail mean usane vishal tibbati sena ko punah harakar agast 1904 ee. mean lhasa mean pravesh kiya. vahaan yangahasabaind ne sitanbar mean tibbat ko sandhi karane ke lie vivash kiya. jisake aantargat use aangrezoan ko tibbat ki tin manndiyoan mean vyapar karane, 75 lakh rupaye ka harzana dene [1]ki shartean svikar karani p dian. is prakar tibbat mean roosi prasar ka marg band kar diya gaya. kintu shighr hi aangrezoan ki galatiyoan ke parinamasvaroop tibbat par chin ki jo prabhu-satta ab tak keval namamatr ki aur sakeantik roop mean thi, vah vastavik roop mean svikar kar li gee. tibbat ki or se 25 lakh rupaye harzana chin ko ada karane ki anumati de di gee aur aangrezoan ko chumbi ghati se hat jana p da.
1906 ee. mean ianglaind aur chin ke bich ek samajhaute ke aantargat ianglaind is bat ke lie raji ho gaya ki vah n to tibbat ke kisi bhoobhag par adhikar karega aur n usake aantarik prashasan mean hastakshep karega. isake badale mean chin sahamat ho gaya ki vah kisi videshi shakti ko tibbat ke aantarik prashasan mean hastakshep karane athava usaki kshetriy akhandata ka ullaghann karane ki anumati nahian dega. 1907 ee. mean ianglaind aur roos tibbat ke sath apane rajanitik sambandh chin ke madhyam se sanchalit karane ke lie sahamat ho ge. is prakar chin ko tibbat ka svami svikar kar liya gaya, aur isake bad hi chin ne tibbat ko rauand dala aur dalaee lama ko bhagakar bharat mean sharan leni p di. british sarakar ne us par tivr prativad kiya aur tibbatiyoan ne 1918 ee. mean chin ki aantarik avyavastha se labh uthakar apane ko chini adhipaty se mukt kar liya.
tibbat mean jhil
tibbati bhasha mean jhil ko chhvu kaha jata hai. tibbat svayatt pradesh mean chhoti b di kul 1500 se adhik jhilean haian. inaka kul kshetraphal 240 vargakilomitar se adhik hai, jo chin ki jhiloan ke kul kshetraphal ki ek tihaee hai. tibbat ki jhilean n sirph b di haian, balki gahari bhi hai. jhiloan ka nihit jal sansadhan prachur hai. tibbat ki sab se b di jhil na moo chhvu hai. tibbati bhasha mean na moo chhvu ka matalab pavitr jhil hai, jo bauddh dharm ka prasiddh tirthasthan hai. na moo chhvu jhil lhasa shahar ki taang shuang kauanti aur na chhoo priphekchar ki bainag kauanti ke bich sthit hai. usaki dakshin poorv mean gaganachuanbi nanachhiangathaangakula paha d ki mukh choti kh di hai. us ke uttar mean apar pathar hai. is jhil ki charoan or vishal ghas maidan hai. na moo chhvu ek vishal darpan ki tarah uttari tibbat mean phaili huee hai. nile nile akash, hare hare ghas, rangabirangi phool aur charavahoan ke tamboo se ek b da suandar prakritik sama ban jata hai.[2]
bharat se sambandh
jokheang mandir, tibbat |thumb|200px tibbat aur bharat ke bich saanskritik sambandhoan ka lamba itihas hai. 1917 ki rajyakranti ke bad roos mean jo parivartan hue tatha chin mean jo avyavastha qayam rahi usake parinamasvaroop tibbat mean british hitoan par kisi videshi shatru ke dvara aghat kie jane ka khatara samapt ho gaya aur agale bis varshoan tak tibbat aur bharat ki sarakaroan ke bich maitripoorn sambandh rahe. kuchh is shatabdi ke paanchavean dashak mean rajanitik paristhitiyaan badal geean. maotse tuang ke netritv mean chin ek mahanh samyavadi rashtr ban gaya aur usane tibbat ke oopar apani prabhu-satta ko punah sthapit karane ka sankalp liya. isake anusar chini senaoan ne 1959 ee. mean tibbat par adhikar kar liya aur dalaee lama ko pranaraksha ke lie bhagakar bharat ki sharan leni p di. bharatiy ganarajy ki navasthapit sarakar in ghatanaoan ki mook darshak bani rahi. is prakar tibbat vishal chini samrajy ka aang bana liya gaya aur usaki dakshini sima bharat ki uttari simarekha ko chhoone lagi. isake parinamasvaroop donoan deshoan ke bich sangharsh anivary ho gaya.[3]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ pahale to 75 varshik qistoan mean dene ki bat tay huee, kintu bad mean ise ghatakar 25 lakh rupaya kar diya gaya aur use tin varshik qistoan mean ada karane ki bat tay huee, harzane ka bhugatan n hone tak aangrezoan ko sikkam aur bhootan ke madhy sthit chumbi ghati par adhikar karane, kisi videshi shakti ko tibbat ka bhoobhag n dene tatha use tibbat mean relave lain bichhane ki izazat us samay tak n dene jab tak ki usi prakar ki suvidhaean british sarakar ko n di jaean
- ↑ tibbat mean jhil (hiandi) cri-online. abhigaman tithi: 19 mee, 2013.
- ↑ 1962 ee. mean bharat aur chin ke bich yuddh hua, jisake parinamasvaroop donoan deshoan ke sambandh abhi tak samany nahian ho pae haian).
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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