देवनागरी लिपि

hindi vishay soochi

hiandi    vikas    prachin hiandi    madhyakalin hiandi   vibhinn nam    rashtrabhasha    rashtrabhasha aandolan    rajabhasha    upabhashaean evan boliyaan    devanagari lipi    hindi vyakaran    manakikaran    akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

thumb|devanagari lipi|200px devanagari lipi (aangrezi: Devanagari scripts ) ek aisi lipi hai jisamean anek bharatiy bhashaean tatha kuchh videshi bhashaean likhian jati haian. sanskrit, pali, hindi, marathi, koankani, sindhi, kashmiri, nepali, gadhavali, bodo, aangika, magahi, bhojapuri, maithili, santhali adi bhashaean devanagari mean likhi jati haian. ise nagari lipi bhi kaha jata hai. isake atirikt kuchh sthitiyoan mean gujarati, panjabi, bishnupuriya manipuri, roman aur urdoo bhashaean bhi devanagari mean likhi jati haian. hindi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. san 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha.

visheshataean

• yah bharat mean sarvadhik prachalit lipi jisamean sanskrit, hindi aur marathi bhashaean likhi jati haian. is shabd ka sabase pahala ullekh 453 ee. mean jain granthoan mean milata hai. 'nagari' nam ke sanbandh mean mataiky nahian hai. kuchh log isaka karan nagaroan mean prayog ko batate haian. yah apane aranbhik roop mean brahmi lipi ke nam se jani jati thi. isaka vartaman roop navi-dasavian shatabdi se milane lagata hai.
• bhasha vijnan ki shabdavali mean yah 'aksharatmak' lipi kahalati hai. yah vishv mean prachalit sabhi lipiyoan ki apeksha adhik poornatar hai. isake likhit aur uchcharit roop mean koee aantar nahian p data hai. pratyek dhvani sanket yathavat likha jata hai.
• isamean kul 52 akshar haian, jisamean 14 svar aur 38 vyanjan haian. aksharoan ki kram vyavastha, vinyas bhi bahut hi vaijnanik hai. svar-vyanjan, komal-kathor, alpapran-mahapran, anunasiky-antasth-ushm ityadi vargikaran bhi vaijnanik haian. ek mat ke anusar devanagar kashi mean prachalan ke karan isaka nam devanagari p da.
• bharat tatha eshiya ki anek lipiyoan ke sanket devanagari se alag haian, par uchcharan v varn-kram adi devanagari ke hi saman haian- kyoanki vo sabhi brahmi lipi se utpann huee haian. isalie in lipiyoan ko paraspar asani se lipyantarit kiya ja sakata hai. devanagari lekhan ki drishti se saral, saundary ki drishti se sundar aur vachan ki drishti se supathy hai.

itihas

[[chitr:Devnagari-Lipi.jpg|thumb|200px|devanagari lipi, brahmi se devanagari ka vikasanukram]] uttar bharat mean nagari lipi ke lekh 8vian–9vian shatabdi se milane lag jate haian. dakshin bharat mean isake lekh kuchh pahale se milate haian. vahaan yah ‘nandinagari’ kahalati thi. ‘nagari’ nam ki vyutpati evan arth ke bare mean puravid ekamat nahian haian. ‘lalit-vistar’ ki 64 lipiyoan mean ek ‘nag lipi’ nam milata hai. kintu ‘lalit-vistar’ (doosari shatabdi ee.) ki ‘nag-lipi’ ke adhar par nagari lipi ka namakaran sanbhav nahian jan p data. ek any mat ke anusar, gujarat ke nagar brahmanoan dvara sarvapratham upayog kiye jane ke karan isaka nam nagari p da. yah mat bhi sadhar nahian pratit hota. kuchh logoan ne to yahaan tak kaha ki, baki nagar to keval nagar hi haian kiantu kashi devanagari hai, aur vahaan isaka prachar hone ke karan is lipi ka nam 'devanagari’ p da. is mat ko svikar karane mean a dachanean haian. ek any mat ke anusar, nagaroan mean prachalit hone ke karan yah nagari kahalaee. is mat ko kuchh had tak svikar kiya ja sakata hai. dakshin ke vijayanagar rajaoan ke danapatroan ki lipi ko nandinagari ka nam diya gaya hai. yah bhi sanbhav hai ki nandinagar, maharashtr ki lipi hone ke karan isake lie nagari ka nam astitv mean aya. pahale-pahal vijayanagar rajy ke lekhoan mean nagari lipi ka vyavahar dekhane ko milata hai. bad mean jab uttar bharat mean bhi isaka prachar hua, to ‘nandi’ ki tarah yahaan ‘dev’ shabd isake pahale jo d diya gaya hoga. jo bhi ho, ab to yah nagari ya devanagari shabd uttar bharat mean 8vian se aj tak likhe gaye pray: sabhi lekhoan ki lipi-shailiyoan ke lie prayukt hota hai. dasavian shatabdi mean panjab aur kashmir mean prayukt sharada lipi nagari ki bahan thi, aur baangla lipi ko ham nagari ki putri nahian to bahan man sakate haian. aj samast uttar bharat mean aur nepal mean bhi aur sanpoorn maharashtr mean devanagari lipi ka istemal hota hai.

visheshata

devanagari ki visheshata aksharoan ke shirsh par lanbi kshaitij rekha hai, jo adhunik upayog mean samany taur par ju di huee hoti hai, jisase lekhan ke dauran shabd ke oopar atoot kshaitik rekha ka nirman hota hai. devanagari ko baean se dahini or likha jata hai. halaanki yah lipi moolat: varnakshariy hai, lekin upayog mean yah aksharik hai, jisamean pratyek vyanjan ke aant mean ek laghu dhvani ko man liya jata hai, basharte isase pahale vaikalpik svar ke chihn ka upayog n kiya gaya ho. devanagari ko svar chihnoan ke bina bhi likha jata raha hai. yah ek dhvanyatmak lipi hai jo prachalit lipiyoan (roman, arabi, chini adi) mean sabase adhik vaijnanik hai. isase vaijnanik aur vyapak lipi shayad keval aipie lipi hai.

lipi ka vikas

devanagari ka vikas uttar bharatiy aitihasik gupt lipi se hua, halaanki aantat: isaki vyutpatti brahmi varnaksharoan se huee, jisase sabhi adhunik bharatiy lipiyoan ka janm hua hai. satavian shatabdi se isaka upayog ho raha hai, lekin isake paripakv svaroop ka vikas 11vian shatabdi mean hua. uchcharit dhvani sanketoan ki sahayata se bhav ya vichar ki abhivyakti 'bhasha' kahalati hai. jabaki likhit varn sanketoan ki sahayata se bhav ya vichar ki abhivyakti lipi. bhasha shravy hoti hai, jabaki lipi drishy. bharat ki sabhi lipiyaan brahmi lipi se hi nikali haian. brahmi lipi ka prayog vaidik aryoan ne shuroo kiya. brahmi lipi ka prachinatam namoona 5vian sadi BC ka hai jo ki bauddhakalin hai. guptakal ke prarambh mean brahmi ke do bhed ho ge, uttari brahmi v dakshini brahmi. dakshini brahmi se tamil lipi / kaliang lipi, telugu evan kann d lipi, granth lipi tamilanadu, malayalam lipi ka vikas hua.

uttari brahmi se nagari lipi ka vikas

uttari brahmi (350ee. tak)                                                     gupt lipi (4thi-5vian sadi)                                                     siddhamatrika lipi (6thi sadi)                                                     kutil lipi (8vian-9vian sadi)                                                                           nagari       sharada                                                                                                     gurumukhi     kashmiri     lahanda     takari

• nagari lipi ka prayog kal 8vian–9vian sadi ee. se arambh hua. 10vian se 12vian sadi ke bich isi prachin nagari se uttari bharat ki adhikaansh adhunik lipiyoan ka vikas hua. isaki do shakhaean mili haian, pashchimi v poorvi. pashchimi shakha ki sarvapramukh/pratinidhi lipi devanagari lipi hai.

hindi bhasha ki lipi ke roop mean vikas

devanagari par mahapurushoan ke vichar

hindustan ki ekata ke liye hindi bhasha jitana kam degi, usase bahut adhik kam devanagari lipi de sakati hai. achary vinoba bhave

hamari nagari duniya ki sabase adhik vaijnanik lipi hai. rahul saankrityayan

hiandustan ke liye devanagari lipi ka hi vyavahar hona chahie, roman lipi ka vyavahar yahaan ho hi nahian sakata. mahatma gaandhi

urdoo likhane ke liye devanagari lipi apanane se urdoo utkarsh ko prapt hogi. khushavant sianh

samast bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie yadi koee ek lipi avashyak ho to vah devanagari hi ho sakati hai. krishnasvami ayyar (nyayadhish)

bangala varnamala ki jaanch se maloom hota hai ki devanagari lipi se nikali hai aur isi ka sidha sada roop hai. rameshachandr datt

devanagari dhvanishastr ki drishti se atyant vaijnanik lipi hai. ravishankar shukl

• devanagari lipi ko hindi bhasha ki adhikrit lipi banane mean b di kathinathayoan ka samana karana p da hai. aangrezoan ki bhasha niti farasi ki or adhik jhuki huee thi. isilie hindi ko bhi farasi lipi mean likhane ka sh dayantr kiya gaya.
• j aaun gilakraist— hindi bhasha aur farasi lipi ka ghalamel phort viliyam k aaulej (1800-54) ki den thi. phort viliyam k aaulej ke hindustani vibhag ke sarvapratham adhyaksh j aaun gilakraist the. unake anusar hindustani ki tin shailiyaan thian—darabari ya farasi shaili, hindustani shaili v hindavi shaili. ve farasi shaili ko durooh tatha hindavi shaili ko ganvaroo manate the. isalie unhoanne hindustani shaili ko prathamikata di. unhoanne hindustani ke jis roop ko badhava diya, usaka mooladhar to hindi hi tha, kintu usamean arabi–farasi shabdoan ki bahulata thi aur vah farasi lipi mean likhi jati thi. gilakraist ne hindustani ke nam par asal mean urdoo ka hi prachar kiya.
• viliyam prais— 1823 ee. mean hindustani vibhag ke adhyaksh ke roop mean viliyam prais ki niyukti huee. unhoanne hindustani ke nam par hindi par bal diya. prais ne gilakraist dvara janit bhasha–sambandhi bhraannti ko door karane ka prayas kiya. lekin prais ke bad k aaulej ki gatividhiyoan mean koee vishesh pragati nahian huee.
• adalat sambandhi vijnapti (1837 ee.)— varsh 1830 ee. mean aangrez kampani ke dvara adalatoan mean farasi ke sath–sath deshi bhashaoan ko bhi sthan diya gaya. vastav mean, is vijnaptika palan 1837 ee. mean hi shuroo ho saka. isake bad bangal mean baangla bhasha aur baangla lipi pachalit huee. sanyukt prant uttar pradesh, bihar v madhy prant madhy pradesh mean bhasha ke roop mean to hindi ka prachalan hua, lekin lipi ke mamale mean nagari lipi ke sthan par urdoo lipi ka prachar kiya jane laga. isaka mukhy karan adalati amaloan ki kripa to thi hi, sath hi musalamanoan ne bhi dharmik adhar par ji–jan se urdoo ka samarthan kiya aur hindi ko kachahari se hi nahian shiksha se bhi nikal bahar karane ka aandolan chaloo kiya.
• 1857 ke vidroh ke bad hindoo – musalamanoan ke parasparik virodh mean hi sarakar apani suraksha samajhane lagi. atah bhasha ke kshetr mean unaki niti bhedabhavapoorn ho gee. aangrez vidvanoan ke do dal ho ge. donoan or se paksh–vipaksh mean anek tark–vitark prastut kie ge. bims sahab urdoo ka aur graus sahab hindi ka samarthan karane valoan mean pramukh the.
• nagari lipi aur hindi tatha farasi lipi aur urdoo ka abhinn sambandh ho gaya. atah donoan ke paksh–vipaksh mean kafi vivad hua.
• raja shiv prasad 'sitare–hind' ka lipi sambandhi prativedan (1868 ee.)—farasi lipi ke sthan par nagari lipi aur hindi bhasha ke lie pahala prayas raja shivaprasad ka 1868 ee. mean unake lipi sambandhi prativedan 'memorandam kort kairektar in d apar provins aauph iandiya' se arambh hua.
• j aaun shor- ek aangrez adhikari phredariq j aaun shor ne farasi tatha aangrezi donoan bhashaoan ke prayog par apatti vyakt ki thi aur nyayalay mean hindustani bhasha aur devanagari lipi ka samarthan kiya tha.
• bangal ke gavarnar aishale ke adesh (1870 ee. v 1873 ee.)—varsh 1870 ee. mean gavarnar aishale ne devanagari ke paksh mean ek adesh jari kiya, jisamean kaha gaya ki farasi – poorit urdoo nahian likhi jae. balki aisi bhasha likhi jae jo ek kulin hindustani farasi se poornataya anabhijn rahane par bhi bolata hai. varsh 1873 ee. mean bangal sarakar ne yah adesh jari kiya ki patana, bhagalapur tatha chhota nagapur divijanoan (sanbhagoan) ke nyayalayoan v karyalayoan mean sabhi vijnaptiyaan tatha ghoshanaean hindi bhasha tatha devanagari lipi mean hi ki jaean.
• varsh 1881 ee. tak ate-ate uttar pradesh ke p dosi prantoan bihar, madhy pradesh mean nagari lipi aur hindi prayog ki sarakari ajna jari ho gee to uttar pradesh mean nagari aandolan ko b da naitik protsahan mila.
• prachar ki drishti se varsh 1874 ee. mean merath mean 'nagari prakash' patrika prakashit huee. varsh 1881 ee. mean 'devanagari pracharak' tatha 1888 ee. mean 'devanagari gajat' patr prakashit hue.
• bharatendu harishchandr - bharatendu harishchandr ne nagari aandolan ko abhootapoorv shakti pradan ki aur ve isake pratik aur neta mane jane lage. unhoanne 1882 mean shiksha ayog ke prashn–patr ka javab dete hue kaha- 'sabhi sabhy deshoan ki adalatoan mean unake nagarikoan ki boli aur lipi ka prayog hota hai. yahi aisa desh hai, jahaan n to adalati bhasha shasakoan ki matribhasha hai aur n praja ki.'
• pratap narayan mishr ‌- pan. pratap narayan mishr ne hindi–hindoo–hindoostan ka nara lagana shuroo kar diya.
• 1893 ee. mean aangrez sarakar ne bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie roman lipi apanane ka prashn kh da kar diya. isaki tivr pratikriya huee.
• nagari pracharini sabha, kashi (sthapana–1893 ee.) v madan mohan malaviy- nagari pracharini sabhi ki sthapana—varsh 1893 mean nagari prachar evan hindi bhasha ke sanvarddhan ke lie nagari pracharini sabha, kashi ki sthapana ki gee. sarvapratham is sabha ne kachahari mean nagari lipi ka pravesh karana hi apana mukhy kartavy nishchit kiya. sabha ne 'nagari kairektar' namak ek pustak aangrezi mean taiyar ki, jisamean sabhi bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie roman lipi ki anupayuktata par prakash dala gaya tha. malaviy ke netritv mean 17 sadasyiy pratinidhi mandal dvara lephtineant gavarnar entoni maikadanal ko yachika ya memoriyal dena (1898 ee.)—malaviy ne ek svatantr pustika 'kort kairektar end praimari ejukeshan in narth–vestarn provinsej' (1897 ee.) likhi, jisaka b da vyapak prabhav p da. varsh 1898 ee. mean prant ke tatkalin lephtineant gavarnar ke kashi ane par nagari pracharini sabha ka ek prabhavashali pratinidhi mandal malaviy ke netritv mean unase mila aur hazaroan hastaksharoan se yukt ek memoriyal unhean diya. yah malaviy ji ka hi athak prayas tha, jisake parinamasvaroop adalatoan mean nagari ko pravesh mil saka. isilie adalatoan mean nagari ke pravesh ka shrey malaviyaji ko diya jata hai.
• gauri datt- vyaktigat roop se merath ke gauri datt ko nagari prachar ke lie ki gee sevaean avismaraniy haian.
• in tamam prayatnoan ka shubh parinam yah hua ki 18 aprail 1900 ee. ko gavarnar sahab ne farasi ke sath nagari ko bhi adalatoan/kachahariyoan mean saman adhikar de diya. sarakar ka yah prastav hindi ke svabhiman ke lie santoshaprad nahian tha. isase hindi ko adhikarapoorn samman nahian diya gaya tha. balki hindi ke prati daya dikhalaee gee thi. keval hindi bhashi janata ke lie suvidha ka prabandh kiya gaya tha. phir bhi, ise itana shrey to hai hi ki kachahariyoan mean sthan dila saka aur yah mazaboot adhar pradan kiya, jisake bal par vah 20vian sadi mean rashtralipi ke roop mean ubharakar samane a saki.

devanagari aank

devanagari aank nimn roop mean likhe jate haian-

devanagari aank	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
hindi	shoony	ek	do	tin	char	paanch	chhah	sat	ath	nau
aangrezi aank	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

devanagari lipi ka namakaran

• devanagari lipi ko 'hindi lipi' bhi kaha jata hai.
• devanagari ka namakaran vivadaspad hai. zyadatar vidvanh gujarat ke nagar brahman se isaka sambandh jo date haian. unaka manana hai ki gujarat mean sarvapratham prachalit hone se vahaan ke pandit varg arthath nagar brahmanoan ke nam se ise 'nagari' kaha gaya hai. apane astitv mean ane ke turant bad isane devabhasha sanskrit ko lipibaddh kiya, isalie 'nagari' mean 'dev' shabd ju d gaya aur ban gaya "devanagari".

devanagari lipi ka svaroop

• yah lipi bayian or se dayian or likhi jati hai.
• yah n to shuddh roop se aksharatmak lipi hai aur n hi varnatmak lipi.

devanagari lipi ke gun

1. ek dhvani ke lie ek hi varn sanket.
2. ek varn sanket se anivaryatah ek hi dhvani vyakt.
3. jo dhvani ka nam vahi varn ka nam.
4. mook varn nahian.
5. jo bola jata hai vahi likha jata hai.
6. ek varn mean doosare varn ka bhram nahian.
7. uchcharan ke sookshmatam bhed ko bhi prakat karane ki kshamata.
8. varnamala dhvani vaijnanik paddhati ke bilkul anuroop.
9. prayog bahut vyapak (sanskrit, hindi, marathi, nepali ki ekamatr lipi).
10. bharat ki anek lipiyoan ke nikat.

devanagari lipi ke dosh

1. kul milakar 403 taip hone ke karan tankan, muandran mean kathinaee.
2. shirorekha ka prayog anavashyak alankaran ke lie.
3. anavashyak varn (rri, rri, lri, ॡ, nh, nh, sh)— aj inhean koee shuddh uchcharan ke sath uchcharit nahian kar pata.
4. dviroop varn (npr a, jn, ksh, t, tr, chh, jh, ra n, sh)
5. samaroop varn (kh mean r v ka, gh mean dh ka, m mean bh ka bhram hona).
6. varnoan ke sanyukt karane ki koee nishchit vyavastha nahian.
7. anusvar evan anunasikata ke prayog mean ekaroopata ka abhav.
8. tvarapoorn lekhan nahian kyoanki lekhan mean hath bar–bar uthana p data hai.
9. varnoan ke sanyuktikaran mean r ke prayog ko lekar bhram ki sthiti.
10. i ki matra (i) ka lekhan varn ke pahale par uchcharan varn ke bad.

devanagari lipi mean kie ge sudhar

1. bal gangadhar ka 'tilak faant' (1904-26).
2. savarakar bandhuoan ka 'a ki barahakh di'.
3. shyamasundar das ka panchamakshar ke badale anusvar ke prayog ka sujhav.
4. gorakh prasad ka matraoan ko vyanjan ke bad dahine taraf alag rakhane ka sujhav.
5. shrinivas ka mahapran varn ke lie alpraman ke niche a chihn lagane ka sujhav.
6. hindi sahity sammelan ka indaur adhiveshan aur kaka kalelakar ke sanyojakatv mean nagari lipi sudhar samiti ka gathan (1935) aur usaki sifarishean.
7. kashi nagari pracharini sabha dvara a ki barahakh di aur shrinivas ke sujhav ko asvikar karane ka nirnay (1945).
8. uttar pradesh sarakar dvara gathit achary narendr dev samiti ka gathan (1947) aur usaki sifarishean.
9. shiksha mantralay ke devanagari lipi sambandhi pakashan—'manak devanagari varnamala' (1966 ee.), 'hindi vartani ka manakikaran' (1967 ee.), 'devanagari lipi tatha hindi ki vartani ka manakikaran' (1983 ee.) adi.

lipi ke kuchh pramukh lekh

[[chitr:Devnagari-Lipi-2.jpg|thumb|300px|pratiharavanshi raja mahendrapal ke danapatr ki tin panktiyaan (shivaramamoorti ke adhar par)]] shivaramamoorti ki ray hai ki harshavardhan ke samakalin gau dadesh (pashchim bangal) ke raja shashaank ke tamrapatroan mean poorvi bharat ki nagari lipi ka svaroop pahale-pahal dekhane ko milata hai. parantu in tamrapatroan ki lipi ko ham abhi nagari nahian kah sakate. adhik se adhik ise ham ‘prak-nagari’ ka nam de sakate haian, kyoanki is lipi ke akshar nyoonakoniy (tirachhe) aur thos trikoni siroanvale haian. uttar bharat mean nagari lipi ka prayog pahale-pahal kannauj ke pratiharavanshiy raja mahendrapal (891-907 ee.) ke danapatroan mean dekhane ko milata hai. inamean ‘a’ ki matra pahale ki tarah akshar ki daeean or a di n hokar, kh di aur poori lanbi ho gee hai. ‘k’ ka niche ka mu da hua vakr usake dand ke sath mil jata hai. is lipi mean aksharoan ke niche ke sire saral hai aur siroan par, pahale ki tarah thos trikon n hokar, ab a di lakirean haian. isake bad to uttar bharat se nagari lipi ke dheroan lekh milate haian. inamean guhilavanshi, chahaman (chauhan) vanshi, rashtrakoot, chaluky(solanki), paramar, chandelavanshi, haihay (kalachuri) adi rajaoan ke nagari lipi mean likhe hue danapatr tatha shilalekh prasiddh haian. dakshin ke pallav shasakoan ne bhi apane lekhoan ke lie nagari lipi ka prayog kiya tha. isi lipi se age chalakar ‘granth lipi’ ka vikas hua. tamil lipi ki apoornata ke karan usamean sanskrit ke granth likhe nahian ja sakate the, isalie sanskrit ke granth jis nagari lipi mean likhe jane lage, usi ka bad mean ‘granth lipi’ nam p d gaya. kaanchipuram ke kailashanathar mandir mean nagari lipi mean likhe hue bahut se vivaran milate haian. inamean saral aur kalatmak donoan hi prakar ki lipiyoan ka prayog dekhane ko milata hai. yah lipi harshavardhan ki lipi se kafi milati-julati dikhaee deti hai. [[chitr:Devnagari-Lipi-3.jpg|thumb|300px|left|dhar nagari ke paramar shasak bhoj ke betama tamrapatr (1020 ee.) ka ek aansh]] sudoor dakshin mean bhi pa day shasakoan ne 8vian shatabdi mean nagari ka istemal kiya tha. mahabalipuram ke atiranachan deshvar namak guphamandir mean jo lekh milata hai, vah bhi nagari mean hai. sabase niche dakshin mean nagari ka jo lekh milata hai, vah hai pa day-raja varagun (9vian shatabdi) ka paliyam danapatrh. is danapatr ki lipi mean aur atiranachan deshvar ke guphalekh ki lipi mean kafi samy hai. dakshin ke uttam, rajaraj aur rajendr jaise chol rajaoan ne apane sikkoan ke lekhoan ke lie nagari ka istemal kiya hai. shrilanka ke parakramabahu, vijayabahu jaise rajaoan ke sikkoan par bhi nagari ka upayog hua hai. 13vian shatabdi ke keral ke shasakoan ke sikkoan par ‘virakeralasy’ jaise shabd nagari mean aankit milate haian. vijayanagar shasanakal se to nagari (nandinagari) ka bahutayat se upayog dekhane ko milata hai. is kal ke adhikaansh tamrapatroan par nagari lipi mean hi lekh aankit haian, hastakshar hi pray: telugu-kann d lipi mean hai. sikkoan par bhi nagari ka prayog dekhane ko milata hai. dakshini shaili ki nagari lipi (nandinagari lipi) ka prachinatam namoona hamean rashtrakoot raja dantidurg ke samangad danapatroan mean, jo 754 ee. ke haian, dikhaee deta hai. bad mean badami ke chalukyoan ke uttaradhikari rashtrakoot shasakoan ne to is nagari lipi ka b de paimane par istemal kiya. rashtrakoot raja krishnaraj pratham ke nagari lipi mean likhe hue talegaanv-danapatr prasiddh haian. devagiri ke yadavavanshi rajaoan ne bhi nagari lipi ka hi upayog kiya tha. dhar nagari ka paramar shasak bhoj apane vidyanurag ke lie itihas mean prasiddh hai. baansava da tatha vetama se prapt usake tamrapatr (1020 ee.) usaki ‘koankanavijay’ ke upalakshy mean jari kie gaye the. ye aranbhik nagari lipi mean hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• devanagari lipi - poornatah vaijnanik lipi
• devanagari lipi apanayean
• bharat ki bhashaean evan devanagari lipi

sanbandhit lekh

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