थार मरुस्थल
[[chitr:Thar desert.jpg|thumb|300px|thar marusthal, rajasthan]] thar marusthal laharadar retile paha doan ka vistar hai jo vishal bharatiy marusthal bhi kahalata hai. kuchh bhag bharat ke rajasthan mean aur kuchh pakistan mean sthit hai. 2,00,000 varg kimi mean phaile is kshetr ke pashchim mean siandhu dvara sianchit kshetr hai, isake dakshin-poorv mean aravali ka vistar hai aur dakshin mean kachchh ka registan hai, to poorvottar mean panjab ka bhoobhag hai, yah marusthal m aaunasoon mean abhav ke parinamasvaroop nirmit hua hai, jisake karan is ilaqe mean paryapt varsha nahian hoti.
thar shabd se abhipray
thar shabd ki utpatti thal se huee hai, jisaka arth ret ka tila hai. marusthal ki ret poorv kaianbriyan yug ki chattanoan (grenait jaisi agney chattanoan, jo 3.8 arab varsh purani haian) ke sath 2.5 arab se 57 lakh varsh purani avasadi chattanoan ka parivartit roop hai. isake alava adhunik bhaugarbhik kal mean nadiyoan dvara bahakar lae ge nikshep bhi is ret mean haian. satah par paee gee ret vayoodh (hava dvara laee gee) hai. 16 lakh varsh purani ret ki oopari parat sabase nee hai. is registan ki satah asaman aur ooanchi-nichi hai, ret ke chhote-b de tile retile maidanoan aur chhoti banjar paha diyoan ya bhakar se vibhakt haian, jo asapas ke maidanoan se achanak uthati hai. vibhinn akar ke retile tile satat parivartanashil haian. purane tile halaanki arddh sthir aur sthir haian aur unaki ooanchaee lagabhag 150 mitar tak hai. is poore kshetr mean khare pani ki kuchh jhilean (playa) bikhari huee haian, jinhean sthaniy bhasha mean dhaandh kahate hai. yahaan mitti ki kul sat shreniyaan milati haian- marusthali mitti, marusthali lal mitti, bhoori v kali mitti, taraee ki lal v pili mitti, khari mitti, mausami chhichhali mitti aur paha di ilakoan mean mulayam bhurabhuri mitti. ye sabhi mittiyaan mukhyat: khuradari, choonedar, aur poori tarah shushk haian. mitti ki paratoan mean choone ka kam ya jyada jamav hai. yahaan ki mitti samanyat: anupajaoo hai aur tez havaean chalane ke karan us par ret jama ho jati hai.
bhaugolik vistar
thar marusthal rajapootana aur sindhu nadi ki ghati ke nichale bhag ke madhy mean phaila hua hai. is marusthal mean ek booand jal nahian milata aur ise keval karavaan ke dvara hi par kiya ja sakata hai. yah bharat aur pakistan ke bich ki sima rekha bhi banata hai. yah siandh ko dakshin aur uttari pashchimi bharat se prithakh karata hai. araboan ne jab 710 ee. mean siandh vijay ki, to is marusthal ke karan ve apane rajy ka vistar siandh se age nahian kar sake. is marusthal ne kuchh samay tak aangrezoan ko bhi siandh par apana adhipaty jamane se roke rakha. aangrez siandh par daant isilie g daye the, kyoanki yah afaganistan aur panjab ka praveshadvar tha. aangrezoan ke dvara siandh ke adhigrahan ke bad yah marusthal bharatiy british samrajy ka aang ban gaya.[1]
varsha aur tapaman
is registani patti mean varshik varsha ki dar bahut kam hai. yahaan pashchim mean varshik varsha 100 mimi ya usase kam aur poorv mean lagabhag 500 mimi hoti hai. varsha ki sthiti kafi aniyamit hai aur sal dar sal isake ausat mean bhari utar-chadhav ata hai. kul varsha ka lagabhag 90 pratishat bhag dakshin-pashchimi m aaunasoon kal mean julaee se sitanbar ke bich hota hai, doosare mausamoan mean poorvottar se havaean chalati haian. mee aur joon sabase garm mahine hote haian, jab tapaman 50° se. tak pahuanch jata hai. janavari ke mahine mean thand ke dauran nyoonatam tapaman 5° se 10° se. tak rahata hai. mee aur joon ke mausam mean 140 se 150 kimi prati ghanta ki gati se tez dhool bhari aandhi aur havaean chalati haian.
vanaspati aur jiv-jantu
registani vanaspatiyoan mean jyadatar j di-bootiyaan ya chhoti jha diyaan hoti haian; pe d kahian-kahian dikhaee p date haian. paha diyoan par goand ke erobik akasiya aur yoof aaurbiya bhi milate haian. maidani ilakoan mean khej di (prosopis sinerariya) ke pe d pae jate haian. ghas ke maidanoan par kala hiran, chiankara aur any shikari-pakshi, jaise titar aur bater pae jate haian. pravasi pakshiyoan mean bhattatitar, battakh aur kalahans pramukh haian. yah marusthal luptapray bharatiy son chi diya ka avasiy kshetr bhi hai. thar marusthal mean dudharoo gayoan ki paanch mukhy naslean paee jati haian, inamean se tharaparakar nasl ki gay sabase adhik doodh deti hai, jabaki kaankare nasl ki gay bojh dhone aur doodh utpadan mean saman roop se mahattvapoorn hai. madhyam-uttam aur moti, donoan qismoan ki oon ke liye yahaan bhe doan ka palan kiya jata hai. amataur par ooant ka parivahan ke sath-sath jutaee aur any krishi karyoan mean bhi istemal kiya jata hai. yahaan ki jyadatar abadi gramin ilakoan mean rahati hai aur visham ghanatv mean phaili hai.
janajivan shaili
yahaan ke riti-rivaj, paranpara aur veshabhoosha mean ekaroopata nahian hai. yahaan hiandoo aur musalaman, donoan sanpradayoan ke log rahate haian aur janasankhya jatil arthik v samajik adharoan par vibhakt hai. yahaan par anek banjare pashupalan, dastakari aur vyapar mean sanlagn haian. ye n to kisi khas jatiy samooh se ju de haian aur n sthan vishesh tak simit haian. samanyat: ye sthanabaddh abadi aur usaki arthavyavastha se sahajivi roop mean ju de haian. ghas yahaan ka pramukh prakritik sansadhan hai. isase pashuoan ke lie svadisht prakritik chara to milata hi hai, sthaniy log isase dava bhi banate haian. vanaspatiyoan ke satv se davaiyaan banati haian aur tel se sabun bhi taiyar kiya jata hai. yahaan pani ki behad kami hai. mausami varsha ke pani ko kuandoan aur jalashayoan mean ikaththa kar liya jata hai, jisaka istemal pine aur any ghareloo upayogoan mean hota hai. yahaan bhoomigat jal ka istemal nahian hota, kyoanki ek to jalastar bahut niche hai aur phir bhoomigat jal khara hota hai. kuoan aur jalashayoan ke alava naharean yahaan pani ka pramukh srot haian. pani upalabdh hone par geanhoo aur kapas jaisi fasalean ugaee jati haian. siandhu nadi par 1932 mean taiyar sukkar baandh se, jahaan pakistan sthit dakshini thar mean sianchaee hoti hai, vahian sataluj nadi se nikali ganga nagar se bharat sthit uttari hisse mean sianchaee ka kam hota hai. rajasthan nahar se bharat mean thar kshetr mean b de paimane par sianchaee hoti hai. yah nahar bharatiy panjab mean sataluj aur vyas nadiyoan ke sangam par bane hari ke bairaj se nikalati hai aur dakshin-pashchim disha mean 470 kimi bahati hai.
yatayat aur parivahan
koyale aur tel se chalit tap vidyut pariyojanaean yahaan b de shaharoan mean sthit haian aur bijali ki sthaniy apoorti karate haian. panjab mean sataluj nadi par sthit naangal vidyut ghar se jalavidyut oorja ki apoorti ki jati hai. yahaan s dakean aur relamarg kam haian. thar ke dakshini bhag mean ek relave lain hai. registan ke bharatiy hisse mean ek doosari relave lain hai, jo me data rod se bikaner hokar sooratagadh pahuanchati hai. ek doosari relave lain jodhapur aur jaisalamer ko jo dati hai. registan ke pakistani hisse mean bahavalapur se haidarabad ko jo dati ek relave lain hai. 1947 mean hue bharat-pakistan vibhajan se siandhu nadi ki sianchaee nahar pranali ka adhikaansh bhag pakistani kshetr mean chala gaya, jabaki bharatiy hisse ka ek b da registani kshetr asianchit rah gaya. 1960 ke donoan deshoan ke bich hue siandhu jal sandhi ke dvara nishchit kie ge adhikar v anubandhoan ne siandhu nadi ke jal ke upayog ki simaoan ko nirdharit kiya. is sandhi ke tahat ravi, vyas aur sataluj ka pani rajasthan nahar ko upalabdh karaya gaya, jisase mukhyat: bharat ke pashchimi rajasthan ke registani ilakoan ki sianchaee ho sake.
kshetraphal mean vriddhi
thar marusthal har sal adha kilomitar ki raphtar se uttar-poorv ki or badh raha hai. ane vale vaqt mean yah bharat ke bhoo-upayog ka naksha hi badal dega. 'iandiyan spes risarch aaurgenaijeshan' (isaro) ki taja risarch mean yah khulasa hua hai ki, kal tak rajasthan ki pahachan rahe thar marusthal ne ab hariyana, panjab, uttar pradesh tatha madhy pradesh tak apane paanv pasar lie haian. retili mitti ke phailav ke alava desh ke any hissoan mean bhi mrida ka hras is had tak badh gaya hai ki, krishi aur vaniki par ajivika chala rahe sath pratishat logoan ke samane roji-roti ka sankat kh da hone ki ashanka paida ho gee hai. isaro ne pahali bar desh ki bhoo-sanpada ke hras ka naksha taiyar kiya hai. isake lie bharatiy upagrah aee.ar.es.pi.si.-1 risorsaset par sthapit 'edavaansd vaid fild seansar' se samay-samay par li gee upagrah tasvir ka gahan vishleshan kiya gaya. vishleshan ke adhar par taiyar nakshe se sanket milate haian ki, poovi ghat, pashchimi ghat tatha pashchimi himalay satah se niche ja rahe haian.[2]
bhavishy ke lie khatara
sabase zyada chauankane vala tathy yah samane aya hai ki, desh ke 32 pratishat bhoo-bhag ka buri tarah hras ho chuka hai. isamean se sarvadhik 24 pratishat marusthali kshetr hai. rajasthan rajy to zabardast marusthalikaran ki chapet mean hai. rashtriy mrida sarve aur bhoomi upayog niyojan byooro ka kahana hai ki thar marusthal ke phailav ka aandaja isi se lagaya ja sakata hai ki, 1996 tak 1 lakh, 96 hazar 150 varg kimi. mean phaile marusthal ka vistar ab 2 lakh, 8 hazar 110 kimi. tak ho chuka hai. aravali parvat shrriankhalaoan ki prakritik sanpada ko bhi nukasan pahuanchane se bhoomi zyada banjar huee hai. yahaan logoan ne jalavan aur zarooratoan ki poorti ke lie jangaloan par kulha di chalaee hai. [[chitr:Thar-Desert.jpg|thumb|300px|thar marusthal, rajasthan]] ganga ke maidani kshetroan, hariyana, panjab, uttar pradesh tatha gujarat ke tatiy kshetroan mean bhi lavaniyata betahasha badhऩe se utpadakata kam hone ki ashanka jataee gee hai. vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki jis tarah vaniki hras tatha marusthal ka vistar ho raha hai, usase ane vale saloan mean desh ke bhoo-upayog ka naksha badalane se iankar nahian kiya ja sakata. is samay desh ki 9.47 miliyan haikteyar bhoomi banjar ho chuki hai. barish mean har sal kami aur akal ki vibhishika se choli-daman ka sath hone ke karan bhi bhavishy mean sthitiyaan bigadऩe ki ashankaean haian.[2]
himalay ke gleshiyaroan ko nukasan
thar marusthal se uthane vale bavandar himalay ke himanad ko pani-pani kar rahe haian. ab tak himanad pighalane ke lie 'global varmiang' ko hi zimmedar thahara rahe vaijnanikoan ne kaha hai ki, thar se uthane vale aandh d ke dhool kan barf ko pani banane ke sabab bane hue haian. darasal, yooropiyan aur amerikan risarch ke bad himanad pighalane ke karanoan ka pata laga rahe bharatiy vaijnanikoan ne ise ek pramukh karak mana hai. upagrah se prapt aank doan ke adhyayan ke adhar par pata lagata hai ki, arab prayadvip ke anek hissoan ke sath-sath thar marusthal se tez toofani hava ke sath udऩe vale dhool ke kan himachal pradesh tatha uttarakhand se lagate himalay se takara rahe haian. kailiforniya vishvavidyalay ke d aau. ramesh sianh ne aee.aee.ti. kanapur mean risarch ke dauran paya ki, jis jagah se barf ke pighalane ki raphtar tez hai, vahaan barf mean retili mitti ke kan pae ge haian. in kanoan ke sath barf mean lohe ya any khanij milate rahate haian. barf ki sanrachana mean yah mishran saur vikiranoan ka sarvadhik avashoshan karata hai. natijatan, barf pighalane lagati hai.
pri-manasoon sijan mean uthane vale aandh d se uttar-pashchim ka himalay zyada prabhavit hota hai. halaanki ab tak vaijnanik sardiyoan mean hone vale himapat ke dauran aandh d ke asar ka adhyayan nahian kar pae haian, kyoanki is dauran ke 'grauand maitrolojikal deta' ka vishleshan nahian ho paya hai. vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki isake alava pichhale tis saloan mean ganga ke maidani ilakoan ke sath-sath uttari bhag mean bayomas se nikali kalikh bhi himalay ko pradooshit karane ke alava gleshiyar pighalane ka karan bani huee hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh