द्रव्य मीमांसा -जैन दर्शन
vaisheshik, bhatt aur prabhakar darshanoan mean dravy aur padarth donoan ko svikar kar unaka vivechan kiya gaya hai. tatha saankhy darshan aur bauddh darshanoan mean kramash: tattv aur ary satyoan ka kathan kiya gaya hai, vedant darshan mean keval brahm (atmatatv) aur charvak darshan mean bhoot tattvoan ko mana gaya hai, vahaan jain darshan mean dravy, padarth, tattv, aur astikay ko svikar kar un sabaka prithak-prithak vistrit niroopan kiya gaya hai.[1]
- jo jney ke roop mean varnit hai aur jinamean hey-upadey ka vibhajan nahian hai par tattvajnan ki drishti se jinaka janana zaroori hai tatha gun aur paryayoan vale haian evan utpad, vyay, dhrauvy yukt haian, ve dravy haian.
- tattv ka arth matalab ya prayojan hai. jo apane hit ka sadhak hai vah upadey hai aur jo atmahit mean badhak hai vah hey hai. upadey evan hey ki drishti se jinaka pratipadan ke unhean tattv kaha gaya hai.
- bhasha ke padoan dvara jo abhidhey hai ve padarth haian. unhean padarth kahane ka ek abhipray yah bhi hai ki 'arthyateabhilashyate mumukshubhirityarth:' mumukshuoan ke dvara unaki abhilasha ki jati hai, at: unhean arth ya padarth kaha gaya hai.
- astikay ki paribhasha karate hue kaha hai ki jo 'asti' aur 'kay' donoan hai. 'asti' ka arth 'hai' hai aur 'kay' ka arth 'bahupradeshi' hai arthat jo dravy hai' hokar kayavale- bahupradeshi haian, ve 'astikay' haian.[2] aise paanch dravy haian-
- pudgal,
- dharm,
- adharm,
- akash aur
- jiv,
- kaladravy ek pradeshi hone se astikay nahian hai.
dravy ka svaroop
achary kundakund[3] aur griddhapichchh[4] ne dravy ka svaroop do tarah se batalaya hai. ek hai, jo sat hai vah dravy hai aur sat vah hai jisamean utpad (utpatti), vyay (vinash) aur dhrauvy (sthiti) ye tinoan paye jate haian. vishv ki sari vastuean in tin roop haian. udaharanarth ek svarn ghat ko lijie. jab use mitakar svarnakar mukut banata hai to hamean ghat ka vinash, mukut ka utpad aur svarn ke roop mean usaki sthiti tinoan dikhayi dete haian. isaka sabase b da sakshy (praman) yah hai[5] ki ghat chahane vale ko usake mitane par shok, mukut chahane vale ko mukut banane par harsh aur svarn chahane vale ko usake mitane par n shok hota hai aur mukut banane par n harsh hota hai kintu vah madhyasth (shok-harsh vihin) rahata hai, kyoanki vah janata hai ki svarn donoan avasthaoan mean vidyaman rahata hai.
dravy ke bhed
moolat: dravy ke do bhed haian[6]-
- jiv aur
- ajiv.
- chetan ko jiv aur achetana ko ajiv dravy kaha gaya hai. tatpary yah ki jisamean chetana payi jati hai vah jiv dravy hai aur jisamean chetana nahian hai vah ajiv dravy hai. chetana ka arth hai jisake dvara jana aur dekha jae aur isalie usake do bhed kahe haian-
- jnan chetana aur
- darshan chetana. jnan chetana ko jnanopayog aur darshanachetana ko darshanopayog bhi kahate haian. vyavasayatmak roop se jo vastu ka vishesh grahan hota hai vah jnanachetana athava jnanopayog hai aur avyavasay (vikalparahit) roop se jo padarth ka samany grahan hota hai vah darshanachetana athava darshanopayog hai. poojyapad-devanandi ne kaha hai[7] 'sakaran jnanan nirakaran darshanamh' akar vikalp sahit grahan ka nam jnan hai aur akar rahit grahan ka nam darshan hai.
jivadravy aur usake bhed
jivadravy do vargoan mean vibhakt hai[8]-
- sansari aur
- mukt.
- sansari jiv ve haian, jo sansar mean janm-maran–vyadhi adi ke chakr mean phanse hue haian. ye narak, tiryanch, manushy aur dev-in charoan gatiyoan mean bar-bar paida hote aur marate haian tatha jaisa unaka karmavipak hota hai tadanusar ve vahaan achchha-bura phal bhogate haian. ye do tarah ke haian[9]-
- tras aur
- sthavar.
- do indriy, tin indriy, char indriy aur paanch indriy ke bhed se jiv char prakar ke haian.[10] do indriy adi jivoan ki bhi anek jatiyaan haian. udaharan ke lie panchendriy jivoan ko lean. inake do bhed haian[11]
- sanjni,
- asanjni.
- jinake man paya jae ve sanjni panchendriy jiv kahe jate haian. manushy, dev, aur naraki sanjni panchendriy hi hote haian. asanjni panchendriy jiv ve haian jinake man n ho aur jo soch-vichar n kar sakate hoan tatha n shiksha grahan kar sakate hoan. tiryanchagati mean ekendriy se lekar asanjni, sanjni panchedriy sabhi prakar ke jiv hote haian.
- sanjni panchendriy tiryanchoan ke bhi tin bhed haian-
- jalachar- jal mean rahane vale magar, matsy adi.
- thalachar- zamin par chalane vale gay, bhaians, gadaha, sher, hathi adi aur
- nabhachar- akash mean u dane vale kaua, koyal, kabootar, chi diya adi pakshi.
- jinake matr ek sparshan indriy, sparsh bodh karane vali indriy payi jati hai, ve sthavar jiv haian.[12] ye paanch prakar ke hote haian.–
- prithvi-kayik,
- jalakayik,
- agnikayik,
- vayukayik aur
- vanaspatikayik.
- muktajiv ve kahe ge haian[13] jo sansar ke bandhanoan aur du:khoan se chhoot moksh prapt kar lete haian. jain darshan mean aise jivoan ko 'param-atma' paramatma kaha gaya hai. ye do prakar ke hote haian-
- sakal paramatma (apt), aur
- nikal paramatma (siddh).
- jinaka kuchh kal avashesh hai ve sakal paramatma, jivan mukt eeshvar haian. jinaka vah kal, aghati karmamal door ho jata hai ve ni: nirgat:- nishkrant: kaloaghatichatushtayaroopo yeshamh te, nikal paramatma, siddh parameshthi hai.
ajivadravy aur usake bhed
chetana-rahit dravy ajiv dravy hai. ise nirjiv j d, achetan adi namoan se bhi kaha jata hai. jaise- kashth, loshth adi. isake paanch bhed haian[14]-
- pudgal
- dharm
- adharm
- akash
- kal. inamean pudgal to sabhi ke netr adi paanchoan indriyoan dvara anubhav mean aharnish ata hai. shesh char dravy atindriy haian. jiv aur pudgal ki gati, sthiti, adhar aur parinaman mean anivary nimitt (sahayak) hone se unaki upayogita evan avashyakata siddh hai. tatha yukti aur agam se bhi ve siddh haian.
- pudgal[15]- jo pooran-galan (banane-mitane) ke svabhav ko lie hue hai, use pudgal kaha gaya hai. jaise gh da, kap da, chataee makan, vahan adi. yah sookshm aur sthool athava anu aur skandh ke roop mean samast lok mean paya jata hai. yah indriy grahy aur indriy-agrahy donoan prakar ka hai. isamean roop, ras, gandh, aur sparsh paye jate haian, jo us ke gun haian.
- roop paanch prakar ka hai- kala, pila, nil, lal aur safed. inhean yatha yogy milakar aur roop bhi banaye ja sakate haian. inaka jnan chakshu:indriy se hota hai.
- ras bhi paanch tarah ka hai- khatta, mitha, kaduva, kashayala aur charpara. inaka grahan rasana (jihva) indriy se hota hai.
- gandh do prakar ka hai- sugandh aur durgandh. in donoan gandhoan ka jnan ghran (nasika) indriy se hota hai.
- sparsh ke ath bhed haian- k da, naram, halaka, bhari, thanda, garm, chikana aur rookha. in athoan sparshoan ka jnan sparshan indriy se hota hai. ye roopadi bis gun pudgal mean hi paye jate haian[16], any dravyoan se nahian. at: pudgal ko hi roopi (moortik) aur shesh dravyoan ko aroopi (amoortik) kaha gaya hai.
- dharm-dravy- yah dravy[17] gaman karate hue jivoan aur pudgaloan ki gati mean udasin (samany) sahayak usi prakar hota hai jis prakar machhali ki gati mean jal, rel ke chalane mean rel ki patari athava vriddh ke gaman mean lathi. yah dravy 'tileshu tailamh' ki tarah lok mean sarvatr vyapt hai. isake bina koee bhi jiv ya pudgal gati nahian kar sakata. isake kumhar ke chak ki kili adi aur udaharan diye ja sakate haian.
- adharm dravy- yah[18] dharm dravyase viparit hai. yah jivoan aur pudgaloan ki sthiti (thaharane) man samany nimitt hai. jaise vriksh ki chhaya pathikako thaharane mean sahayak hoti hai athava yatri ko dharmashala ya steshan. dhyatavy hai ki yah adharm dravy aur uparyukt dharmadravy donoan aprerak nimitt haian[19] aur atindriy haian tatha donoan puny evan paparoop dharm-adharm nahian hai- unase ye donoan prithakh haian.
- akash-dravy[20]- yah jiv adi sabhi (paanchoan) dravyoan ko avakash deta hai. sabhi dravy isi mean avasthit haian. at: sabake avasthan mean yah samany nimitt haian yah do bhagoan mean vibhakt hai[21]
- lokakash
- alokakash
jitane akash mean, jo usaka asankhyat vaan bhag hai, jiv, pudgal, dharm, adharm aur kal ye paanch dravy paye jate haian vah lokakash hai aur usake charoan or keval ek akash dravy hai aur jo charoan or anant-anant hai vah alokakash he. yah isaki avagahan shakti ki visheshata hai ki asankhyat pradeshi lokakash mean anantanant jiv, anantanant pudgal, asankhyat kalanoo, ek asankhyat pradeshi dharmadravy aur ek asankhyat pradeshi adharm dravy ye sab paraspar ke avirodhapoorvak avasthit haian. alokakash mean akash ke sivay any koee dravy nahian hai.
- kaladravy- yah[22]dravyoan ki vartana, parinaman, kriya, paratv (jyeshthatv) aur aparatv (kanishthatv) ke vyavahar mean sahayak (udasin-aprerak nimitt) hota hai. yah dravy n ho, to jivoan mean baly, yuva, vardhaky aur pudgaloan mean navinata, jirnata jaisa parivartan, rritu-palatan, din-rat paksh-mas-varsh adi ka vibhag, ayu ki apeksha jyeshth-kanishth adi ka vyavahar sambhav nahian hai. yah do prakar ka hai-
- nishchay kal
- vyavaharakal
jo dravyoan ki varttana (satta) mean nimitt hai vah nishchay kal athava paramarth kal hai tatha jo dravyoan ke parivartan adi se jana jata hai vah vyavahar kal hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ traikalyan dravyashatkan navapadasahitan jivashatkay - leshya:, panchanye chastikaya vrat samiti-gati-jnan- charitrabheda:. ityetanmokshamoolan tribhuvanamahitai: proktamarhadibharishai: pratyeti shraddadhati sprishati ch matimanh y: s vai shuddhadrishti:॥ - stavanasankalan.
- ↑ panchastikay, ga. 4-5 dravy san. ga. 24
- ↑ panchastikay, ga. 10
- ↑ tattv sootr 5-29, 30
- ↑ ghatamaulisuvarnarthi nashotpadasthitishvayamh. shokapramodamadhyasthyan jano yati sahetukamh॥– samantabhadr, aptami. ka 59
- ↑ dravyasan. ga. 1, t.soo. 5-1, 2, 3
- ↑ sarvarthasiddhi 2-9
- ↑ tattv sootr 2-10, panchastikay, ga. 109
- ↑ tattv sootr 2-12
- ↑ tattv sootr 2-14
- ↑ tattv sootr 2-11, 24
- ↑ tattvarthasootr 2-13, 22. dravyasan. ga. 11
- ↑ dravyasan., ga. t.soo. 10-1, 2, 3
- ↑ tattv sootr 5-1, 2, 4, dravyasan. ga. 15
- ↑ tattv sootr 5-5, dravyasan. gar. 15, 16
- ↑ dravyasan. ga. 15, t.soo. 5-23
- ↑ dravy. san. ga. 17, t.soo. 5-17, panchasti. 85
- ↑ dravyasangrah ga. 18, t.soo. 5-17 panchasti ga. 86
- ↑ panchasti, ga. 88, 89, dravyasan. ga. 17, 18
- ↑ dravyan san. ga. 19, t.soo. 5-18, panchasti. ga. 90
- ↑ panchasti ga. 91, dravyasan. ga. 20
- ↑ panchasti ga. 100, dravy san. ga. 21, 22
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh