दोहा

doha matrik arddhasam chhand hai. dohe ke char charan hote haian. isake visham charanoan (pratham tatha tritiy) mean 13-13 matraean aur sam charanoan (dvitiy tatha chaturth) mean 11-11 matraean hoti haian. 'doha' ya 'dooha' ki utpatti katipay lekhakoan ne sanskrit ke dodhak se mani hai. 'prakritapaigalamh' ke tikakaroan ne isaka mool 'dvipada' shabd ko bataya hai. yah uttarakalin apabhransh ka pramukh chhand hai.

utpatti

doha vah pahala chhand hai, jisamean tuk milane ka prayatn hua. prachin apabhransh mean is chhand ka prayog kam milata hai, tathapi siddh kavi sarahapa ne isaka sabase pahale prayog kiya. ek matanusar 'vikramorvashiy' mean isaka sabase prachin roop upalabdh hai. phir bhi paanchavian ya chhathi shatabdi ke pashchath doha kafi prayog mean ata raha. hal ki satasee se bhi isaka sootr jo da jata hai. yah tark prabal roop se prastut kiya jata hai ki kadachit yah lok-prachalit chhand raha hoga. doha do panktiyoan ka chhand hai. 'b do dooho', 'tooanveri dooho' tatha 'anamel dooho', tin prakar rajasthani mean aur milate haian. prachin doha ke pahale aur tisare charan mean 13-13 matraean tatha doosare aur chauthe mean 11-11 matraean hoti haian. 'b do dooho' mean 1 aur 4 charan 11-11 matraoan ke tatha 2 aur 3 charan 13-13 matraoan ke hote haian. 'tooanveri dooho' mean matraoan ka yah kram ulata hai. pahale aur chauthe charan ki tuk milane se 'madhyamel dooho' banate haian. doha lokasahity ka sabase saralatam chhand hai, jise sahity mean yash prapt ho saka.

samanarthak

doha aur sakhi samanarthak haian. sambhavat: bauddh siddhoan ko is shabd jnan tha. sakhi karab jalandhar paean pankti mean jalandhar pad ko sakshi karane ka ullekh aya hai. gorakhapanthiyoan se prabhavit hokar yah shabd kabirapanthiyoan ki rachanaoan mean aya aur bad ke sahity mean doohe ka arth bhi 'sakhi' grahan kiya gaya.

rachana

'prakritapaigalamh' ke anusar is chhand ke pratham tatha tritiy pad mean 13-13 matraean aur doosare tatha chauthe mean 11-11 matraean hoti haian. yadi padant mean hoti hai; visham charanoan ke adi mean jagan nahian hona chahie. ant mean laghu hota hai. tuk pray: sam padoan ki milati hai. matrik ganoan ka kram is prakar rahata hai- 6+4+3, 6+4+1.

sahity mean sthan

prakrit sahity mean jo sthan gatha ka hai, prayog ki drishti se apabhransh mean vahi sthan doha chhand ka hai. apabhransh mean muktak padyoan ke roop mean anek dohe milate haian. prakrit mean jis prakar 'gathasaptasati' tatha 'bajjalagg' jaise gathabaddh sangrah milate haian, usi prakar apabhransh mean aur hindi mean dohe ke sangrah milate haian. upadesh, muktak padyoan ke roop mean to dohe ka prayog muni yogendr, ramasianh, devasen tatha bauddh siddhoan ne kiya hai. hemachandr tatha any 'alankar shastr', vyakaran granth lekhakoan ne anek dohe apani kritiyoan mean uddhrit kiye haian. svayanbhoo ke 'pumachariu' mean bhi dohe ka prayog milata hai. yah chhand hindi ko apabhransh se mila hai. sabhi apabhransh chhand shastr vishayak kritiyoan mean dohe tatha usake bhedoan ka vivechan milata hai.

bhed-

'prakritapaigalamh' adi chhand granthoan mean dohe ke bhramar, bhramaradi 23 bhedoan ki charcha ki gee hai. varnoan ke laghu adi bhed ke anusar bhi dohe ki jati ki charcha ki gayi hai, jaise-

• yadi dohe mean 12 laghu varn hoan to vah vipr hota hai.
• hemachandr tatha kuchh any chhandashastri dohe ke prati dal mean matraoan ki sankhya 14+12 manate haian. 'doha' ki vyutpatti 'dvipatha' se manate haian. *jarman vidvanh yakobi aur alsardarf ne apabhransh dohoan ka b de vistar se vivechan kiya hai.

doha chhand ka prayog

• hindi mean yah pray: sabhi pramukh kaviyoan dvara prayukt hua hai. pad shaili ke kavi sooradas, miraan adi ne apane padoan mean isaka prayog kiya hai. satasee sahity mean 'doha chhand' hi prayukt hua hai. doha 'muktak kavy' ka pradhan chhand hai. isamean sankshipt aur tikhi bhavavyanjana, prabhavashali laghu chitroan ko prastut karane ki apoorv kshamata hai.
• satasee ke atirikt dohe ka doosara mahattvapoorn prayog bhaktiyug ki prabandh kavyashaili mean hua hai, jisamean tulasidas ka 'ramacharitamanas' aur jayasi ka 'padmavat' pramukh hai. chaupaee ke prabandhatmak pravah mean doha gambhir gati pradan karata hai aur kathakram mean samuchit santulan bhi lata hai.
• dohe ka tisara prayog ritigranth mean lakshan-niroopan aur udaharan prastut karane ke lie kiya gaya hai. apane sankshep ke karan hi doha chhand lakshan prastut karane ke lie prayukt hua hai.

kabir ki sakhiyaan dohe ke hi roop haian, yadyapi chhand shastr ke jnan ke abhav mean inamean dohoan ka vikrit aur avyavasthit roop hai. inamean bhi dohe ki samany visheshataean vidyaman haian. jayasi ka 'bharatiy chhand shastr' se simit parichay hai aur aisa jan p data hai, inhoanne apane dohe ko santoan ki sakhiyoan ke madhyam se grahan kiya hai, at: unake is chhand ke prayog mean bhi asthirata hai. jayasi ke dohoan mean pray: visham pad 12 hi matra ka hai aur sam 11 matra ka roopavant mani mathe, chandr ghati vah badhi. medani daras lubhani, asatuti binathai thadhi. jayasi ke kuchh dohoan mean to visham padoan mean 16 matraean tak haian. tulasidas ne ek visham pad mean 12 matraoan ka prayog navinata lane ke roop mean kiya hai - bhojan karat chapal chit, is ut avasar pai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

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sanbandhit lekh

1. REDIRECT saancha:sahityik shabdavali