तुला और मान

200px|thumb||paramparik tarajoo tula aur man dravyaman mapane ka upakaran hai. bhar ki sadrishata ka jnan karane vale upakaran ko tula kahate haian. mahatvapoorn vyaparik upakaran ke roop mean isaka vyavahar pragaitihasik siandh mean eesa poorv tin sahasrabdi ke pahale se hi prachalit tha. prachin tula ke jo bhi udaharan yahaan se milate haian, unase yahi jnat hota hai, ki us samay tula ka upayog kimati vastuoan ke taulane mean hi hota tha. pal de pray: do hote the, jinamean tin chhed banakar aj hi ki tarah doriyaan nikal kar dandi se baandh die jate the. jis dandi mean pal de jhulae jate the, vah kaanse ki hoti thi, tatha pal de pray: taanbe ke hote the. sanbhavat: rrigved ki rrichaoan mean tula shabd ka prayog nahian hai. vajasaneyi sanhita mean 'hiranyakar tula' ka nirdesh hai. shatapath brahman mean bhi tula ke prasang haian. is granth mean tula ka 'divy praman' ke roop mean bhi ullekh haian. vasishth dharmasootr mean tula ko grihasthi ka pramukh aang mana gaya hai. apastanb dharmasootr mean daan di marana samajik aparadh mana gaya hai. dighanikay (lakkhan sutt) mean daan di marana 'mithya jiv' ki koti mean kaha gaya hai. apramanik tula ko koot tula kahate the. kautily ki vyavastha ke anusar rajy ki or se vyapariyoan ke tula aur man ki jaanch prati chauthe mas honi chahie, . manu ke anusar yah parikshan-avadhi chhah mas honi chahie . yajnavalky ke mat se daan di marana bhari aparadh tha jisake liye uttam sahas dand (pranadand) dena chahie .

tula ke prakar

kautily ne arthashastr mean 16 prakar ki tulaoan ka ullekh kiya hai . in shodash tula prakaroan mean das prakar ki tulaean aisi thian, jinaka upayog sadharan bhar ki vastuoan ke taulane mean hota tha. in sabhi tulaoan mean aj ki hi tarah do pal de hote the. sabase chhoti tula chhah aangul tatha ek pal vajan ki hoti thi. taduparaant any nau prakar ki tulaoan ki dandiyoan ki lanbaee kramash: ath aangul aur vajan ek-ek pal badhata jata tha. shesh chhah prakar ki tulaoan ka upayog bhari vajan ki vastuoan ke taulane mean hota tha, jinhean samavritt, parimani, vyavahariki, bhajani aur aant:purabhajani tula kahate the.

prachin 'man' athava 'tulaman' batakharoan ke bodhak haian. siandhu ghati se bahut se batakhare prapt hue haian. in batakharoan ka akar aur bhar paddhati mesopotamiya aur misr se prapt batakharoan se milati julati hai, kiantu inake adhar par yah nahian kaha ja sakata ki bharatiy batakharoan ki utpatti abharatiy hai.

akar

praranbh mean batakharoan ke akar chaukor hote the, kiantu kalaantar mean gol hone lage. siandhu ghati yug mean batakharoan ke liye patthar rajasthan se prapt kie jate the. kautily ke anusar batakharoan ke banane ke liye lohe ka upayog karana chahie. patthar ke magadh ya mekal desh ke hoan . chhote manoan ke liye raktika, guanja ya manjith ka bhi upayog hota tha, jinhean 'tulabij' kahate the.

man-paddhatiyaan

prachin bharat mean man ki kee paddhatiyaan prachalit thian. pragaitihasik yug ke batakharoan ka anupatik sanbandh dahaee paddhati par tha. isaka anupat (kuchh apavadoan ko chho dakar) 1, 2, 1/3, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 160, 320, 640, 1600, 3200, 8000, 128000 ka tha. in batoan ki sabase chhoti ikaee 0.2565 gram siddh huee hai.

manu aur yajnavalky ne prachin bharat mean prachalit jin man-paddhatiyoan ka varnan diya hai usaki rooparekha is prakar hai:

8 trisarenu = 1 liksha; 3 liksha = 1 rajasarshap;

4 rajasarshap = 1 gaur sarshap; 2 gaur sarshap = 1 yavamadhy

3 yavamadhy = 1 krishnal; 5 krishnal = 1 suvarnamash

16 suvarnamash = 1 suvarn; 4 suvarn = 1 pal

trisarenu aur liksha sanbhavat: kalpanik man the. rajasarshap, gaurasarshap, yav aur krishnal vastavik man the, jinaka vyavahar suvarn jaisi kimati chijoan ko taulane mean hota tha. manu ke anusar 10 pal ka ek dharan hota tha. chaandi ke liye ek bhinn man bhi tha, jisaka vivaran is prakar hai:

2 krishnal = raupyamash

16 raupyamash = 1 dharan

10 dharan = 1 pal

jaise 4 suvarn ka 1 pal hota tha, usi prakar 4 karsh ka bhi ek pal mana gaya hai. manu ke hisab se 1 karsh 80 ratti ka hota tha. charakasanhita mean karsh ke adhar par batoan ka viran is prakar diya hai --

4 karsh = 1 pal; 2 pal = 1 prasriti

2 prasriti = 1 ku dav; 4 ku dav = 1 prasth

4 prasth = 1 adhak; 4 adhak = 1 dron

charak ki manapaddhati mean dronabhar 1024 tole athava 12 4/5 ser hota tha. kiantu arthashastr ke anusar dron 800 tole athava 10 ser ka hi hota tha. vaise charak aur arthashastr ki manapaddhati ek hi hai. aantar keval ku dav ke vajan ke karan tha. arthashastr ka ku dav 50 tole ka aur charak ka ku dav 256 tole ka tha.

kautily ne dron se bhari batoan ka bhi ullekh kiya hai. inaka vivaran is prakar hai--

16 dron = 1 khari = 4 man

20 dron = 1 kuanbh = 5 man

10 kuanbh = 1 vatt = 50 man

hiroan ki taul mean tanddul aur vajradharan manoan ka upayog hota tha. 20 tanddal ka 1 vajradharan hota tha.

bhoomimap ke liye athava doori aur lanbaee napane ke liye sabase chhoti ikaee aangul thi. shastroan mean, visheshataya arthashastr mean, aangul se bhi niche ke pariman die haian. 250px|thumb|right|mapan yantr 8 paramanu = 1 ratharenu; 8 ratharenu = 1 liksha;

8 liksha = 1 yookamadhy; 8 yookamadhy = 1 yavamadhy;

8 yavamadhy = 1 aangul;

aangul ke bad ki ikaiyoan ka vivaran is prakar hai --

4 aangul = 1 dhanurgrah

8 aangul = 1 dhanurmushti

12 aangul = 1 vitasti athava 1 chhayapurush

14 aangul = 1 sham ya shal ya 1 parirath ya 1 pad

2 vitasti athava 24 aangul = 1 araratni ya 1 prajapaty hast (is prajapaty hast ka vyavahar mukhyataya bhoomi napane mean hota tha) 192 = 1 dand; 10 dand = 1 rajju

2 rajju = 1 paridesh; 3 rajju = 1 nivartan

1000 dhanush = 1 gorut, 4 gorut = 1 yojan

prachin bharat ke in manoan ka prachalan tatha prabhav poorvamadhyakalin aur madhyakalin arthik jivan par bhi prachur raha, yadyapi anupatik sanbandhoan aur namoan par pradesh aur shasan bhed ka bhi prabhav p da. shridhar ke 'ganitasar' mean poorvamadhyakalin man paddhati ka vivaran is prakar hai-- 4 pavala = 1 pali; 4 pali = 1 m da (mana)

4 m da = 1 seee; 12 m da = 1 padak

4 padak = 1 hari; 4 hari = 1 mani

madhyakal mean taul ke sanbandh mean ratti, masha, tola, chhataank, ser tatha man ka ullekh milata hai. isaki man paddhati is prakar thi--

8 ratti = 1 masha; 12 masha = 1 tola

5 tola = 1 chhataank; 4 chhataank = 1 pav

4 pav athava 16 chhataank = 1 ser; 40 ser = 1 man

samanyataya 1 man = 40 ser hota tha. 1 ser ki taul abulaphajal ke anusar 18 dam thi. damavala ser prachin 1 prasth se tulaniy hai. akabar ne ser ka man 28 dam kar diya tha. akabar ka ilahi dam lagabh 322.7 gren ke barabar tha. is prakar usake 28 damavala man 51.63 pauand lagabhag 25.. ser ke barabar tha. jahaangir ka man (man e jahaangiri) 36 dam arthath‌ 66.38 pauand tha. shahajahaan ne ser ke moolabhoot man mean parivartan kiya. usaka ser (sere shahajahani) 1 dam ke barabar hota tha. isi sere shahajahani ka nam aurangazeb ke kal mean 'alamagiri' p da. is kal mean 1 man 43 ya 44 dam athava 'alamagiri' ka hota tha.

bhoomi napane ke liye akabar ke kal mean bigha-e-ilahi prachalit tha, jo 3/4 ek d ke barabar tha. shahajahaan tatha aurangajeb ke kal mean bigha-u-daphtari prachalit hua jo bigh-e-ilahi ka 3/5 arthath‌ 0.59 ek d hota tha.

rooparekha

sanprati bharat mean dashamalaviy man paddhati prachalit hai jisaki rooparekha is prakar hai --

lanbaee napane ke liye

10 milimitar = 1 seanti mitar; 10 seanti mitar = 1 desi mitar;

10 desi mitar = 1 mitar (39.37 ianch); 10 mitar = 1 deka mitar;

10 deka mitar = 1 hekto mitar; 10 hekto mitar (= 5/8 mil) = 1 kilo mitar;

bhar ke liye

10 miligram = 1 seanti gram; 10 seanti gram = 1 desi gram;

10 desi gram = 1 gram; 10 gram = 1 deka gram;

10 deka gram = 1 hekto gram; 10 hekto gram = 1 kilogram (lagabhag 1 ser 7 tola);

100 kilogram = 1 kviantal; 10 + kviantal athava 1000 kilogram = 1 mitariy tan

ghanatv ke liye

10 mili litar = 1 seanti litar; 10 seanti litar = 1 desi litar;

10 desi litar = 1 litar; 10 litar = 1 deka litar

10 deka litar = 1 hektalitar; 10 hektolitar = 1 kilo litar;

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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